RNA sequencing analysis of sexual dimorphism in Japanese quail.

Introduction: Japanese quail are of significant economic value, providing protein nutrition to humans through their reproductive activity; however, sexual dimorphism in this species remains relatively unexplored compared with other model species. Method: A total of 114 RNA sequencing datasets (18 and 96 samples for quail and chicken, respectively) were collected from existing studies to gain a comprehensive understanding of sexual dimorphism in quail. Cross-species integrated analyses were performed with transcriptome data from evolutionarily close chickens to identify sex-biased genes in the embryonic, adult brain, and gonadal tissues. Results: Our findings indicate that the expression patterns of genes involved in sex-determination mechanisms during embryonic development, as well as those of most sex-biased genes in the adult brain and gonads, are identical between quails and chickens. Similar to most birds with a ZW sex determination system, quails lacked global dosage compensation for the Z chromosome, resulting in directional outcomes that supported the hypothesis that sex is determined by the individual dosage of Z-chromosomal genes, including long non-coding RNAs located in the male hypermethylated region. Furthermore, genes, such as WNT4 and VIP, reversed their sex-biased patterns at different points in embryonic development and/or in different adult tissues, suggesting a potential hurdle in breeding and transgenic experiments involving avian sex-related traits. Discussion: The findings of this study are expected to enhance our understanding of sexual dimorphism in birds and subsequently facilitate insights into the field of breeding and transgenesis of sex-related traits that economically benefit humans.

Bioinspired Synthesis and Characterization of Dual-Function Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Saccharopolyspora hirsuta: Exploring Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities.

Microbial synthesis offers a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for nanoparticle production. This study explores the biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) utilizing the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora hirsuta (Ess_amA6) isolated from Tapinoma simrothi. The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized using various techniques to confirm their formation and properties. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed a characteristic peak at 372 nm, indicative of ZnO-NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the ZnO-NPs as hexagonal wurtzite with a crystallite size of approximately 37.5 ± 13.60 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the presence of both spherical and roughly hexagonal ZnO nanoparticles in an agglomerated state with a diameter of approximately 44 nm. The biogenic ZnO-NPs exhibited promising biomedical potential. They demonstrated selective cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, demonstrating higher efficacy against Hep-2 cells (IC50 = 73.01 µg/mL) compared to MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 112.74 µg/mL). Furthermore, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs displayed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with clear zones of inhibition of 12.67 mm and 14.33 mm, respectively. The MIC and MBC values against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus ranged between 12.5 and 50 µg/mL. These findings suggest the potential of S. hirsuta-mediated ZnO-NPs as promising biocompatible nanomaterials with dual applications as antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Microbial Immobilized Enzyme Biocatalysts for Multipollutant Mitigation: Harnessing Nature's Toolkit for Environmental Sustainability.

The ever-increasing presence of micropollutants necessitates the development of environmentally friendly bioremediation strategies. Inspired by the remarkable versatility and potent catalytic activities of microbial enzymes, researchers are exploring their application as biocatalysts for innovative environmental cleanup solutions. Microbial enzymes offer remarkable substrate specificity, biodegradability, and the capacity to degrade a wide array of pollutants, positioning them as powerful tools for bioremediation. However, practical applications are often hindered by limitations in enzyme stability and reusability. Enzyme immobilization techniques have emerged as transformative strategies, enhancing enzyme stability and reusability by anchoring them onto inert or activated supports. These improvements lead to more efficient pollutant degradation and cost-effective bioremediation processes. This review delves into the diverse immobilization methods, showcasing their success in degrading various environmental pollutants, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, microplastics, and industrial chemicals. By highlighting the transformative potential of microbial immobilized enzyme biocatalysts, this review underscores their significance in achieving a cleaner and more sustainable future through the mitigation of micropollutant contamination. Additionally, future research directions in areas such as enzyme engineering and machine learning hold immense promise for further broadening the capabilities and optimizing the applications of immobilized enzymes in environmental cleanup.

Antimicrobial and Hemostatic Diatom Biosilica Composite Sponge.

