Mechanism Insights into the Iridium(III)- and B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Reduction of CO2 to the Formaldehyde Level with Tertiary Silanes.

The catalytic system [Ir(CF3CO2)(κ2-NSiMe)2] [1; NSiMe = (4-methylpyridin-2-yloxy)dimethylsilyl]/B(C6F5)3 promotes the selective reduction of CO2 with tertiary silanes to the corresponding bis(silyl)acetal. Stoichiometric and catalytic studies evidenced that species [Ir(CF3COO-B(C6F5)3)(κ2-NSiMe)2] (3), [Ir(κ2-NSiMe)2][HB(C6F5)3] (4), and [Ir(HCOO-B(C6F5)3)(κ2-NSiMe)2] (5) are intermediates of the catalytic process. The structure of 3 has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. Theoretical calculations show that the rate-limiting step for the 1/B(C6F5)3-catalyzed hydrosilylation of CO2 to bis(silyl)acetal is a boron-promoted Si-H bond cleavage via an iridium silylacetal borane adduct.

Rhinoviruses as critical agents in severe bronchiolitis in infants

Abstract Objectives: To detect RSV or other thirteen respiratory viruses as possible causer agent of bronchiolitis in infants. Method: This is an epidemiological analytical study, conducted using a nasopharyngeal aspirate of 173 hospitalized children younger than two years old with severe bronchiolitis in three hospitals in the Campinas Metropolitan Region (CMR) during 2013-14. The data was statically evaluated by Pearson's chi-squared test with statistical significance of 0.05 and 95% confidence level. Results: As expected, the most prevalent viruses detected were RSV A and B in 47% and 16% of the samples, respectively. However, almost a third of severe bronchiolitis cases there were no detection of RSV, and the viruses more commonly detected were rhinoviruses, which were identified in almost a quarter of all positive samples for at least a viral agent. Conclusions: Although nothing could be concluded from the disease severity and clinicalepidemiological data, the present study's results indicate that severe bronchiolitis is not always related to RSV infections in children younger than two years old, and the rhinoviruses were more prevalent in these cases. These findings reinforce the need to carry out a

Immunomodulation by Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12: Integrative Analysis of miRNA Expression and TLR2 Pathway-Related Target Proteins in Swine Monocytes.

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 is a widely used probiotic that provides numerous health benefits to its host, many due to its immunomodulatory properties. Although the precise mechanism of modulation is still under investigation, several reports associate the interaction of TLR2 with components of the bacterial cell wall inducing a signaling cascade that culminates with the production of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of immune responses, including those toward probiotics. In this study, we analyzed the miRNA expression profile in swine monocytes exposed to Bb12 by using an anti-TLR2 blocking strategy and Bb12 involvement in the regulation of the TLR2 pathway. As a result, the expression of 40 miRNAs was influenced by the treatments (p < 0.01), and 15 differentially expressed miRNAs with validated miRNA-mRNA interactions with around 26 proteins related to the TLR2 pathway were identified. The miRNAs upregulated in response to Bb12 included miR-15a-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-29b-3p, and miR-30d-5p, and the following showed downregulation: miR-181a-5p, miR-19b-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-23a-5p, and miR-221-3p. The expression of let-7c-5p, let-7f-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-150-5p, and miR-155-5p was increased by Bb12 only when TLR2 was blocked. The identified miRNA common targets were downstream proteins from bacterial recognition via TLR2, such as MyD88, TRAF6, and MAPK members; transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1; and cytokines such as IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. TLR2 participation was abrogated by anti-TLR2 antibody and suggests that bacterial recognition is complemented by other receptors since there were still changes in the microtranscriptome.

Rhinoviruses as critical agents in severe bronchiolitis in infants.

