RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phase angle (PhA) is an indicator of cellular health, function, and integrity. PhA has been considered an indicator of nutritional and health status, but it is uncertain whether it could be used as a fitness or athletic performance indicator. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between PhA and the fitness and athletic performance of adolescent boxers and to know whether this association is independent of body composition. METHODS: Thirty-seven trained youth boxers (15-18 y old) participated in the study. Participants underwent anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance assessments. The following tests were conducted: Fitness-Gram battery; speed, agility, and quickness; ball throws; punch impact force; bench press maximal strength; and vertical and horizontal jumps. Linear regression models were estimated and adjusted by covariates. RESULTS: The PhA was related to upper-limb strength. Nevertheless, in linear regression models, after adjusting models by body composition, only PhA remained as a predictor of relative maximal strength. The PhA was not a predictor of speed, agility, and quickness; cardiorespiratory fitness; or lower-limb power, in which adiposity was the main predictor of fitness. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescent boxers, PhA can predict upper-limb maximal strength independently of bioelectrical impedance analysis premises. However, compared with mucle mass, PhA is not a better predictor of upper-limb maximal strength.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the modifying effect of social capital on the relationship between living in violent communities and the presence of psychological distress in adolescents and youth in Mexico. METHOD: The analysis of the Social Cohesion Survey for the Prevention of Violence and Crime (ECOPRED, by its acronym in Spanish) was conducted. The analytic sample consisted of 39,639 participants aged 12 to 29 years. Community violence and social capital were measured at the census tract level using the average answers of a household's head sample. These environmental variables were independent of the experiences of the participants. Social capital variables included structural (social ties, recreational participation, collaborative participation, and social cohesion), and cognitive (trust in neighbors) dimensions. Multilevel structural equation models were used. RESULTS: Recreational participation, collaborative participation, and social cohesion modified the relationship between community environments and psychological distress. In females who lived in places with less recreational participation or less social cohesion, the higher the social disorder, the higher the psychological distress. A similar relationship between vandalism and psychological distress was identified, but only in males who lived in places with less collaborative participation, and in females with less social cohesion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that dimensions of the structural social capital (organization and interest in the community and its members) were the ones that had the buffering effect of the exposure to disordered community environments on psychological distress.
RESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of maternal cardiometabolic markers trajectories (glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)) with estimated fetal weight trajectories and birth weight in Mexican pregnant women without medical complications. Cardiometabolic marker trajectories were characterized using group-based trajectory models. Mixed-effect and linear regression models were estimated to assess the association of maternal trajectories with estimated fetal weight and birth weight. The final sample comprised 606 mother-child dyads. Two trajectory groups of maternal cardiometabolic risk indicators during pregnancy were identified (high and low). Fetuses from women with higher values of TG had higher weight gain during pregnancy ( ß ^ = 24.00 g; 95%CI: 12.9, 35.3), were heavier at the sixth month ( ß ^ =48.24 g; 95%CI: 7.2, 89.7) and had higher birth weight ( ß ^ = 89.08 g; 95%CI: 20.8, 157.4) than fetuses in the low values trajectory. Fetuses from mothers with high SBP and DBP had less weight in the sixth month of pregnancy ( ß ^ = - 42.4 g; 95%CI: - 82.7, - 2.1 and ß ^ = - 50.35 g; 95%CI: - 94.2, - 6.4), and a higher DBP trajectory was associated with lower birth weight ( ß ^ = - 101.48 g; 95%CI: - 176.5, - 26.4). In conclusion, a longitudinal exposition to high values of TG and BP was associated with potentially adverse effects on fetal growth. These findings support the potential modulation of children's phenotype by maternal cardiometabolic conditions in pregnancies without medical complications.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Desarrollo Fetal , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Peso al Nacer , Aumento de Peso , Triglicéridos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiologíaRESUMEN
The association between community violence and mental health has been studied by reports of individual experiences, particularly in adolescents and youths, but little is known about the effect of living in disordered and violent communities. This study aims to determine the possible relation between living in disordered and violent community environments and psychological distress in Mexican adolescents and youths regardless of their individual experience of victimization and to assess the potential modifying effect of sex and age on this association. Data come from a cross-sectional survey with a representative sample of adolescents and youths living in Mexican municipalities, including 39,639 participants aged from 12 to 29 years. Disordered and violent community environments were assessed using reports from a secondary sample of adults who lived in the same communities as participants. Using exploratory factor analysis, three contextual variables related to disordered and violent community environment were created: social disorder, vandalism, and criminality. Multilevel linear regression models with random intercept were estimated. Adolescents and youths who lived in environments with higher social disorder had more psychological distress. Men in environments with greater vandalism had a higher level of psychological distress. Unexpectedly, women from communities with higher levels of crime had fewer symptoms. It is necessary to address the violence that exists in these communities, creating strategies that reduce not only crime, but also the social disorder and vandalism that could contribute to developing negative effects on mental health.