The 3D nanopatterned silica shells of diatoms have gained attention as drug delivery vehicles because of their high porosity, extensive surface area, and compatibility with living organisms. Tooth extraction may result in various complications, including impaired blood clotting, desiccation of the root canal, and infection. Therapeutic sponges that possess multiple properties, such as the ability to stop bleeding and kill bacteria, provide numerous advantages for the healing of the area where a tooth has been removed. This study involved the fabrication of a composite material with antibacterial and hemostatic properties for dental extraction sponges. We achieved this by utilizing the porous nature and hemostatic capabilities of diatom biosilica. The antibiotic used was doxycycline. The gelatin-based diatom biosilica composite with antibiotics had the ability to prevent bleeding and release the antibiotic over a longer time compared to gelatin sponge. These properties indicate its potential as a highly promising medical device for facilitating rapid healing following tooth extraction.

Efficient Bioactive Surface Coatings with Calcium Minerals: Step-Wise Biomimetic Transformation of Vaterite to Carbonated Apatite.

Carbonated apatite (CAp), known as the main mineral that makes up human bone, can be utilized in conjunction with scaffolds to increase their bioactivity. Various methods (e.g., co-precipitation, hydrothermal, and biomimetic coatings) have been used to provide bioactivity by forming CAp on surfaces similar to bone minerals. Among them, the use of simulated body fluids (SBF) is the most popular biomimetic method for generating CAp, as it can provide a mimetic environment. However, coating methods using SBF require at least a week for CAp formation. The long time it takes to coat biomimetic scaffolds is a point of improvement in a field that requires rapid regeneration. Here, we report a step-wise biomimetic coating method to form CAp using calcium carbonate vaterite (CCV) as a precursor. We can manufacture CCV-transformed CAp (V-CAp) on the surface in 4 h at least by immersing CCV in a phosphate solution. The V-CAp deposited surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images according to the type of phosphate solutions to optimize the reaction conditions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis validated the conversion of CCV to V-CAp on surfaces. In addition, the bioactivity of V-CAp coating was analyzed by the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro. V-CAp showed 2.3-folded higher cell proliferation and 1.4-fold higher ALP activity than the glass surface. The step-wise method of CCV-transformed CAp is a biocompatible method that allows the environment of bone regeneration and has the potential to confer bioactivity to biomaterial surfaces, such as imparting bioactivity to non-bioactive metal or scaffold surfaces within one day. It can rapidly form carbonated apatite, which can greatly improve time efficiency in research and industrial applications.

Biomimetic Antifungal Materials: Countering the Challenge of Multidrug-Resistant Fungi.

In light of rising public health threats like antifungal and antimicrobial resistance, alongside the slowdown in new antimicrobial development, biomimetics have shown promise as therapeutic agents. Multidrug-resistant fungi pose significant challenges as they quickly develop resistance, making traditional antifungals less effective. Developing new antifungals is also complicated by the need to target eukaryotic cells without harming the host. This review examines biomimetic antifungal materials that mimic natural biological mechanisms for targeted and efficient action. It covers a range of agents, including antifungal peptides, alginate-based antifungals, chitosan derivatives, nanoparticles, plant-derived polyphenols, and probiotic bacteria. These agents work through mechanisms such as disrupting cell membranes, generating reactive oxygen species, and inhibiting essential fungal processes. Despite their potential, challenges remain in terms of ensuring biocompatibility, optimizing delivery, and overcoming potential resistance. Production scalability and economic viability are also concerns. Future research should enhance the stability and efficacy of these materials, integrate multifunctional approaches, and develop sophisticated delivery systems. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed to understand interactions between these materials, fungal cells, and the host environment. Long-term health and environmental impacts, fungal resistance mechanisms, and standardized testing protocols require further study. In conclusion, while biomimetic antifungal materials represent a revolutionary approach to combating multidrug-resistant fungi, extensive research and development are needed to fully realize their potential.

Natural Compounds for Preventing Age-Related Diseases and Cancers.