OBJECTIVES: To detect RSV or other thirteen respiratory viruses as possible causer agent of bronchiolitis in infants. METHOD: This is an epidemiological analytical study, conducted using a nasopharyngeal aspirate of 173 hospitalized children younger than two years old with severe bronchiolitis in three hospitals in the Campinas Metropolitan Region (CMR) during 2013-14. The data was statically evaluated by Pearson's chi-squared test with statistical significance of 0.05 and 95% confidence level. RESULTS: As expected, the most prevalent viruses detected were RSV A and B in 47% and 16% of the samples, respectively. However, almost a third of severe bronchiolitis cases there were no detection of RSV, and the viruses more commonly detected were rhinoviruses, which were identified in almost a quarter of all positive samples for at least a viral agent. CONCLUSIONS: Although nothing could be concluded from the disease severity and clinical-epidemiological data, the present study's results indicate that severe bronchiolitis is not always related to RSV infections in children younger than two years old, and the rhinoviruses were more prevalent in these cases. These findings reinforce the need to carry out a viral diagnosis in the hospital emergency would be very appropriate for all cases of respiratory infections in children, even for diseases in which the primary etiological agent seems to be well known.

The Probiotic BB12 Induces MicroRNAs Involved in Antigen Processing and Presentation in Porcine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) mediate the regulation of gene expression. Several reports indicate that probiotics induce miRNA-mediated immunomodulation at different levels, such as cytokine production and the up-regulation of several markers related to antigen presentation in antigen-presenting cells. The objective of this work was to identify target genes of miRNAs that are involved in the processing and presentation of antigens in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) stimulated with the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB12 (BB12). First, an in silico prediction analysis for a putative miRNA binding site within a given mRNA target was performed using RNAHybrid software with mature sequences of differentially expressed miRNAs retrieved from a Genbank data set that included BB12-stimulated and unstimulated porcine monocytes. From them, 23 genes resulted in targets of 19 miRNAs, highlighting miR-30b-3p, miR-671-5p, and miR-9858-5p, whose targets were costimulatory molecules, and were overexpressed (p < 0.05) in BB12-stimulated moDCs. The analysis of moDCs showed that the percentage of cells expressing SLA-DR+CD80+ decreased significantly (p = 0.0081) in BB12-stimulated moDCs; interleukin (IL)-10 production was unchanged at 6 h but increased after 24 h of culture in the presence of BB12 (p < 0.001). In summary, our results suggest that SLA-DR and CD80 can be down-regulated by miRNAs miR-30b-3p, miR-671-5p, and miR-9858-5p, while miR-671-5p targets IL-10.

Avian coronavirus isolated from a pigeon sample induced clinical disease, tracheal ciliostasis, and a high humoral response in day-old chicks.

The detection of avian coronaviruses (AvCoV) in wild birds and the emergence of new AvCoV have increased in the past few years. In the present study, the pathogenicity of three AvCoV isolates was investigated in day-old chicks. One AvCoV isolated from a pigeon, which clustered with the Massachusetts vaccine serotype, and two AvCoV isolated from chickens, which grouped with a Brazilian genotype lineage, were used. Clinical signs, gross lesions, histopathological changes, ciliary activity, viral RNA detection, and serology were evaluated during 42 days post infection. All AvCoV isolates induced clinical signs, gross lesions in the trachea, moderate histopathological changes in the respiratory tract, and mild changes in other tissues. AvCoV isolated from the pigeon sample caused complete tracheal ciliostasis over a longer time span. Specific viral RNA was detected in all tissues, but the highest RNA loads were detected in the digestive tract (cloacal swabs and ileum). The highest antibody levels were also detected in the group infected with an isolate from the pigeon. These results confirm the pathogenicity of Brazilian variants, which can cause disease and induce gross lesions and histopathological changes in chickens. Our results suggest that non-Galliformes birds can also play a role in the ecology of AvCoV.

Regulation of TLR signaling pathways by microRNAs: implications in inflammatory diseases.

The control of the immune response during the development of some diseases is crucial for the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis. Several mechanisms can initiate inflammation, one of which is the activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs), necessary to initiate the immune response to eliminate an infection. However, inappropriate activation can compromise immunological homeostasis, leading to pathologies such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and even cancer. Regulatory mechanisms that intervene in the initiation or modulation of inflammation include microRNAs (miRNAs), which have emerged as key post-transcriptional regulators of proteins involved in distinct cellular processes, such as regulation of the immune response. The focus of this review is on the diverse roles of miRNAs in the regulation of TLR-signaling pathways by targeting multiple molecules, including TLRs, the signaling proteins and cytokines induced by TLRs. It will also address the relationships of these molecules with some diseases that involve inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cancer, as well as bacterial or viral infections.

