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The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-osteoporosis effects of Osmanthus fragrans leaf ethanol extract (OFLEE) in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and animals with osteoporosis. OFLEE not only suppressed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells with multiple nuclei but also decreased TRAP activity in BMM treated with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL). The formation of F-actin rings and the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases were decreased by OFLEE in BMM treated with M-CSF and RANKL. OFLEE suppressed M-CSF- and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, c-fos, the nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1, and cathepsin K in BMM. OFLEE downregulated reactive oxygen species, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-17, and RANKL in BMM treated with M-CSF and RANKL. Oral administration of OFLEE suppressed osteoporotic bone loss without hepatotoxicity in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis animals. Our findings suggest that OFLEE, with anti-inflammatory effects, prevents osteoporotic bone loss through the suppression of osteoclastic differentiation in BMM and animals with osteoporosis.
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Sustainable substitutes for leather can be made from mushroom mycelium, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to animal and synthetic leather. Mycelium-based leather is derived from Polyporales, in which lignocellulosic material is used as the substrate. The plasticizing and crosslinking of mycelial mats with various reagents might affect the leather properties and mycelial architecture. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of mycelium-based leather (MBL) samples, including the hygroscopic nature, thermal stability, cell wall chemistry, density, micromorphology, tensile strength, elongation rate, and Young's modulus. Micromorphological observations confirmed the mycelial networks and their binding performance, verifying their efficacy as a substitute leather. The most significant effects were observed after treatment with 20% polyethylene glycol, which resulted in an increase in Young's modulus and tensile strength. Furthermore, the samples generally exhibited a high density (1.35, 1.46 g/cm3) and tensile strength (7.21 ± 0.93, 8.49 ± 0.90 MPa), resembling leather. The tear strength reached as low as 0.5-0.8 N/mm. However, the tensile and tear strength may be affected by leather processing and the tuning of mycelial growth. Nevertheless, high-density mycelia are shown to be suitable for the production of MBL, while mycofabrication and strain selection are sustainable for novel industrial applications of MBL.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease with chronic joint pain caused by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage at synovial joints. Acteoside, a caffeoylphenylethanoid glycoside, has various biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidative, cytoprotective, and neuroprotective effect. Further, oral administration of acteoside at high dosage does not cause genotoxicity. Therefore, the aim of present study is to verify the anticatabolic effects of acteoside against osteoarthritis and its anticatabolic signaling pathway. Acteoside did not decrease the viabilities of mouse fibroblast L929 cells used as normal cells and primary rat chondrocytes. Acteoside counteracted the IL-1ß-induced proteoglycan loss in the chondrocytes and articular cartilage through suppressing the expression and activation of cartilage-degrading enzyme such as matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 13, MMP-1, and MMP-3. Furthermore, acteoside suppressed the expression of inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 in the primary rat chondrocytes treated with IL-1ß. Subsequently, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was decreased by acteoside in the primary rat chondrocytes treated with IL-1ß. Moreover, acteoside suppressed not only the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in primary rat chondrocytes treated with IL-1ß but also the translocation of NFκB from the cytosol to the nucleus through suppression of its phosphorylation. Oral administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg acteoside attenuated the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage in the osteoarthritic mouse model generated by destabilization of the medial meniscus. Our findings indicate that acteoside is a promising potential anticatabolic agent or supplement to attenuate or prevent progressive degeneration of articular cartilage.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Glucósidos/farmacología , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Osteoartritis/metabolismo , Fenoles/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Cartílago Articular/efectos de los fármacos , Cartílago Articular/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Células Cultivadas , Condrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Condrocitos/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Glucósidos/uso terapéutico , Inmunosupresores/uso terapéutico , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Osteoartritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Fenoles/uso terapéutico , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
In the present study, various extracts of C. tricuspidata fruit were prepared with varying ethanol contents and evaluated for their biomarker and biological properties. The 80% ethanolic extract showed the best tyrosinase inhibitory activity, while the 100% ethanolic extract showed the best total phenolics and flavonoids contents. The HPLC method was applied to analyze the chlorogenic acid in C. tricuspidata fruit extracts. The results suggest that the observed antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of C. tricuspidata fruit extract could partially be attributed to the presence of marker compounds in the extract. In this study, we present an analytical method for standardization and optimization of C. tricuspidata fruit preparations. Further investigations are warranted to confirm the in vivo pharmacological activity of C. tricuspidata fruit extract and its active constituents and assess the safe use of the plant for the potential development of the extract as a skin depigmentation agent.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácido Clorogénico/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Moraceae/química , Antioxidantes/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Clorogénico/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Frutas/química , Humanos , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The fruits, leaves, and roots of Cudrania tricuspidata have been reported to contain large amounts of vitamin B, vitamin C, and flavonoids. They exhibit various physiological activities such as antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the hepatoprotective effects of C. tricuspidata extracts against oxidative stress-mediated liver injury have not yet been investigated. We thus examined whether C. tricuspidata leaf extracts (CTEs) protect against oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in vitro and in vivo and elucidated the underlying mechanism. The cytoprotective effects of CTE through the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) activation were presented and measured by biochemical analysis in HepG2 cells. To assess the protective effects of CTE in vivo, mice were administered with CTE (250 and 500 mg/kg; 5 days; p.o.) before a single dose of acetaminophen (APAP) (300 mg/kg; 24 h; i.p.). CTE increased ARE luciferase activity when compared with extracts of other parts of C. tricuspidata. CTE upregulated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and its target gene expression. In addition, CTE inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and iron (Fe) treatment in primary hepatocytes or HepG2 cells. The cytoprotective effects of CTE against oxidative stress might be due to kaempferol, the major flavonoid present in CTE. Kaempferol pretreatment blocked AA+Fe-induced ROS production and reversed glutathione depletion, which in turn led to decreased cell death. Furthermore, the protective effects of CTE against liver injury induced by excess APAP in mice or primary hepatocytes were observed. CTE could be a promising therapeutic candidate against oxidative stress-induced liver injury.