Asunto(s)
Víctimas de Crimen , Exposición a la Violencia , Pueblos de América del Norte , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Violencia , Niño , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Abstract: The association between community violence and mental health has been studied by reports of individual experiences, particularly in adolescents and youths, but little is known about the effect of living in disordered and violent communities. This study aims to determine the possible relation between living in disordered and violent community environments and psychological distress in Mexican adolescents and youths regardless of their individual experience of victimization and to assess the potential modifying effect of sex and age on this association. Data come from a cross-sectional survey with a representative sample of adolescents and youths living in Mexican municipalities, including 39,639 participants aged from 12 to 29 years. Disordered and violent community environments were assessed using reports from a secondary sample of adults who lived in the same communities as participants. Using exploratory factor analysis, three contextual variables related to disordered and violent community environment were created: social disorder, vandalism, and criminality. Multilevel linear regression models with random intercept were estimated. Adolescents and youths who lived in environments with higher social disorder had more psychological distress. Men in environments with greater vandalism had a higher level of psychological distress. Unexpectedly, women from communities with higher levels of crime had fewer symptoms. It is necessary to address the violence that exists in these communities, creating strategies that reduce not only crime, but also the social disorder and vandalism that could contribute to developing negative effects on mental health.
Resumen: La asociación entre la violencia comunitaria y la salud mental se ha evaluado mediante informes de experiencias individuales, especialmente de adolescentes y jóvenes, pero poco se sabe sobre el efecto de residir en comunidades desordenadas y violentas. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar si existe una relación entre residir en entornos comunitarios desordenados y violentos y el distrés psicológico en adolescentes y jóvenes mexicanos, independientemente de su experiencia individual de victimización, así como evaluar el posible efecto modificador del sexo y la edad en esta asociación. Los datos provienen de una encuesta transversal que tomó como muestra representativa a 39.639 adolescentes y jóvenes de entre 12 y 29 años, residentes en ciudades mexicanas. Los entornos comunitarios desordenados y violentos se evaluaron mediante informes de una muestra secundaria de adultos que residían en las mismas comunidades donde vivían los participantes. El análisis exploratorio de datos posibilitó crear tres variables contextuales relacionadas con el entorno comunitario desordenado y violento: desorden social, vandalismo y delincuencia. Se estimaron modelos de regresión lineal multinivel con intercepto aleatorio. Los adolescentes y jóvenes que residían en ambientes con mayor desorden social presentaron mayor distrés psicológico. Los varones en entornos con más vandalismo tenían un mayor nivel de distrés psicológico. Inesperadamente, las mujeres que viven en comunidades con mayores niveles de delincuencia tuvieron menos síntomas. Es necesario enfrentar la violencia existente en las comunidades para generar estrategias que reduzcan no solo la delincuencia, sino también el desorden social y el vandalismo que pueden contribuir al desarrollo de efectos negativos en la salud mental.
Resumo: A associação entre violência comunitária e saúde mental tem sido estudada por meio de relatos de experiências individuais, particularmente em adolescentes e jovens, mas pouco se sabe sobre o efeito de viver em comunidades desordenadas e violentas. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se há relação entre viver em ambientes comunitários desordenados e violentos e estresse psicológico em adolescentes e jovens mexicanos, independentemente de sua experiência individual de vitimização, e avaliar o potencial efeito modificador do sexo e da idade sobre essa associação. Os dados são de uma pesquisa transversal com uma amostra representativa de adolescentes e jovens residentes em cidades mexicanas, incluindo 39.639 participantes com idades de 12 a 29 anos. Ambientes comunitários desordenados e violentos foram avaliados por meio de relatos de uma amostra secundária de adultos que viviam nas mesmas comunidades onde os participantes viviam. Por meio da análise exploratória de dados, foram criadas três variáveis contextuais relacionadas ao ambiente comunitário desordenado e violento: desordem social, vandalismo e criminalidade. Foram estimados modelos de regressão linear multinível com interceptação aleatória. Adolescentes e jovens que viviam em ambientes com maior desordem social apresentaram maior estresse psicológico. Homens em ambientes com mais vandalismo apresentaram maior nível de estresse psicológico. Inesperadamente, as mulheres de comunidades com níveis mais altos de criminalidade tiveram menos sintomas. É preciso enfrentar a violência existente nas comunidades, gerando estratégias que reduzam não só a criminalidade, mas também a desordem social e o vandalismo que possam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de efeitos negativos na saúde mental.