A Lipidomics Approach in the Characterization of Zika-Infected Mosquito Cells: Potential Targets for Breaking the Transmission Cycle.

Recent outbreaks of Zika virus in Oceania and Latin America, accompanied by unexpected clinical complications, made this infection a global public health concern. This virus has tropism to neural tissue, leading to microcephaly in newborns in a significant proportion of infected mothers. The clinical relevance of this infection, the difficulty to perform accurate diagnosis and the small amount of data in literature indicate the necessity of studies on Zika infection in order to characterize new biomarkers of this infection and to establish new targets for viral control in vertebrates and invertebrate vectors. Thus, this study aims at establishing a lipidomics profile of infected mosquito cells compared to a control group to define potential targets for viral control in mosquitoes. Thirteen lipids were elected as specific markers for Zika virus infection (Brazilian strain), which were identified as putatively linked to the intracellular mechanism of viral replication and/or cell recognition. Our findings bring biochemical information that may translate into useful targets for breaking the transmission cycle.

Hepatitis C virus: Promising discoveries and new treatments.

Despite advances in therapy, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains an important global health issue. It is estimated that a significant part of the world population is chronically infected with the virus, and many of those affected may develop cirrhosis or liver cancer. The virus shows considerable variability, a characteristic that directly interferes with disease treatment. The response to treatment varies according to HCV genotype and subtype. The continuous generation of variants (quasispecies) allows the virus to escape control by antivirals. Historically, the combination of ribavirin and interferon therapy has represented the only treatment option for the disease. Currently, several new treatment options are emerging and are available to a large part of the affected population. In addition, the search for new substances with antiviral activity against HCV continues, promising future improvements in treatment. Researchers should consider the mutation capacity of the virus and the other variables that affect treatment success.

Hypoxia drives apoptosis independently of p53 and metallothionein transcript levels in hemocytes of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

The cellular mechanisms used by the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to respond to hypoxia have been studied from the energetic metabolism and antioxidant angles. We herein investigated the participation of p53 and metallothionein (MT) in the apoptotic process in response to hypoxia in shrimp hemocytes. The Lvp53 or LvMT genes were efficiently silenced by injection of double stranded RNA for p53 or MT. The effects of silencing on apoptosis were measured as caspase-3 activity and flow cytometry in hemocytes after 24 and 48 h of hypoxia (1.5 mg DO L(-1)). Hemocytes from unsilenced animals had significantly higher apoptosis levels upon both times of hypoxia. The apoptotic levels were diminished but not suppressed in dsp53-silenced but not dsMT-silenced hemocytes after 24 h of hypoxia, indicating a contribution of Lvp53 to apoptosis. Apoptosis in normoxia was significantly higher in dsp53-and dsMT-silenced animals compared to the unsilenced controls, pointing to a possible cytoprotective role of LvMT and Lvp53 during the basal apoptotic program in normoxia. Overall, these results indicate that hypoxia augments apoptosis in shrimp hemocytes and high mRNA levels of Lvp53 and LvMT are not necessary for this response.

Actinobacteria from Termite Mounds Show Antiviral Activity against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, a Surrogate Model for Hepatitis C Virus.

Extracts from termite-associated bacteria were evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Two bacterial strains were identified as active, with percentages of inhibition (IP) equal to 98%. Both strains were subjected to functional analysis via the addition of virus and extract at different time points in cell culture; the results showed that they were effective as posttreatments. Moreover, we performed MTT colorimetric assays to identify the CC50, IC50, and SI values of these strains, and strain CDPA27 was considered the most promising. In parallel, the isolates were identified as Streptomyces through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Specifically, CDPA27 was identified as S. chartreusis. The CDPA27 extract was fractionated on a C18-E SPE cartridge, and the fractions were reevaluated. A 100% methanol fraction was identified to contain the compound(s) responsible for antiviral activity, which had an SI of 262.41. GC-MS analysis showed that this activity was likely associated with the compound(s) that had a peak retention time of 5 min. Taken together, the results of the present study provide new information for antiviral research using natural sources, demonstrate the antiviral potential of Streptomyces chartreusis compounds isolated from termite mounds against BVDV, and lay the foundation for further studies on the treatment of HCV infection.