Aging is a multifaceted process influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental elements. As time progresses, the human body experiences degenerative changes in major functions. The external and internal signs of aging manifest in various ways, including skin dryness, wrinkles, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Additionally, cancer, like aging, is a complex disease that arises from the accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Circadian clock dysregulation has recently been identified as an important risk factor for aging and cancer development. Natural compounds and herbal medicines have gained significant attention for their potential in preventing age-related diseases and inhibiting cancer progression. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects as well as circadian clock regulation. This review explores age-related diseases, cancers, and the potential of specific natural compounds in targeting the key features of these conditions.

Biosilica-coated carbonic anhydrase displayed on Escherichia coli: A novel design approach for efficient and stable biocatalyst for CO2 sequestration.

A robust and stable carbonic anhydrase (CA) system is indispensable for effectively sequestering carbon dioxide to mitigate climate change. While microbial surface display technology has been employed to construct an economically promising cell-displayed CO2-capturing biocatalyst, the displayed CA enzymes were prone to inactivation due to their low stability in harsh conditions. Herein, drawing inspiration from biomineralized diatom frustules, we artificially introduced biosilica shell materials to the CA macromolecules displayed on Escherichia coli surfaces. Specifically, we displayed a fusion of CA and the diatom-derived silica-forming Sil3K peptide (CA-Sil3K) on the E. coli surface using the membrane anchor protein Lpp-OmpA linker. The displayed CA-Sil3K (dCA-Sil3K) fusion protein underwent a biosilicification reaction under mild conditions, resulting in nanoscale self-encapsulation of the displayed enzyme in biosilica. The biosilicified dCA-Sil3K (BS-dCA-Sil3K) exhibited improved thermal, pH, and protease stability and retained 63 % of its initial activity after ten reuses. Additionally, the BS-dCA-Sil3K biocatalyst significantly accelerated the CaCO3 precipitation rate, reducing the time required for the onset of CaCO3 formation by 92 % compared to an uncatalyzed reaction. Sedimentation of BS-dCA-Sil3K on a membrane filter demonstrated a reliable CO2 hydration application with superior long-term stability under desiccation conditions. This study may open new avenues for the nanoscale-encapsulation of enzymes with biosilica, offering effective strategies to provide efficient, stable, and economic cell-displayed biocatalysts for practical applications.

Nanoengineered Silica-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine.

The paradigm of regenerative medicine is undergoing a transformative shift with the emergence of nanoengineered silica-based biomaterials. Their unique confluence of biocompatibility, precisely tunable porosity, and the ability to modulate cellular behavior at the molecular level makes them highly desirable for diverse tissue repair and regeneration applications. Advancements in nanoengineered silica synthesis and functionalization techniques have yielded a new generation of versatile biomaterials with tailored functionalities for targeted drug delivery, biomimetic scaffolds, and integration with stem cell therapy. These functionalities hold the potential to optimize therapeutic efficacy, promote enhanced regeneration, and modulate stem cell behavior for improved regenerative outcomes. Furthermore, the unique properties of silica facilitate non-invasive diagnostics and treatment monitoring through advanced biomedical imaging techniques, enabling a more holistic approach to regenerative medicine. This review comprehensively examines the utilization of nanoengineered silica biomaterials for diverse applications in regenerative medicine. By critically appraising the fabrication and design strategies that govern engineered silica biomaterials, this review underscores their groundbreaking potential to bridge the gap between the vision of regenerative medicine and clinical reality.

Biomineral-Based Composite Materials in Regenerative Medicine.

Regenerative medicine aims to address substantial defects by amplifying the body's natural regenerative abilities and preserving the health of tissues and organs. To achieve these goals, materials that can provide the spatial and biological support for cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the micro-environment essential for the intended tissue, are needed. Scaffolds such as polymers and metallic materials provide three-dimensional structures for cells to attach to and grow in defects. These materials have limitations in terms of mechanical properties or biocompatibility. In contrast, biominerals are formed by living organisms through biomineralization, which also includes minerals created by replicating this process. Incorporating biominerals into conventional materials allows for enhanced strength, durability, and biocompatibility. Specifically, biominerals can improve the bond between the implant and tissue by mimicking the micro-environment. This enhances cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, biomineral composites have wound healing and antimicrobial properties, which can aid in wound repair. Additionally, biominerals can be engineered as drug carriers, which can efficiently deliver drugs to their intended targets, minimizing side effects and increasing therapeutic efficacy. This article examines the role of biominerals and their composite materials in regenerative medicine applications and discusses their properties, synthesis methods, and potential uses.