RESUMEN
Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la efectividad de la entrevista motivacional en la consulta de nutrición sobre indicadores de riesgo cardiometabólico en pacientes con trastorno bipolar. Se realizó un estudio experimental en que el grupo control recibió orientación nutricional basada en planes de alimentación y el grupo de intervención recibió consulta nutricional incorporando los principios y habilidades de la entrevista motivacional. Los participantes fueron seguidos por tres meses y se realizaron evaluaciones de hábitos alimenticios, actividad física, riesgo cardiometabólico, composición corporal y calidad de vida. El grupo de entrevista motivacional redujo el consumo de carnes (B=-0.45, p=0.032) y embutidos (B=-0.60, p=0.002). Asimismo, la presión arterial diastólica (B=-6.97, p=0.029) y glucemia (B=-9.27, p=0.097) de estos pacientes tendieron a disminuir. La entrevista motivacional promueve cambios que pueden hacer una diferencia clínica; aun en reducidos periodos de tiempo. Los nutriólogos capacitados para su implementación disponen de una herramienta adicional para el manejo de comorbilidad cardiometabólica en población vulnerable.
Abstract The purpose of this work was to assess the effectiveness of the motivational interviewing in the nutrition consultation on indicators of cardiometabolic risk in patients with bipolar disorder. An experimental study was conducted in which the control group receives nutritional guidance based on feeding plans and the intervention group received nutritional consultation incorporating the principles and skills of the motivational interviewing. Participants were followed by three months and evaluations of eating habits, physical activity, cardiometabolic risk, body composition and quality of life were carried out. The motivational interviewing group reduced the consumption of meats (B=-0.45, p=0.032) and sausages (B=-0.60, p=0.002). Likewise, the diastolic blood pressure (B=-6.97, p=0.029) and glycemia (B=-9.27, p=0.097) of these patients tended to decrease. Motivational interviewing promotes changes that can make a clinical difference, even in short periods of time. Nutritionists trained for its implementation have an additional tool for the management of cardiometabolic comorbidity in a vulnerable population.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: 1) To analyze the differences in body weight according to skin color in Mexican adults. 2) Identify mediator variables that could explain possible differences in body weight according to skin color. METHODS: A nationally representative survey of Mexican adults was analyzed (n = 12,021). People with obesity were identified (body mass index, BMI > 30) based on self-reported weight and height. Skin color was measured by self-report using a chromatic scale. The mediator variables were socioeconomic level, height, neighborhood public services, public safety, and discrimination based on skin color. RESULTS: Compared to white-skinned women, brown-skinned women had higher BMI and a higher probability of being obese. These differences in weight by skin color are related to the lower level of education and more discrimination experiences of brown-skinned women. In men, there were no differences in weight according to skin color. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexican women (but not in men), darker skin color was associated with a higher probability of being obese, and the examined social factors partially explained this disparity.
RESUMEN
Introduction: Objective: to evaluate the impact of a group program of nutrition education implemented by community workers on food consumption, physical activity and cardiometabolic risk. Material and methods: a randomized trial by conglomerates was performed. The intervention group (n = 246) participated in a program of nine group sessions of nutrition education delivered by community workers and focused on giving healthy habits options and evocation of motivations. The control group (n = 183) received printed information on healthy eating and physical activity. At the beginning of the study and after one year of follow-up, anthropometric measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, lipid profile and glucose were assessed. A questionnaire was applied to collect sociodemographic data, food consumption and physical activity. Results: in multilevel regression models it was observed that the intervention group reported an increase in the frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes, increased body mass index and its probability of increasing recreational physical activity was higher; in addition, it reduced its consumption of sweetened cereals, and decreased the probability of hyperglycemia compared to the control group. Resting heart rate increased in both groups, but the increase was lower in the intervention group. Conclusions: nutrition education guided by community workers can have positive effects on cardiometabolic risk, so it would be an alternative to traditional education focused on providing information.