Antiviral activity of Bacillus sp. isolated from the marine sponge Petromica citrina against bovine viral diarrhea virus, a surrogate model of the hepatitis C virus.

The Hepatitis C virus causes chronic infections in humans, which can develop to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The Bovine viral diarrhea virus is used as a surrogate model for antiviral assays for the HCV. From marine invertebrates and microorganisms isolated from them, extracts were prepared for assessment of their possible antiviral activity. Of the 128 tested, 2 were considered active and 1 was considered promising. The best result was obtained from the extracts produced from the Bacillus sp. isolated from the sponge Petromica citrina. The extracts 555 (500 µg/mL, SI>18) and 584 (150 µg/mL, SI 27) showed a percentage of protection of 98% against BVDV, and the extract 616, 90% of protection. All of them showed activity during the viral adsorption. Thus, various substances are active on these studied organisms and may lead to the development of drugs which ensure an alternative therapy for the treatment of hepatitis C.

Validation of a prognostic index in the critically ill newborn / Validación de un índice pronóstico en el recién nacido en estado crítico

Objetivo. Elaborar y validar un modelo pronóstico para evaluar a los pacientes que ingresan a una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN). Diseño. Casos y controles anidado en una cohorte. Lugar. UCIN de dos hospitales de tercer nivel y uno de segundo nivel. Pacientes. El estudio se realizó en dos fases (elaboración y validación del modelo respectivamente). En la primera fase se estudiaron 336 recién nacidos, 112 casos (pacientes fallecidos en la UCIN) y 224 controles (pacientes egresados vivos de la UCIN). En la segunda fase se incluyeron 300 pacientes, 100 casos y 200 controles. Mediciones. A cada uno de los pacientes que ingresaron al estudio se les determinaron los factores perinatales, clínicos, paraclínicos, y de co-morbilidad dentro de las primeras 12 horas de haber ingresado. Las variables que mostraron significancia estadística en el análisis bivariado se llevaron a un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados. Las variables que constituyeron el modelo pronóstico fueron edad gestacional x peso al nacer, paO2/FiO2 x saturación de O2, paro cardiaco, malformaciones congénitas mayores, septicemia y exceso de base. En la cohorte de elaboración la sensibilidad del modelo fue 70 por ciento y la especificidad 91 por ciento. En la cohorte de validación la sensibilidad fue 68 por ciento y la especificidad 92 por ciento, el valor predictivo positivo 80 por ciento, el valor predictivo negativo 85 por ciento y la frecuencia de clasificación correcta 84 por ciento. Conclusiones. El índice pronóstico de mortalidad neonatal desarrollado en este estudio demostró ser útil para la evaluación de la mortalidad hospitalaria en recién nacidos críticamente enfermos que ingresan a una UCIN.

Utiliad de la citología urinaria en el diagnóstico temprano de candidiasis urinaria en el recién nacido / Predictive value of urinary cytology in the diagnosis of urinary candidiasis in the newborn

Introducción. Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de la citología urinaria con tinción de Papanicolaou para el diagnóstico de candidiasis urinaria (CU) en un grupo de neonatos hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). Material y métodos. Estudio abierto, prospectivo, longitudinal, comparativo y experimental. Se estudió un grupo de recién nacidos del Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González que fueron ingresados a la UCIN con factores de riesgo para candidiasis. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad gestacional, sexo, días de vida extrauterina al momento del diagnóstico y padecimientos concomitantes. A todos los pacientes se les realizó urocultivo, examen general de orina y citología urinaria con tinción de Papanicolaou buscando levaduras o Candida en orina al quinto, séptimo, noveno, décimo primero y décimo tercer día de vida. Se consideró el urocultivo positivo para Candida como estándar de oro y se determinó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo del examen general de orina y la citología urinaria.Resultados. Se estudiaron 44 pacientes. Catorce de ellos (31.8 por ciento) tuvieron desarrollo de Candida albicans en el urocultivo, todos con datos clínicos sugestivos. En 20 pacientes (45.4 por ciento) se encontraron levaduras en el examen general de orina, pero sólo 8 coincidieron con urocultivo positivo, reportando una sensibilidad de 57.1 por ciento, y una especificidad de 60 por ciento, con valor predictivo positivo de 40 por ciento y valor predictivo negativo de 75 por ciento. En la citología urinaria 16 pacientes tuvieron hifas o esporas de Candida coincidiendo en 13 pacientes con urocultivo positivo, reportando una sensibilidad de 92.8 por ciento, una especificidad de 90 por ciento; con valor predictivo positivo de 81.25 por ciento y valor predictivo negativo de 96.42 por ciento. Conclusiones. En este estudio la citología urinaria con tinción de Papanicolaou tuvo una buena sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico temprano de CU en comparación con el examen general de orina. Candida albicans; candidiasis urinaria; citología urinaria; tinción de Papanicolaou.

