Combination of High-Dose Daptomycin and Ceftriaxone for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections: A 10-Year Experience.

PURPOSE: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are increasingly common. Gram-positive bacteria such as coagulase negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most commonly involved pathogens. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and outcome of patients with CIED infections who underwent device removal and were empirically treated with high dose (8-12 mg/kg daily) daptomycin (DAP) in combination with ceftriaxone (CRO). METHODS: Retrospective, single center study including patients admitted at IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy), from June 2011 to June 2021, who underwent device removal for CIED infection and were empirically treated with DAP/CRO. FINDINGS: Overall, 147 patients were included in this study. Median duration of therapy was 16 days (IQR 14-26). Empirical treatment with DAP/CRO was confirmed as definitive treatment in 140 patients (95.2%). In 7 (4.8%) patients DAP/CRO were discontinued according to the definite microbiological isolates: Corynebacterium spp. (4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Enterobacter cloacae (1). Ten patients (6.8%) underwent treatment simplification to narrow-spectrum antibiotics. One patient (0.6%) interrupted DAP-CRO due to pancytopenia. 6-month follow-up was available for 123/147 patients (83.7%): 9 patients recurred with a CIED infection (7.3%), and 9 died (7.3%). IMPLICATIONS: In our 10-year experience, high-dose DAP in combination with CRO represented a good option for empirical therapy of CIED infections. DAP-CRO combination was safe and effective, showing no significant drug-related adverse events and low rates of 6-month recurrence and mortality.

Long-term successfull management of recurrent episodes of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in an apparently healthy Chinese woman.

BACKGROUND: Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria (dNTM) infections are mostly reported among individuals with an underlying congenital or acquired immunodeficiency or receiving immunosuppressive treatment, but are rarely documented in otherwise healthy subjects. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a case of recurrent disseminated mycobacterial infection in an apparently immunocompetent Chinese woman. Mycobacterium szulgai and Mycobacterium avium-complex were identified in distinct episodes. Long-term antimycobacterial therapy was administered given the occurrence of recurrent events when off-treatment. Successful management over more than 10 years and immunologic data are reported. CONCLUSIONS: This case-report highlights that dNTM should be suspected also among apparently immunocompetent hosts and that thorough assessment of underling immune-impairments is helpful to define patients' management. Long-term antimycobacterial therapy and close monitoring is required to grant successful outcomes in case of recurrent dNTM infections.

Use of Cefiderocol in Adult Patients: Descriptive Analysis from a Prospective, Multicenter, Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin showing activity against various carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). No data currently exist about real-world use of cefiderocol in terms of types of therapy (e.g., empirical or targeted, monotherapy or combined regimens), indications, and patient characteristics. METHODS: In this multicenter, prospective study, we aimed at describing the use of cefiderocol in terms of types of therapy, indications, and patient characteristics. RESULTS: Cefiderocol was administered as empirical and targeted therapy in 27.5% (55/200) and 72.5% (145/200) of cases, respectively. Overall, it was administered as monotherapy in 101/200 cases (50.5%) and as part of a combined regimen for CR-GNB infections in the remaining 99/200 cases (49.5%). In multivariable analysis, previous isolation of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii odds ratio (OR) 2.56, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01-6.46, p = 0.047] and previous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (OR 8.73, 95% CI 1.05-72.54, p = 0.045) were associated with administration of cefiderocol as part of a combined regimen, whereas chronic kidney disease was associated with cefiderocol monotherapy (OR 0.38 for combined regimen, 95% CI 0.16-0.91, p = 0.029). Cumulative 30-day mortality was 19.8%, 45.0%, 20.7%, and 22.7% in patients receiving targeted cefiderocol for infections by Enterobacterales, A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and any metallo-ß-lactamase producers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Cefiderocol is mainly used for targeted treatment, although empirical therapies account for more than 25% of prescriptions, thus requiring dedicated standardization and guidance. The almost equal distribution of cefiderocol monotherapy and cefiderocol-based combination therapies underlines the need for further study to ascertain possible differences in efficacy between the two approaches.

Severe infections in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia included in trials investigating BTK and BCL2 inhibitors.

Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) and the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the incidence of severe infections in patients receiving these agents needs to be better understood. Our review aimed to provide an overview of grade ≥3 infections in patients with CLL who received BTKi and venetoclax-based therapy in prospective trials. Infection rates were influenced by the age of patients and the duration of follow-up. For treatment-naive (TN) patients receiving BTKi, infection rates ranged between 11.4 % and 27.4 % and were close to 30 % in relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients. TN and R/R patients receiving fixed-duration venetoclax-based treatments showed variable rates, with maximum values around 20 %. Opportunistic and fatal infections were uncommon. In conclusion, infections remain a concern in patients with CLL receiving targeted agents. A better definition of factors increasing infection vulnerability could help identify those patients who require infection prophylaxis.