Introducción: Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de un programa grupal de orientación alimentaria implementado por trabajadores comunitarios sobre el consumo de alimentos, actividad física y riesgo cardiometabólico. Material y métodos: se realizó un ensayo aleatorizado por conglomerados. El grupo de intervención (n = 246) participó en un programa de nueve sesiones grupales de orientación alimentaria impartido por trabajadores comunitarios y centrado en dar opciones de hábitos saludables y en la evocación de motivaciones. El grupo control (n = 183) recibió información impresa sobre alimentación saludable y actividad física. Al inicio del estudio y después de un año de seguimiento se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, de presión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca, perfil de lípidos y glucosa; además se aplicó un cuestionario que recabó información sociodemográfica, consumo de alimentos y actividad física. Resultados: en modelos de regresión multinivel se observó que el grupo de intervención reportó aumento en la frecuencia de consumo de frutas, verduras y leguminosas, aumentó el índice de masa corporal y su probabilidad de incrementar la actividad física recreativa fue mayor; además, redujo su consumo de cereales altos en azúcar y grasa, y disminuyó la probabilidad de hiperglucemia comparado con el grupo control. La frecuencia cardiaca aumentó en ambos grupos, pero el aumento fue menor en el grupo de intervención. Conclusiones: la orientación alimentaria guiada por trabajadores comunitarios puede tener efectos positivos en el riesgo cardiometabólico, por lo cual sería una alternativa a la educación en salud enfocada a dar información.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Conducta Alimentaria , Adulto , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Frutas , Educación en Salud , VerdurasRESUMEN
About 56% to 84% of pregnant adolescents have inappropriate (insufficient or excessive) gestational weight gain (GWG); however, the factors associated with GWG in this age group have not been systematically identified. This scoping review aimed to synthesize the available scientific evidence on the association of individual, family, and social factors with inappropriate gestational weight gain in pregnant adolescents. To carry out this review, the MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for articles from recent years. The evidence was organized according to individual, family, and social factors. The analyzed studies included 1571 adolescents from six retrospective cohorts, 568 from three prospective cohorts, 165 from a case-control study, 395 from a cross-sectional study, and 78,001 from two national representative samples in the USA. At the individual level, in approximately half of the studies, the pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) was positively associated with the GWG recommended by the Institute of Medicine of the USA (IOM). The evidence was insufficient for the other factors (maternal age, number of deliveries, and family support) to determine an association. According to the review, we concluded that pBMI was positively associated with the GWG. More quality studies are needed to assess the association between GWG and individual, family, and social factors.
Asunto(s)
Ganancia de Peso Gestacional , Embarazo , Femenino , Adolescente , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Factores Sociales , Estudios Transversales , Índice de Masa Corporal , Resultado del EmbarazoRESUMEN
Purpose: Metabolic equivalents for youth (METy) are derived using the estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR). However, is unknown whether this METy can be different when measured resting energy expenditure (REE) is used. The purposes of this article are to: (a) To determine whether there is equivalence between METy values calculated using measured REE (METy-mea) and METy using predicted BMR (METy-est). (b) To determine whether METy values of different activities are dependent on age, sex, and body composition. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a sample of 122 Mexican children (5-11 years old) was conducted. With indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure was measured at rest and during 16 sedentary- to vigorous-intensity physical activities. METy were obtained in two forms: METy-mea and METy-est. Equivalence testing was used to compare METy-mea and METy-est. To examine the individual-level agreement, Bland-Altman plots were graphed, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Linear regression models were estimated having METy as the outcome. Results: For 15 activities, there was equivalence between METy-mea and METy-est (t > 2.05, p < 0.050). However, at the individual-level, for 7 activities the agreement between METy-eREE and METy-mREE was inadequate (ICC<0.75). In the Bland-Altman plots was evident that in 8 activities METy-est was biased compared to METy-mea, METy-est had more correlations with body mass index and body fat. Conclusions: In conclusion, at group-level, for most activities METy-mea and METy-est were equivalent. However, at the individual level, METy-est of many activities is not a valid estimate of METy-mea. METy-est of many physical activities were dependent on adiposity, which could be an artifact introduced when BMR is predicted.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo Energético , Conducta Sedentaria , Niño , Adolescente , Humanos , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Metabolismo Basal , Ejercicio Físico , Calorimetría IndirectaRESUMEN