DNA-controlled protein fluorescence: Design of aptamer-split peptide hetero-modulator for GFP to respond to intracellular ATP levels.

Enabling the precise control of protein functions with artificially programmed reaction patterns is beneficial for investigating biological processes. Although several strategies have been established that employ the programmability of nucleic acid, they have been limited to DNA hybridization without external stimuli or target binding. Here, we report an approach for the DNA-mediated control of the tripartite split-GFP assembly via aptamers with responsiveness to intracellular small molecules as stimuli. We designed a novel structure-switching aptamer-peptide conjugate as a hetero modulator for split GFP in response to ATP. By conjugating two peptides (S10/11) derived from the tripartite split-GFP to ATP aptamer, we achieved GFP reassembly using only ATP as a trigger molecule. The response to ATP at ≥4 mM concentrations indicated that it can be applied to respond to intracellular ATP in live cells. Furthermore, our hetero-modulator exhibited high and long-term stability, with a half-life of approximately four days in a serum stability assay, demonstrating resistance to nuclease degradation. We validated that our aptamer-modulator split GFP was successfully reconstituted in the cell in response to intracellular ATP levels. Our aptamer-modulated split GFP platform can be utilized to monitor a wide range of intracellular metabolites by replacing the aptamer sequence.

Biomimetic Materials for Skin Tissue Regeneration and Electronic Skin.

Biomimetic materials have become a promising alternative in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to address critical challenges in wound healing and skin regeneration. Skin-mimetic materials have enormous potential to improve wound healing outcomes and enable innovative diagnostic and sensor applications. Human skin, with its complex structure and diverse functions, serves as an excellent model for designing biomaterials. Creating effective wound coverings requires mimicking the unique extracellular matrix composition, mechanical properties, and biochemical cues. Additionally, integrating electronic functionality into these materials presents exciting possibilities for real-time monitoring, diagnostics, and personalized healthcare. This review examines biomimetic skin materials and their role in regenerative wound healing, as well as their integration with electronic skin technologies. It discusses recent advances, challenges, and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.

Biominerals and Bioinspired Materials in Biosensing: Recent Advancements and Applications.

Inspired by nature's remarkable ability to form intricate minerals, researchers have unlocked transformative strategies for creating next-generation biosensors with exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and biocompatibility. By mimicking how organisms orchestrate mineral growth, biomimetic and bioinspired materials are significantly impacting biosensor design. Engineered bioinspired materials offer distinct advantages over their natural counterparts, boasting superior tunability, precise controllability, and the ability to integrate specific functionalities for enhanced sensing capabilities. This remarkable versatility enables the construction of various biosensing platforms, including optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, magnetic biosensors, and nucleic acid detection platforms, for diverse applications. Additionally, bioinspired materials facilitate the development of smartphone-assisted biosensing platforms, offering user-friendly and portable diagnostic tools for point-of-care applications. This review comprehensively explores the utilization of naturally occurring and engineered biominerals and materials for diverse biosensing applications. We highlight the fabrication and design strategies that tailor their functionalities to address specific biosensing needs. This in-depth exploration underscores the transformative potential of biominerals and materials in revolutionizing biosensing, paving the way for advancements in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and other critical fields.