Cerebral Infectious Opportunistic Lesions in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: The Challenge of Diagnosis and Clinical Management.

Central nervous system (CNS) lesions, especially invasive fungal diseases (IFDs), in immunocompromised patients pose a great challenge in diagnosis and treatment. We report the case of a 48-year-old man with acute myeloid leukaemia and probable pulmonary aspergillosis, who developed hyposthenia of the left upper limb, after achieving leukaemia remission and while on voriconazole. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed oedematous CNS lesions with a haemorrhagic component in the right hemisphere with lepto-meningitis. After 2 weeks of antibiotics and amphotericin-B, brain biopsy revealed chronic inflammation with abscess and necrosis, while cultures were negative. Clinical recovery was attained, he was discharged on isavuconazole and allogeneic transplant was postponed, introducing azacitidine as a maintenance therapy. After initial improvement, MRI worsened; brain biopsy was repeated, showing similar histology; and 16S metagenomics sequencing analysis was positive (Veilonella, Pseudomonas). Despite 1 month of meropenem, MRI did not improve. The computer tomography and PET scan excluded extra-cranial infectious-inflammatory sites, and auto-immune genesis (sarcoidosis, histiocytosis, CNS vasculitis) was deemed unlikely due to the histological findings and unilateral lesions. We hypothesised possible IFD with peri-lesion inflammation and methyl-prednisolone was successfully introduced. Steroid tapering is ongoing and isavuconazole discontinuation is planned with close follow-up. In conclusion, the management of CNS complications in immunocompromised patients needs an interdisciplinary approach.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infections Presenting with Septic Shock in Neutropenic Cancer Patients: Impact of Empirical Antibiotic Therapy.

This large, multicenter, retrospective cohort study including onco-hematological neutropenic patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection (PABSI) found that among 1213 episodes, 411 (33%) presented with septic shock. The presence of solid tumors (33.3% vs. 20.2%, p < 0.001), a high-risk Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) index score (92.6% vs. 57.4%; p < 0.001), pneumonia (38% vs. 19.2% p < 0.001), and infection due to multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) (33.8% vs. 21.1%, p < 0.001) were statistically significantly higher in patients with septic shock compared to those without. Patients with septic shock were more likely to receive inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy (IEAT) (21.7% vs. 16.2%, p = 0.020) and to present poorer outcomes, including a need for ICU admission (74% vs. 10.5%; p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (49.1% vs. 5.6%; p < 0.001), and higher 7-day and 30-day case fatality rates (58.2% vs. 12%, p < 0.001, and 74% vs. 23.1%, p < 0.001, respectively). Risk factors for 30-day case fatality rate in patients with septic shock were orotracheal intubation, IEAT, infection due to MDRPA, and persistent PABSI. Therapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and BSI from the urinary tract were associated with improved survival. Carbapenems were the most frequent IEAT in patients with septic shock, and the use of empirical combination therapy showed a tendency towards improved survival. Our findings emphasize the need for tailored management strategies in this high-risk population.

Prevention and management of infectious complications in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors, focus on current guidelines.

CLL is associated with an increased risk of infectious complications. Treatment with BTK or BCL-2 inhibitors does not seem to increase significantly the risk of opportunistic infections, but the role of combination therapies including BTK and/or BCL-2 inhibitors remains to be established. Various infectious complications can be successfully prevented with appropriate risk management strategies. In this paper we reviewed the international guidelines on prevention and management of infectious complications in patients with CLL treated with BTK or BCL-2 inhibitors. Universal pharmacological anti-herpes, antibacterial or antifungal prophylaxis is not warranted. Reactivation of HBV should be prevented in HBsAg-positive subjects. For HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients recommendations differ, but in case of combination treatment should follow those for other, particularly anti-CD20, agent. Immunization should be provided preferably before the onset of treatment. Immunoglobulin therapy has favourable impact on morbidity but not mortality in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and severe or recurrent infections. Lack of high-quality data and heterogeneity of patients or protocols included in the studies might explain differences among the main guidelines. Better data collection is warranted.

High-Risk Neutropenic Fever and Invasive Fungal Diseases in Patients with Hematological Malignancies.

Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) still represent a relevant cause of mortality in patients affected by hematological malignancies, especially acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) undergoing remission induction chemotherapy, and in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients. Mold-active antifungal prophylaxis (MAP) has been established as a standard of care. However, breakthrough IFDs (b-IFDs) have emerged as a significant issue, particularly invasive aspergillosis and non-Aspergillus invasive mold diseases. Here, we perform a narrative review, discussing the major advances of the last decade on prophylaxis, the diagnosis of and the treatment of IFDs in patients with high-risk neutropenic fever undergoing remission induction chemotherapy for AML/MDS and allo-HSCT. Then, we present our single-center retrospective experience on b-IFDs in 184 AML/MDS patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy while receiving posaconazole (n = 153 induction treatments, n = 126 consolidation treatments, n = 60 salvage treatments). Six cases of probable/proven b-IFDs were recorded in six patients, with an overall incidence rate of 1.7% (6/339), which is in line with the literature focused on MAP with azoles. The incidence rates (IRs) of b-IFDs (95% confidence interval (95% CI), per 100 person years follow-up (PYFU)) were 5.04 (0.47, 14.45) in induction (n = 2), 3.25 (0.0013, 12.76) in consolidation (n = 1) and 18.38 (3.46, 45.06) in salvage chemotherapy (n = 3). Finally, we highlight the current challenges in the field of b-IFDs; these include the improvement of diagnoses, the expanding treatment landscape of AML with molecular targeted drugs (and related drug-drug interactions with azoles), evolving transplantation techniques (and their related impacts on IFDs' risk stratification), and new antifungals and their features (rezafungin and olorofim).

Letermovir for Cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a real-life study by the Infectious Diseases Working Group of Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (AIEOP).

Letermovir prophylaxis revolutionized the approach to Cytomegalovirus infection in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT), while data in pediatric setting are still lacking. We retrospectively analyzed 87 HCT children transplanted in 11 AIEOP centers receiving letermovir as off-label indication between January 2020 and November 2022. Letermovir was used as primary, secondary prophylaxis or CMV treatment in 39, 26 and 22 cases, respectively; no discontinuation due to toxicity was reported. Median duration was 100 days (14-256) for primary and 96 days (8-271) for secondary prophylaxis, respectively. None of the patients experienced CMV-clinically significant reactivation during Letermovir primary prophylaxis; one patient developed breakthrough infection during secondary prophylaxis, and 10 and 1 patient experienced asymptomatic CMV-reactivation and CMV-primary infection after drug discontinuation, respectively. Median duration of letermovir in CMV treatment was 40 days (7-134), with 4/22 patients suffering CMV-pneumonia, with an overall response rate of 86.4%. With a median follow-up of 10.7 months (8.2-11.8), estimated 1-year overall survival was 86%; no CMV-related deaths were reported in prophylaxis groups. This is the largest report on Letermovir use in pediatric HCT; real-life data confirm an excellent toxicity profile, with high efficacy as CMV prophylaxis; results in CMV-infection treatment should be investigated in larger, prospective trials.

Pediatric cancer care management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review of the literature and a single-centre real-life experience of an Italian pediatric oncology unit.

INTRODUCTION: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic significantly affected clinical practice, also in pediatric oncology units. Cancer patients needed to be treated with an adequate dose density despite the SARS-CoV-2 infection, balancing risks of developing severe COVID-19 disease. AREAS COVERED: Although the pandemic spread worldwide, the prevalence of affected children was low. The percentage of children with severe illness was approximately 1-6%. Pediatric cancer patients represent a prototype of a previously healthy immune system that is hampered by the tumor itself and treatments, such as chemotherapy and steroids. Through a review of the literature, we reported the immunological basis of the response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the existing antiviral treatments used in pediatric cancer patients, and the importance of vaccination. In conclusion, we reported the real-life experience of our pediatric oncology unit during the pandemic period. EXPERT OPINION: Starting from the data available in literature, and our experience, showing the rarity of severe COVID-19 disease in pediatric patients with solid tumors, we recommend carefully tailoring all the oncological treatments (chemotherapy/targeted therapy/stem cell transplantation/radiotherapy). The aim is the preservation of the treatment's timing, balanced with an evaluation of possible severe COVID-19 disease.