Pregnant adolescents' diet and eating habits are inadequate; however, their association with gestational weight gain (GWG) is uncertain. We aimed to analyze whether there is an association between dietary and nutrient intake and eating habits with GWG among pregnant adolescents and their offspring's birth weight. A longitudinal study was performed with 530 participants. We assessed GWG and applied several tools, such as a food frequency questionnaire and 24-h recall, to obtain dietary and nutrient intake and eating habits. The birth weight of adolescents' offspring was registered. Later, we performed crude and adjusted Poisson models. The mean age was 15.8 ± 1.3 years. Of all food groups, the lowest frequency of adequate intake corresponded to vegetables (7%) and legumes (10.2%). Excessive (36.8%) and insufficient (40.9%) GWG were observed. Pregnant adolescents with inadequate legumes intake increased the probability of excessive GWG: (PR 1.86 95% CI 1.00-3.44). Cereals and grains were positively associated with GWG: (PR 1.65, 95% CI 1.18-2.29). Energy, macronutrient intake, and eating habits were not associated with GWG. Offspring's small gestational age (SGA) increased when pregnant adolescents had inadequate sugar-sweetened beverages intake: PR (1.58, 95% CI 1.01-2.49) and when pregnant adolescent watched television (TV). In our sample of Mexican adolescents, dietary and nutrient intake and eating habits were inadequate. Excessive dietary intake from cereals, grains, and animal-sourced foods along with insufficient legumes were associated with excessive GWG. Watching TV while adolescents ate was associated with the birth weight of the offspring.
Asunto(s)
Ganancia de Peso Gestacional , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Peso al Nacer , Estudios Longitudinales , Dieta , Conducta Alimentaria , Ingestión de Alimentos , Índice de Masa CorporalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a UK based prediction model for estimating fat-free mass (and indirectly fat mass) in children and adolescents in non-UK settings. DESIGN: Individual participant data meta-analysis. SETTING: 19 countries. PARTICIPANTS: 5693 children and adolescents (49.7% boys) aged 4 to 15 years with complete data on the predictors included in the UK based model (weight, height, age, sex, and ethnicity) and on the independently assessed outcome measure (fat-free mass determined by deuterium dilution assessment). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome of the UK based prediction model was natural log transformed fat-free mass (lnFFM). Predictive performance statistics of R2, calibration slope, calibration-in-the-large, and root mean square error were assessed in each of the 19 countries and then pooled through random effects meta-analysis. Calibration plots were also derived for each country, including flexible calibration curves. RESULTS: The model showed good predictive ability in non-UK populations of children and adolescents, providing R2 values of >75% in all countries and >90% in 11 of the 19 countries, and with good calibration (ie, agreement) of observed and predicted values. Root mean square error values (on fat-free mass scale) were <4 kg in 17 of the 19 settings. Pooled values (95% confidence intervals) of R2, calibration slope, and calibration-in-the-large were 88.7% (85.9% to 91.4%), 0.98 (0.97 to 1.00), and 0.01 (-0.02 to 0.04), respectively. Heterogeneity was evident in the R2 and calibration-in-the-large values across settings, but not in the calibration slope. Model performance did not vary markedly between boys and girls, age, ethnicity, and national income groups. To further improve the accuracy of the predictions, the model equation was recalibrated for the intercept in each setting so that country specific equations are available for future use. CONCLUSION: The UK based prediction model, which is based on readily available measures, provides predictions of childhood fat-free mass, and hence fat mass, in a range of non-UK settings that explain a large proportion of the variability in observed fat-free mass, and exhibit good calibration performance, especially after recalibration of the intercept for each population. The model demonstrates good generalisability in both low-middle income and high income populations of healthy children and adolescents aged 4-15 years.