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Hepatopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Hígado/lesiones , Moraceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Animales , Glutatión/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Quempferoles/administración & dosificación , Quempferoles/análisis , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hepatopatías/genética , Hepatopatías/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In December 2016, WHO released a report stating that in 2015 there were 383,000 deaths caused by asthma and 235 million people suffering from asthma. As there are many adverse effects associated with the currently-used asthma drugs, new anti-asthmatic drugs need to be developed. PURPOSE: In order to find new drug candidates with safe and low side effects, the anti-asthmatic function and mechanism of C. japonica oil were evaluated, and its active ingredients were analyzed for use in an ovalbumin asthma murine model. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study consisted of six groups: control; ovalbumin group; and dexamethasone group as a positive control; and 10, 100, and 500â¯mg/kg C. japonica oil treatment groups. In order to measure the anti-asthmatic effect of C. japonica oil, WBC and differential cell count in BALF, IgE in serum, morphological changes in pulmonary system, and gene and protein levels such as IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-6 were all evaluated. RESULTS: C. japonica oil had an anti-asthmatic effect and significantly controlled eosinophil in BALF, Th2-related factors such as GATA-3 that is Th2 cell transcription factor, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and TNF-α in the lung. It also dose-dependently modulated inflammatory cells, T-bet, IL-12p40, and IL-6. Oleci acid was the major gradient (52.89%) in C. japonica oil and also had anti-asthmatic effects such as the downregulation of inflammatory cells, WBC, and eosinophil in BALF, IgE in serum, and morphological changes in the lung. CONCLUSION: We concluded that C. japonica oil is a new anti-asthmatic drug candidate and that oleic acid is the major anti-asthmatic ingredient in C. japonica oil.
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Antiasmáticos/farmacología , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Camellia/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Antiasmáticos/química , Asma/metabolismo , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Eosinófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Factor de Transcripción GATA3/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ácido Oléico/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
We evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of hexnane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, ethanol, and water extracts of the Quercus acuta leaf. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and total phenolic content. Antibacterial activity was assessed against general infectious pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates. The methanolic extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content, while the reducing power was the highest in the water extract. The ethyl acetate extract showed the best antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Additionally, it displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1928, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 1925, Escherichia coli KCTC 1923, and eight MRSA strains. These results present basic information for the possible uses of the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts from Q. acuta leaf in the treatment of diseases that are caused by oxidative imbalance and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Six active compounds, including vitamin E, which are known to possess antioxidant and antibacterial activity, were identified from the extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the chemical profiling and antibacterial effects of the various QA leaf extracts, suggesting their potential use in food therapy or alternative medicine.