Mortality in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: a changing landscape.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of carbapenem resistance on mortality in Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection (BSI) in the era of novel ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor combinations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients with K. pneumoniae BSI between January and August 2020 in 16 centres (CARBANEW study within the MULTI-SITA project). RESULTS: Overall, 426 patients were included: 107/426 (25%) had carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-Kp) BSI and 319/426 (75%) had carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae (CS-Kp) BSI. Crude cumulative 30 day mortality was 33.8% and 20.7% in patients with, respectively, CR-Kp BSI and CS-Kp BSI (P = 0.027). Carbapenemase production or carbapenemase-encoding genes were detected in 84/98 tested CR-Kp isolates (85.7%), mainly KPC (78/84; 92.9%). Ceftazidime/avibactam was the most frequently used appropriate therapy for CR-Kp BSI (80/107; 74.7%). In multivariable analyses, variables showing an unfavourable association with mortality after correction for multiple testing were age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.10-1.31, P < 0.001) and Pitt score (HR 1.33; 95% CI 1.15-1.55, P < 0.001), but not carbapenem resistance (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.74-2.22, P = 0.410). In a propensity score-matched analysis, there was no difference in mortality between patients appropriately treated with ceftazidime/avibactam for CR-Kp BSI and patients appropriately treated with other agents (mainly meropenem monotherapy or piperacillin/tazobactam monotherapy) for CS-Kp BSI (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.50-2.29, P = 0.866). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the increased mortality in CR-Kp BSI compared with CS-Kp BSI is not (or no longer) dependent on the type of therapy in areas where ceftazidime/avibactam-susceptible KPC-producing isolates are the most prevalent type of CR-Kp.

Outcome of BCG Vaccination in ADA-SCID Patients: A 12-Patient Series.

Vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can be harmful to patients with combined primary immunodeficiencies. We report the outcome of BCG vaccination in a series of twelve patients affected by adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID). BCG vaccination resulted in a very high incidence of complications due to uncontrolled replication of the mycobacterium. All patients who developed BCG-related disease were treated successfully and remained free from recurrence of disease. We recommend the prompt initiation of enzyme replacement therapy and secondary prophylaxis to reduce the risk of BCG-related complications in ADA-SCID patients.

Case Report: Favorable outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in SARSCoV2 positive recipient, risk-benefit balance between infection and leukemia.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in SARS-CoV-2 positive candidates is usually delayed until the clinical resolution of the infection's symptoms and a negative nasopharyngeal molecular test. However, prolonged SARS-CoV-2 positivity has been frequently observed in haematological malignancies, thus representing a challenge for the timing of transplant procedures. Here, we report on the case of a 34-year-old patient with recent pauci-symptomatic COVID-19 undergoing transplant for high-risk acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia before achieving viral clearance. Shortly before their scheduled allogeneic HSCT from a matched unrelated donor, the patient developed mild Omicron BA.5 infection receiving nirmatrelvir/ritonavir with fever resolution within 72 hours. Twenty-three days after COVID-19 diagnosis, because of increasing minimal residual disease values in the context of high-risk refractory leukemia and clinical resolution of SARS-2-CoV infection with reduction of viral load at surveillance nasopharyngeal swabs, it was decided not to delay further allo-HSCT. During myelo-ablative conditioning, the nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load increased while the patient remained asymptomatic. Consequently, two days before the transplant, intra-muscular tixagevimab/cilgavimab 300/300 mg and a 3-day course of intravenous remdesivir were administered. During the pre-engraftment phase, veno-occlusive disease (VOD) occurred at day +13, requiring defibrotide treatment to obtain a slow but complete recovery. The post-engraftment phase was characterized by mild COVID-19 at day +23 (cough, rhino-conjunctivitis, fever) that spontaneously resolved, achieving viral clearance at day +28. At day +32, she experienced grade I acute graft-versus host disease (a-GVHD, skin grade II) treated with steroids and photo-apheresis, without further complications during follow-up until day +180. Addressing the issue of allo-HSCT timing in patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection with high-risk malignant diseases is challenging because of 1] the high risk of COVID-19 clinical progression, 2] the impact of transplant delay on leukemia prognosis and 3] the occurrence of endothelial complications such as VOD, a-GVHD, and transplant associated thrombotic micro-angiopathy. Our report describes the favourable outcome of allo-HSCT in a recipient with active SARS-CoV2 infection and high-risk leukemia thanks to timely anti-SARS-CoV-2 preventive therapies and prompt management of transplant-related complications.

Does PTCY increase the risk of infections?