Fluorometric and Colorimetric Method for SARS-CoV-2 Detection Using Designed Aptamer Display Particles.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has spurred the urgent need for practical diagnostics with high sensitivity and selectivity. Although advanced diagnostic tools have emerged to efficiently control pandemics, they still have costly limitations owing to their reliance on antibodies or enzymes and require high-tech equipment. Therefore, there is still a need to develop rapid and low-cost diagnostics with high sensitivity and selectivity. In this study, we generated aptamer display particles (AdP), enabling easy fabrication of a SARS-CoV-2 detection matrix through particle PCR, and applied it to diagnosis using fluorometric and colorimetric assays. We designed two AdPs, C1-AdP and C4-AdP, displayed with SpS1-C1 and SpS1-C4 aptamers, respectively, and showed their high binding ability against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with a concentration-dependent fluorescence increase. This enabled detection even at low concentrations (0.5 nM). To validate its use as a diagnostic tool for SARS-CoV-2, we designed a sandwich-type assay using two AdPs and high-quality aptamers targeting SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. The fluorometric assay achieved a detection limit of 3.9 × 103 pseudoviruses/mL. The colorimetric assay using an amplification approach exhibited higher sensitivity, with a detection limit of 1 × 101 pseudoviruses/mL, and a broad range of over four orders of magnitude was observed.

Aptamers and Nanobodies as New Bioprobes for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic and Therapeutic System Applications.

The global challenges posed by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have underscored the critical importance of innovative and efficient control systems for addressing future pandemics. The most effective way to control the pandemic is to rapidly suppress the spread of the virus through early detection using a rapid, accurate, and easy-to-use diagnostic platform. In biosensors that use bioprobes, the binding affinity of molecular recognition elements (MREs) is the primary factor determining the dynamic range of the sensing platform. Furthermore, the sensitivity relies mainly on bioprobe quality with sufficient functionality. This comprehensive review investigates aptamers and nanobodies recently developed as advanced MREs for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic and therapeutic applications. These bioprobes might be integrated into organic bioelectronic materials and devices, with promising enhanced sensitivity and specificity. This review offers valuable insights into advancing biosensing technologies for infectious disease diagnosis and treatment using aptamers and nanobodies as new bioprobes.

Size Control of Biomimetic Curved-Edge Vaterite with Chiral Toroid Morphology via Sonochemical Synthesis.

The metastable vaterite polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) holds significant practical importance, particularly in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, and various personal care products. Controlling the size and morphology of vaterite particles is crucial for biomedical applications. This study explored the synergistic effect of ultrasonic (US) irradiation and acidic amino acids on CaCO3 synthesis, specifically the size, dispersity, and crystallographic phase of curved-edge vaterite with chiral toroids (chiral-curved vaterite). We employed 40 kHz US irradiation and introduced L- or D-aspartic acid as an additive for the formation of spheroidal chiral-curved vaterite in an aqueous solution of CaCl2 and Na2CO3 at 20 ± 1 °C. Chiral-curved vaterites precipitated through mechanical stirring (without US irradiation) exhibited a particle size of approximately 15 µm, whereas those formed under US irradiation were approximately 6 µm in size and retained their chiral topoid morphology. When a fluorescent dye was used for the analysis of loading efficiency, the size-reduced vaterites with chiral morphology, produced through US irradiation, exhibited a larger loading efficiency than the vaterites produced without US irradiation. These results hold significant value for the preparation of biomimetic chiral-curved CaCO3, specifically size-reduced vaterites, as versatile biomaterials for material filling, drug delivery, and bone regeneration.

Biomimetic Diatom Biosilica and Its Potential for Biomedical Applications and Prospects: A Review.

Diatom biosilica is an important natural source of porous silica, with three-dimensional ordered and nanopatterned structures referred to as frustules. The unique features of diatom frustules, such as their high specific surface area, thermal stability, biocompatibility, and adaptable surface chemistry, render diatoms valuable materials for high value-added applications. These attributes make diatoms an exceptional cost-effective raw material for industrial use. The functionalization of diatom biosilica surface improves its biophysical properties and increases the potential applications. This review focuses on the potential uses of diatom biosilica including traditional approaches and recent progress in biomedical applications. Not only well-studied drug delivery systems but also promising uses on bone regeneration and wound healing are covered. Furthermore, considerable aspects and possible future directions for the use of diatom biosilica materials are proposed to develop biomedical applications and merit further exploration.