Asunto(s)
Análisis de Datos , Etnicidad , Adolescente , Calibración , Niño , Deuterio , Femenino , Humanos , Técnicas de Dilución del Indicador , MasculinoRESUMEN
Introducción: A nivel global ha existido un incremento en el peso corporal. Ante ello, se han implementado programas para diagnosticar y tratar la obesidad. Se requiere documentar si dichos programas han propiciado que las personas con obesidad reciban diagnóstico y tratamiento eficaz. Objetivo: Determinar y comparar los cambios entre 2006 y 2018 en las prevalencias de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la obesidad y pérdida intencional de peso en adultos mexicanos e identificar si en este periodo existieron cambios en las disparidades sociales en dichos eventos. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron las bases de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de México realizada en 2006 (N=26.738) y 2018 (N= 12.205), Los eventos fueron diagnóstico y tratamiento de obesidad y de pérdida intencional de peso en adultos mexicanos con IMC > 30. Las variables independientes fueron: sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, nivel socioeconómico y región geográfica. Resultados: De 2006 a 2018, aumentó la prevalencia de personas con obesidad que recibieron diagnóstico (de 20,4% a 51,1%) o tratamiento (de 8,3% a 21,4%). La prevalencia de pérdida intencional de peso también aumentó (de 5,5% a 10,0%), pero esto básicamente ocurrió en las personas con nivel socioeconómico alto. En modelos multivariados se observó que, las mujeres, las personas con mayor IMC y quienes tenían mayor nivel socioeconómico tuvieron mayor probabilidad de recibir diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusiones: Aunque en México el acceso a diagnóstico y tratamiento a la obesidad se ha incrementado, la prevalencia de pérdida intencional de peso es baja, además, persisten disparidades socioeconómicas en estos eventos(AU)
Introduction: Worldwide, there has been an increase in body weight. Because of this, programs have been implemented to diagnose and treat obesity. It is required to document whether these programs have led people with obesity to receive effective diagnosis and treatment. Objective: To determine and compare the changes between 2006 and 2018 in the prevalences of diagnosis and treatment of obesity and intentional weight loss among Mexican adults and to identify whether there were changes in the social disparities in these events during this period. Materials and methods: The databases of the National Health and Nutrition Survey of Mexico carried out in 2006 (N=26,738) and 2018 (N= 12,205) were analyzed. The events were diagnosis and treatment of obesity and intentional weight loss in Mexican adults with BMI > 30. The independent variables were sex, age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and geographic region. Results: From 2006 to 2018, the prevalence of people with obesity who received the diagnosis (from 20.4% to 51.1%) or treatment (from 8.3% to 21.4%) increased. The prevalence of intentional weight loss also increased (from 5.5% to 10.0%), but this was mainly in people with high socioeconomic status, Multivariate regression models revealed that, women, people with a higher BMI, and those with a higher socioeconomic status were more likely to receive diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions: Although in Mexico access to diagnosis and treatment of obesity has increased, the prevalence of intentional weight loss is low,In addition, socioeconomic disparities persist in these events(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Pérdida de Peso , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Obesidad/terapia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Peso Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Sobrepeso , Factores SociodemográficosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of food and beverages purchased made by Mexican households at different types of grocery retailers. DESIGN: A national cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of Mexican households (nâ¯=â¯70,311). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Household food and beverages purchases. ANALYSIS: The association between amounts of food and beverages supply bought in different food retailers (as outcome) and households' sociodemographic characteristics (as covariates) was assessed using logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS: Mexican households acquired their food and beverages primarily from abarrotes stores, followed by supermarkets and mercados and tianguis. Abarrotes stores and supermarkets were sources of unprocessed and processed foods. Specialized stores, mercados, and tianguis were primary sources of unprocessed foods. Households with low socioeconomic status and those in the central or southern regions acquired more foods from abarrotes stores, mercados and tianguis, and specialized stores. Households with high socioeconomic status and living in the northern region acquired more foods from supermarkets and convenience stores. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Abarrotes stores are the primary source of food and beverages for Mexican households; however, some interventions are needed to increase their supply of unprocessed foods. Public health interventions aiming at increasing access to unprocessed foods could be done through traditional retailers.