PTCY has been mainly used in haploidentical transplant (haploHSCT), but its use in matched donors allowed better evaluation of infectious risk conferred separately by PTCY or donor type. PTCY increased the risk of bacterial infections, both in haploidentical and matched donors, mainly pre-engraftment bacteremias. Bacterial infections, particularly due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negatives, were main causes of infection-related deaths. Higher rates of CMV and other viral infections were reported, mainly in haploHSCT. The role of donor might be more important than the role of PTCY. PTCY increased the risk of BK virus associated hemorrhagic cystitis, and seemed associated with higher risk of respiratory viral infections. Fungal infections were frequent in haploHSCT PCTY cohorts without mold active prophylaxis, but the exact role of PTCY needs to be established. Infections appear to be increased in patients receiving PTCY, although the exact role of GvHD prophylaxis and donor type can only be assessed in prospective trials.

Human herpesvirus 6-specific T-cell immunity in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can reactivate after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) and may lead to severe symptoms. HHV-6-specific immune responses after HSCT are largely unexplored. We conducted a prospective observational study on 208 consecutive adult patients who received allo-HSCT to investigate HHV-6 reactivations and specific immune responses. Interferon gamma-producing HHV-6-specific T cells were quantified using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). HHV-6 reactivation occurred in 63% of patients, at a median of 25 days from allo-HSCT. Only 40% of these presented a clinically relevant infection, defined by the presence of classical HHV-6 end-organ diseases (EODs), based on European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL) guidelines, and other possible HHV6-related EODs. Using multivariate analysis, we identified risk factors for HHV-6 reactivation: previous allo-HSCT, posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy), and time-dependent steroids introduction. The use of PT-Cy and steroids were associated with clinically relevant infections, whereas higher CD3+ cell counts seemed to be protective. Interestingly, circulating HHV-6-specific T cells were significantly higher in patients with reactivated virus. Moreover, HHV-6-specific T-cell responses, quantified at >4 days after the first viremia detection, predicted clinically relevant infections (P < .0001), with higher specificity (93%) and sensitivity (79%) than polyclonal CD3+ cells per µL. Overall survival and transplant-related mortality were not affected by time-dependent HHV-6 reactivation, whereas a significant association was observed between clinically relevant infections and acute graft-versus-host disease. These results shed light on the role of HHV-6 in allo-HSCT and may affect HHV-6 monitoring and treatment.

Should we expect weight changes in people with HIV and a reported weight gain only by switching antiretroviral therapy?

Weight gain following the initiation or the switch of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is well documented and mainly associated with some of the most recent drugs, such as integrase strand transfer inhibitors and tenofovir alafenamide. However, limited data have been published on weight trends in ART-experienced people living with HIV (PLWH) with a long exposure to HIV infection and antiretroviral drugs. In our study, we assessed changes in weight after switching ART among PLWH who reported weight gain under a previous regimen.

Antibiotic appropriateness for Gram-negative bloodstream infections: impact of infectious disease consultation.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the role of infectious disease consultation (IDC) on therapeutic appropriateness in Gram-negative bloodstream infections (GNBSIs) in a setting with a high proportion of antibiotic resistance. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and the impact of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). METHODS: Retrospective study on hospitalised patients with GNBSIs. Therapy was deemed appropriate if it had the narrowest spectrum considering infection and patients' characteristics. Interventional-IDC (I-IDC) group included patients with IDC-advised first appropriate or last non-appropriate therapy. Time to first appropriate therapy and survival were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier curves. Factors associated with therapy appropriateness were assessed by multivariate Cox proportional-hazard models. RESULTS: 471 patients were included. High antibiotic resistance rates were detected: quinolones 45.5%, third-generation cephalosporins 37.4%, carbapenems 7.9%. I-IDC was performed in 31.6% of patients (149/471), RDTs in 70.7% (333/471). The 7-day probability of appropriate treatment was 91.9% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 86.4-95.8%) vs. 75.8% (95%CI: 70.9-80.4%) with and without I-IDC, respectively (p-value = 0.0495); 85.5% (95%CI: 81.3-89.1%) vs. 69.4% (95%CI: 61.3-77.2%) with and without RDTs, respectively (p-value = 0.0023). Compared to RDTs alone, the combination with I-IDC was associated with a higher proportion of appropriate therapies at day 7: 81.9% (95%CI: 76.4-86.7%) vs. 92.6% (95%CI: 86.3-96.7%). At multivariate analysis, I-IDC and RDTs were associated with time to first appropriate therapy [adjusted hazard-ratio 1.292 (95%CI: 1.014-1.647) and 1.383 (95%CI: 1.080-1.771), respectively], with no impact on mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In a setting with a high proportion of antibiotic resistance, IDC and RDTs were associated with earlier prescription of appropriate therapy in GNBSIs, without impact on mortality.