Antecedentes perinatales y morbimortalidad del hijo de madre con preeclampsia severa / Neonatal outcome in women with severa preeclampsia

Objetivo. Determinar los principales antecedentes prenatales, las características clínicas, la morbilidad y la mortalidad de un grupo de neonatos hijos de madre con preeclampsia severa. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, y longitudinal en un grupo de hijos de madre con preeclampsia severa que nacieron por operación cesárea en el hospital sede durante el periodo de 1o. de julio de 1994 al 31 de diciembre de 1996. Mediante estadística descriptiva se analizaron los principales antecedentes perinatales sus características clínicas y la morbimortalidad. Se excluyeron a los hijos de embarazos con alguna enfermedad asociada, los de embarazos múltiples, los que llegaron al hospital en periodo expulsivo, los nacidos por parto eutocico y los malformados. Resultados. De 276 hijos de madre con preeclampsia severa, se excluyeron a 40 neonatos. La población estudiada fue de 236 recién nacidos. Los antecedentes de la madre fueron: edad 24 ñ 6 años, gesta 2 ñ 1. De 110 madres con gesta uno o mas tuvieron antecedente de aborto en 24.5 por ciento, de cesárea en 32.7 por ciento y de preeclampsia previa en 7.2 por ciento. Las caterísticas de los neonatos fueron: edad gestacional 37 ñ 2 semanas, peso 2,623 ñ 717 g, talla 47.7 ñ 4.5 cm, índice de ponderación 2.36 ñ 0.33, Calificación de Apgar al minuto de 7 ñ 1 y a los 5 minutos de 8 ñ 0, los días de hospitalización 9 ñ 11 y 3 ñ 3 días de estancia extras de hospital por gravedad de la madre del 34.3 por ciento de neonatos que lo requirieron. Predominó el sexo masculino con 57.2 por ciento, se observó 18.6 por ciento con peso bajo para la edad gestacional (desnutridos in útero), 28 por ciento resultados con índice de ponderación por abajo de la centila 10 (crecimiento intrauterino desproporcionado). En 43.7 por ciento de estos neonatos se presento morbilidad y los tres primeros diagnósticos fueron ictericia (12.7 por ciento), hipoglucemia (7.2 por ciento), septicemia (5.9 por ciento), depresión neurológica por anestesia materna (5.5 por ciento) y policitemia (4.2 por ciento). La mortalidad fue del 3.8 por ciento. Conclusiones. La mayoría de las madres con preeclampsia severa se encontraron en edad reproductiva adecuada, la edad gestacional de los neonatos por lo general fue de término con peso adecuado para la edad gestacional. Los porcentajes de desnutrición intrauterina, crecimiento intrauterino no proporcional, la morbilidad y la mortalidad son menores a lo reportado en la literatura

Factores de riesgo perinatal para mortalidad en los neonatos de alto riesgo / Factors of perinatal risk for mortality in the high risk neonate