Asunto(s)
Composición Familiar , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Comercio , Estudios Transversales , Comida Rápida , Alimentos , Humanos , México/epidemiología , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Introduction: information about changes in food and energy supply, macronutrient and micronutrient availability by processing level is required to understand the nutritional transition in Mexican society. Objective: to describe the food, energy, and nutrient supply in Mexican households from 1984 to 2018. Methods: five waves of a Mexican cross-sectional survey were analyzed to identify changes in food, energy, and nutrient supplies in households. Food groups were created using the NOVA classification. The content of energy and nutrients was estimated using Mexican and U.S. databases. The education and income interaction with energy and nutritional supply was analyzed. Results: in this period, the supply of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, processed meat and dairy, fish and seafood, prepared food, and ultra-processed food and drinks increased, whereas unprocessed or minimally processed (UMP) cereals and tubers, legumes, meat, dairy, eggs, and all processed culinary ingredients decreased. These changes have implied a higher supply of protein, total fat, cholesterol, vitamins A and C, calcium and sodium. Total energy, energy density, carbohydrates, and magnesium and potassium density decreased. Across waves, UMP and processed cereals were the main supply for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, iron and potassium. Dairy was the main supply of saturated fat. UMP and processed cereals were the main source of sodium in 1984, whereas ultra-processed cereals were the main source of sodium in 2018. Conclusions: although UMP foods remain the main group in most Mexican households, their supply has decreased over the years, whereas the supply of ultra-processed foods has increased.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: se requiere información sobre los cambios de la disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes, por nivel de procesamiento, para entender la transición nutricional en México. Objetivo: describir la disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en los hogares mexicanos de 1984 a 2018. Métodos: se crearon grupos usando la clasificación NOVA. El contenido de energía y nutrientes se estimó usando bases de datos mexicanas y estadounidenses. Se analizó la interacción de la educación y el ingreso con la disponibilidad de energía y nutrientes. Resultados: en este periodo aumentó la disponibilidad de verduras naturales y procesadas, carnes y lácteos procesados, pescados y mariscos, comida preparada y comida y bebida ultraprocesada, mientras que los cereales sin procesar o mínimamente procesados (SPMP), las leguminosas, las carnes, los lácteos, los huevos y los ingredientes culinarios procesados disminuyeron. Estos cambios implican una mayor disponibilidad de proteína, grasa total, colesterol, vitamina A y C, calcio y sodio. La energía total, la densidad energética, los carbohidratos y la densidad de magnesio y potasio disminuyeron. A lo largo el tiempo, los cereales SPMP y procesados fueron la principal fuente de energía, carbohidratos, fibra, hierro y potasio. Los lácteos fueron la principal fuente de grasas saturadas. Los cereales SPMP y procesados fueron la principal fuente de sodio en 1984, mientras que los cereales ultraprocesados lo fueron en el 2018. Conclusiones: aunque los alimentos SPMP siguen siendo el grupo más disponible en los hogares, su disponibilidad ha disminuido a lo largo de los años, mientras que la de los ultraprocesados ha aumentado.
Asunto(s)
Comida Rápida , Manipulación de Alimentos , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Nutrientes , Encuestas Nutricionales , Valor NutritivoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the possible existence of differences in blood pressure change over time according to stature in Mexican adults. METHODS: We analyzed the National Household Living Standards Survey databases following household members between 2005 and 2009. We selected participants who were between 20 and 40 years old (n = 7,130). We estimated multilevel models with random intercept to analyze differences in blood pressure changes according to stature. We adjusted the models for age, locality size, geographic region, per capita family income, waist-to-height ratio, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of antihypertensive drugs. RESULTS: In both sexes, baseline blood pressure tended to be lower as stature decreased. The differences were maintained in both the crude and adjusted models. In men, the increases in systolic pressure over time tended to be higher as stature increased. CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to what studies observed in high-income countries, in Mexico blood pressure was positively associated with stature.
Asunto(s)
Antihipertensivos , Estatura , Adulto , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Presión Sanguínea , Brasil , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Changes in metabolism and extensive hemodynamic adjustments occur during normal pregnancy. The presence of maternal obesity imposes an overload to these physiological adaptations that may result in increased risk for the development of cardiometabolic complications during and after pregnancy. The aim of this study is to describe total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), glucose, and arterial blood pressure (BP) trajectories and to analyze the association of these cardiometabolic risk indicators during pregnancy with pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) and monthly gestational weight gain (MGWG). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A prospective cohort study of pregnant women was conducted in Mexico City. Monthly samples of blood were taken during clinical follow-up and biochemical and blood pressure were measured during each visit. Adjusted linear mixed-effect regression models were fit to describe the trajectories of these biomarkers during pregnancy and to analyze the association with pBMI and MGWG. RESULTS: Seven hundred and twenty women were included of which 16.6% had pre-gestational obesity, 33.2% had pre-gestational overweight, 45.8% had normal pBMI and 4.4% had pre-gestational underweight. Women with pre-gestational obesity had higher lipids concentrations in the beginning of pregnancy (TC: [Formula: see text] = 33.08, p = 0.010; TG: [Formula: see text] = 31.29, p = <0.001) but the concentrations increased less than in women with normal pBMI (TC: [Formula: see text] = -14.18, p = 0.001; TG: [Formula: see text] = -5.42, p < 0.001). By the end of pregnancy, women with pre-gestational obesity had lower concentrations of lipids than women with normal pBMI. By contrast, women with pre-gestational obesity had higher glucose concentrations and higher BP levels than women with normal pBMI over pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: pBMI is differentially associated with longitudinal trajectories of maternal biochemical markers of cardiometabolic risk. MGWG did not significantly affect the biochemical indicators or BP trajectories. Our results suggest that pBMI is more relevant to predicting adverse cardiometabolic markers trajectories during pregnancy than MGWG.