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Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Quercus/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) (CT) is a dietary and medicinal plant distributed widely in Northeast Asia. There have been no studies on the effect of CT and/or its active constituents on in vivo xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, hyperuricemia, and gout. The aim of this study was to investigate XO inhibitory and antihyperuricemic effects of the ethanol extract of CT leaf (CTLE) and its active constituents in vitro and in vivo. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were used to determine a chemical profile of CTLE. XO inhibitory and antihyperuricemic effects of CTLE given orally (30 and 100 mg/kg per day for 1 week) were examined in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic ICR mice. CTLE exhibited XO inhibitory activity in vitro with an IC50 of 368.2 µg/mL, significantly reduced serum uric acid levels by approximately 2-fold (7.9 nM in normal mice; 3.8 nM in 30 mg/kg CTLE; 3.9 nM in 100 mg/kg CTLE), and significantly alleviated hyperuricemia by reducing hepatic (by 39.1 and 41.8% in 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) and serum XO activity (by 30.7 and 50.1% in 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) in hyperuricemic mice. Moreover, several XO inhibitory and/or antihyperuricemic phytochemicals, such as stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, vitamin E, rutin, and kaempferol, were identified from CTLE. Compared with rutin, kaempferol showed markedly higher XO inhibitory activity in vitro. Our present results demonstrate that CTLE may offer a promising alternative to allopurinol for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
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Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease related to hyperresponsiveness. The majority of patients suffer mild symptoms, however, some cases, especially in the young and the elderly, can lead to death by apnea. Mycoleptodonoides atichisonii (M. atichisonii) is an edible mushroom that has previously been reported to possess several bioactive properties, such as the synthesis of nerve growth factors, antiobesity effects and the ability to prevent cell death. In the current study, the authors evaluated the antiasthmatic effects of M. atichisonii using an ovalbumininduced asthma mouse model. M. atichisonii dosedependently suppressed the levels of white blood cells, eosinophils and immunoglobulin (Ig)E in BALB/c mice, resulting from ovalbumininduced asthma. M. atichisonii recovered the typical asthmatic morphological changes in lungs, such as mucous hypersecretion, epithelial layer hyperplasia, eosinophil infiltration and various cell surface molecules, such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and major histocompatibility complex class II. With the exception of CD19+ cells and IL12p40, M. atichisonii affected almost all factors related to asthma induction including the T helper (Th)1/Th2 transcription factors, Tbet and GATA3, Th1related cytokines, Th2related cytokines and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, M. atichisonii significantly inhibited the expression of IL5, IL13 and IL6. The authors concluded that M. atichisonii may be a promising drug candidate against asthma.
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Agaricales/química , Asma/etiología , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Inmunomodulación/efectos de los fármacos , Ovalbúmina/efectos adversos , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th2/inmunología , Animales , Antiasmáticos/química , Antiasmáticos/farmacología , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Asma/metabolismo , Productos Biológicos/química , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Eosinófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Eosinófilos/inmunología , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Femenino , Factor de Transcripción GATA3/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/inmunología , Humanos , Leucocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos/inmunología , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Ratones , Niacina/química , Niacina/farmacología , Ácido Oléico/química , Ácido Oléico/farmacología , Proteínas de Dominio T Box/metabolismo , Células TH1/efectos de los fármacos , Células TH1/metabolismo , Células Th2/efectos de los fármacos , Células Th2/metabolismoRESUMEN
Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii has been used as culinary material in East Asia. We previously reported the antiasthmatic effect of M. aitchisonii; in this study we evaluated the mushroom's immune-stimulating effects. To analyze these effects, we conducted an in vitro study with splenocytes and an in vivo study with the Porsolt enforced swim test. In the in vitro study, the cell proliferation effect of the M. aitchisonii water extract (WT) was measured and the in vivo study depended on the dose of M. aitchisonii WT and the effect on swimming duration; several immune reaction-related factors were assessed, such as white blood cell count, differential cell count, the ratio of thymus or spleen weight to body weight, and concentrations of some cytokines in serum. Almost all measured factors that are related to immune stimulation were dose-dependently increased, such as the number of splenocytes and monocytes, the swimming duration, the relative weight of the thymus, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ. Based on the results, we conclude that M. aitchisonii WT has an immune-stimulating effect via TNF-α and IFN-γ, and that M. aitchisonii WT is an immune-stimulating agent and can be produced as a functional food.
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Sistema Inmunológico/efectos de los fármacos , Polyporales/química , Citocinas/efectos de los fármacos , Interferón gamma/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Mushrooms have long been used worldwide for culinary and medicinal purposes because of their various nutrients and active constituents. The safety of mushrooms as a culinary ingredient requires validation. Although Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii has long been used for culinary purposes in East Asia, it has not been authorized by a regulatory agency. In this study we conducted genotoxicity and single-treatment toxicity tests according to the guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. We performed genotoxicity tests (bacterial reverse mutation study, chromosome aberration test, and micronucleus test), single-treatment toxicity tests, and in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay of M. aitchisonii water extract (WT). A single treatment with 5000 mg/kg M. aitchisonii WT showed no toxicity. M. aitchisonii WT induced bacterial reverse mutation and chromosome aberration but showed a negative result in the micronucleus test. Thus, an in vivo mammalian alkaline comet assay was performed; however, no genotoxicity was detected. Treatment with <5000 mg/kg M. aitchisonii WT is nontoxic and can be used for culinary purposes.