Use of biosilica to improve loading and delivery of bone morphogenic protein 2.

The clinical utility of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is limited because of the poor attraction between BMP2 and carriers, resulting in low loading efficiency and initial burst release. Here, the high binding affinity of BMP2 to the biosilica surface was utilized to overcome this limitation. Atomic force microscopy revealed that BMP2 bound nearly 8- and 2-fold more strongly to biosilica-coated hydroxyapatite than to uncoated and plain silica-coated hydroxyapatite, respectively. To achieve controlled release, collagen was introduced between the silica layers on hydroxyapatite, which was optimized by adjusting the collagen concentration and number of layers. The optimal biosilica/collagen formulation induced sustained BMP2 release without compromising loading efficiency. BMP2 combined with the mentioned formulation led to an increase in osteogenesis, as compared to the combination of BMP2 with either biosilica-coated or non-coated hydroxyapatite in vitro. In rat calvarial defect models, the biosilica/collagen-coated hydroxyapatite with 1 µg BMP2 showed 26 % more bone regeneration than the same dose of BMP2-loaded hydroxyapatite and 10.6 % more than hydroxyapatite with 2.5-fold dose of BMP2. Using BMP2 affinity carriers coated with biosilica/collagen allows for more efficacious in situ loading and delivery of BMP2, making them suitable for the clinical application of growth factors through a soaking method.

Preventive effect of fermented whey protein mediated by Lactobacillus gasseri IM13 via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO pathway in muscle atrophy.

This study investigated the preventive effects of whey protein fermented with Lactobacillus gasseri IM13 (F-WP) against dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy. C2C12 muscle cells were treated with F-WP followed by DEX treatment. Dexamethasone treatment inhibited myotube formation and the expression of myogenic regulatory factors; however, pretreatment with F-WP attenuated DEX-induced damage. The F-WP significantly activated the phosphorylation of the IGF-1/PI3K/AKT pathway and improved muscle homeostasis suppressed by DEX. Moreover, F-WP alleviated the phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K1, and 4E-BP1 and enhanced muscle protein synthesis. Muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases and autophagy lysosomes, which were activated by the dephosphorylation of FOXO3a by DEX treatment, were significantly attenuated by F-WP pretreatment of myotubes. For peptidomic analysis, F-WP was fractionated using preparative HPLC (prep-HPLC), and the AA sequences of 11 peptides were identified using MALDI-TOF/MS/MS. In conclusion, fermentation of whey protein by the specific probiotic strain IM13 produced bioactive peptides with high antioxidant and anti-sarcopenic-sarcopenic effects, which markedly enhanced myogenesis and muscle protein synthesis while diminishing muscle protein degradation compared with intact whey protein.

Self-Entrapment of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silica Particles for Stable and Effective Antimicrobial Peptide Delivery System.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promising solution to tackle bacterial infections and combat antibiotic resistance. However, their vulnerability to protease degradation and toxicity towards mammalian cells has hindered their clinical application. To overcome these challenges, our study aims to develop a method to enhance the stability and safety of AMPs applicable to effective drug-device combination products. The KR12 antimicrobial peptide was chosen, and in order to further enhance its delivery and efficacy the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein-derived cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) was fused to form CPP-KR12. A new product, CPP-KR12@Si, was developed by forming silica particles with self-entrapped CPP-KR12 peptide using biomimetic silica precipitability because of its cationic nature. Peptide delivery from CPP-KR12@Si to bacteria and cells was observed at a slightly delivered rate, with improved stability against trypsin treatment and a reduction in cytotoxicity compared to CPP-KR12. Finally, the antimicrobial potential of the CPP-KR12@Si/bone graft substitute (BGS) combination product was demonstrated. CPP-KR12 is coated in the form of submicron-sized particles on the surface of the BGS. Self-entrapped AMP in silica nanoparticles is a safe and effective AMP delivery method that will be useful for developing a drug-device combination product for tissue regeneration.