Asunto(s)
Índice de Masa Corporal , Aumento de Peso , Factores de Riesgo Cardiometabólico , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and adolescent pregnancy are public health problems. Among adolescents, there is little evidence concerning the relationship of DEB with gestational weight gain (GWG) and the birth weight and length of their offspring. We aimed to determine the association between DEB with GWG and the weight and length of adolescents' offspring. We conducted a study with 379 participants. To evaluate DEB, we applied a validated scale. We identified three factors from DEB by factorial analysis: restrictive, compensatory, and binge-purge behaviors. The main events were GWG and offspring's birth weight and length. We performed linear regression models. We found that 50% of adolescents have at least one DEB. Excessive and insufficient GWG were 37 and 34%, respectively. The median GWG was 13 kg; adolescents with restrictive behaviors had higher GWG (13 vs. 12 kg, p = 0.023). After adjusting for pregestational body mass index and other covariables, the restrictive (ß = 0.67, p = 0.039), compensatory (ß = 0.65, p = 0.044), and binge-purge behaviors (ß = 0.54, p = 0.013) were associated with higher GWG. We did not find an association between the birth weight and length of newborns with DEB, and suggest that DEB is associated with GWG but not with the birth weight or length of the offspring.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/complicaciones , Ganancia de Peso Gestacional , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicología , Embarazo en Adolescencia/psicología , Adolescente , Peso al Nacer , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To design and test the interrater reliability of a Street Food Stand Assessment Tool (SFSAT). DESIGN: Variables were adapted from validated assessment tools, field observations, and the Mexican Dietary Guidelines. Two researchers tested the SFSAT by observing street food stands (SFS) in 3 middle- to high-income neighborhoods. SETTING: Mexico City. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two SFS. VARIABLES MEASURED: The SFSAT contains 14 items for SFS characteristics and 44 items for food and beverages. ANALYSIS: Percent agreement and kappa interrater reliability scores were calculated for each variable. RESULTS: Almost perfect kappa interrater reliability scores (0.81-1.00) were reported for 62.7% of SFS characteristic items. Interrater reliability scores for food and beverage availability and variety ranged from 0.00-1.00, whereas the percent agreement for these items ranged from 59.6%-100.0%. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The SFSAT is a reliable assessment tool to measure the availability and variety of street foods and beverages in Mexico City. Future research can update and adapt the SFSAT to the street food environment of other cities-in Mexico and abroad.
Asunto(s)
Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Alimentos , Bebidas , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Características de la ResidenciaRESUMEN
Screen-based activities are associated with increased risk of obesity and contribute to physical inactivity and poor dietary habits. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations among screen-based activities, physical activity, and dietary habits in school-aged children in Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, and Mexico City, Mexico. The secondary aim was to examine these associations across sex. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition survey was used to assess screen-based activities (TV watching, video game use, computer use), physical activity, and dietary habits. Organized activity/sports participation, unhealthy dietary habits, and household income were correlated with screen-based activities. While TV watching was associated with decreased participation in organized activity/sports participation, computer and video game use was associated with increased organized activity/sports participation. Boys engaged in more TV watching and video game use compared to girls. All screen-based activities were associated with age among boys; whereas video game and computer use were associated with higher income among girls. These findings suggest a need for sex- and age-specific strategies that acknowledge the differential use of screen-based activities across sex and age. Future research should continue to identify underlying correlates linking screen-based activities with health behaviors to inform strategies to reduce screen-time in Mexican children.