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Basidiomycota/química , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Animales , Cromosomas Bacterianos/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayo Cometa , Cricetulus , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Pruebas de Micronúcleos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Camellia japonica L. is a plant of which the seeds are used as a folk medicine, and it is native to South Korea, Japan and China. In previous study, triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and fatty acids which have antiviral, antioxidant and anti inflammatory activity were reported from C. japonica leaf and flower. In Korea, the seed from this plant is used as a traditional medicine and in folk remedies for the treatment of bleeding and inflammation. However, the major issue associated with the use of the seed as a medicinal and/or functional food ingredient is its application to the pharmaceutical and food industry. First, the productivity of seed extract is very much less than that of the leaf. Second, the beneficial usage of the seed extract as an alternative medicine and functional source is not yet clear. Thus, in this study, we focused on another part of the plant, the leaf, and found that the extract of Camellia japonica leaf has a high concentration of vitamin E, rutin and other biologically active compounds related to hyperuricemia. We aimed to investigate the biological activities, namely the antioxidant activities, xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity and antihyperuricemic effects of extract from C. japonica leaf and the phytochemicals contained therein. Ethanol extracts of C. japonica leaf (ECJL) were prepared, and the extract was used with respect to antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and XO inhibitory activity. The in vivo XO inhibitory activity and antihyperuricemic effects of the extract were evaluated in mice with potassium oxonateinduced hyperuricemia. To clarify the marker compounds that are responsible for the antihyperuricemic effects, several key constituents were identified using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) and and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). ECJL was found to have strong antioxidant activities, and in vitro XO inhibitory activity. The results of the in vivo experiments using mice demonstrated that ECJL at the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited hepatic XO activity and significantly attenuated hyperuricemia. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on the XO inhibitory and anti-hyperuricemic effects of ECJL, which can be therapeutically applied in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.
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Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Camellia/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Hiperuricemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Fenoles/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Xantina Oxidasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Hiperuricemia/sangre , Hiperuricemia/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ácido Úrico/sangre , Ácido Úrico/metabolismo , Xantina Oxidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) (QA) is cultivated as a dietary and ornamental plant in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. It has been widely used as the main ingredient of acorn tofu, a traditional food in China and South Korea. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro and in vivo xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory and antihyperuricemic activities of an ethyl acetate extract of QA leaf (QALE) and identify its active phytochemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC) systems. The QALE was found to possess potent in vitro antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities. In vivo study using hyperuricemic mice induced with potassium oxonate demonstrated that the QALE could inhibit hepatic XO activity at a relatively low oral dose (50 mg/kg) and significantly alleviate hyperuricemia to a similar extent as allopurinol. Several active compounds including vitamin E known to possess XO inhibitory activity were identified from the QALE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports the active constituents and antihyperuricemic effect of QA, suggesting that it is feasible to use QALE as a food therapy or alternative medicine for alleviating hyperuricemia and gout.
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The present study investigated the anti-obesity effects of Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (MA) in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Two groups were fed either a normal control diet or an HF (45% kcal fat) diet for 12 weeks and three groups were fed an HF diet supplemented with powdered MA (MAP, 1%, 3%, and 5%) for 12 weeks. The anti-obesity effects of MAP supplementation on body weight, fat mass development, and lipid-related markers were assessed. Consumption of an HF diet resulted in increased body weight, serum lipids, relative adipose tissues weight, and liver fat accumulation. However, administration of MAP significantly decreased body weight gain, food intake, food efficiency ratio, hepatic cholesterol level, and adipose tissue weight in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with MAP significantly reduced the occurrence of fatty liver deposits and steatosis, and inhibited an HF diet-induced increase in adipocyte size. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with MAP exerts anti-obesity effects and indicate that MAP could be used as a functional food to control obesity.
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Higher Basidiomycetes medicinal mushroom Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii has become attractive as a natural health product because of its antihypertensive effects on human health. Moreover, the food industry is especially interested in the preparation of the nutritional tonic of this mushroom. Various studies on this mushroom have shown that it has antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this review is to report the present findings from studies on this mushroom and to discuss its future prospects.
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Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Basidiomycota/química , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Antihipertensivos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/químicaRESUMEN
Sparassis crispa is a culinary-medicinal mushroom that has recently become popular in Korea, China, Japan, Germany, and the USA. S. crispa is a good source of food and nutraceuticals, or dietary supplements, due to its rich flavor compounds and beta-glucan content. This review is a comprehensive summary of its distribution, growth, management, general constituents, functional ingredients, as well as its current and potential medicinal and other applications.