Se trató de conocer los factores de riesgo para mortalidad en una cohorte de neonatos de alto riesgo que ingresaron a una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Estudio comparativo de los antecedentes perinatales, entre vivos y defunciones, calculado factores de riesgo para mortalidad mediante chi cuadrada y análisis bivariado con el estimador de Mantel Y Haenzel. Se estudiaron a 425 neonatos con peso y edad gestacional (X y DS) de 1640 ñ 359 g y 32 ñ 2 semanas, todos requirieron ventilación mecánica con 10 ñ 12 días de ventilación y estancia de la UCIN de 13 ñ 12 días. En los factores de riesgo para mortalidad se encontraron (p< 0.05); gesta IV, dos o más abortos previos, desprendimiento de placenta normoinserta, ruptura de membranas más corioamnioitis, parto pélvico por vía vaginal, edad gestacional < 28 semanas, peso al nacer < 1 kg, choque séptico, acidosis metabólica, insuficiencia renal aguda, enterocolitis necrosante y barotrauma. En este grupo de neonatos de alto riesgo, de los antecedentes prenatales, natales y posnatales estudiados se encontraron 12 factores de riesgo para mortalidad, cuatro inherentes al embarazo, uno al parto y siete por alteraciones en el recién nacido

Ensayo clínico con un surfactante artificial para el tratamiento del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria neonatal / Exogenous surfactant for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. A controled trial

Objetivo: Mostrar una experiencia en México con el manejo de un surfactante artificial para el tratamineto del síndrome de dificultad respiratoria neonatal (SDR). Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado, controlado y comparativo entre un grupo de recien nacidos (RN) pretérmino con SDR, <34 semanas de edad gestacional, tratados con cuatro dosis de surfactante artificial (Exosurf*) (Grupo A), y otro grupo que recibió aire como placebo (Grupo B), en la modalidad de rescate, por vía endotraqueal. Resultados: En cada grupo se incluyeron 20 pacientes. Grupo A vs Grupo B; días ventilador 7 vs 10 (p=0.2); días UCIN 12 vs 16(p=0.1); días hospital 33 vs 47, (p=0.01 en la última); defunciones 8 vs 11(p=0.1); en gasometrías, después de la última dosis, se encontró incremento en la PaO2, disminución en la diferencia alveolo arterial de oxígeno, índice de oxigenación y presión media de vía aérea del ventilador. Conclusiones: En el grupo de surfactante se encontró mejoría en la función ventilatoria de acuerdo con las gasometrías, pre y postratamiento en cada dosis, y menos días hospitalización en los sobrevivientes. La mortalidad fue menor en el grupo A, pero no significativa; sin embargo, sólo en el grupo B hubo defunciones por SDR

Embarazo en adolescentes: seguimiento de sus hijos durante el primer año de vida / Pregnancy in adolescents and nutrition state and development folow-up of their infants over first year of life

Introducción. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer el estado nutricio y el desarrollo psicomotor, durante el primer año de vida, de los hijos de madre adolescente. Material y métodos. Sesenta y cuatro recién nacidos sanos, divididos en dos grupos, fueron seguidos durante el primer año de vida. el grupo A se formó con hijos de madre adolescente (13 a 18 años de edad) y el B con los de madre adulta (23 a 28 años). Se investigaron antecedentes maternos y perinatales, y se evaluó el desarrollo psicomotor y estado nutricional a los 6 y 12 meses de edad. La validación estadística se realizó mediante t de Student, x² y prueba exacta de Fisher. Considerando significativa una P < 0.05. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las madres de ambos grupos en: estado socioeconómico, escolaridad, ocupación y estado civil. Los niños al nacimiento tampoco presentaron diferencias en cuanto a sexo, peso, talla y antecedentes de hipoxia, pero sí en la edad gestacional y el tipo de nacimiento. Las valoraciones a los 6 y 12 meses no mostraron diferencias en el desarrollo psicomotor ni estado nutricio. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que no existe diferencia en el estado nutricio ni en el desarrollo psicomotor entre los niños de madre adolescente y los de madre adulta durante el primer año de vida

Alimentación de recién nacidos pretérmino con dos fórmulas lácteas / Fedding preterm newborns whit two special premature infant formula

Se estudiaron 30 recién nacidos pretérmino, sanos que fueron dividido en forma aleatoria en dos grupos de 15. El grupo de A recibió una fórmula especial y el grupo B una fórmula modificada en proteínas. Se les pesó diariamente y se obtuvieron al inicio y al final del estudio varias mediciones somatométricas y la cantidad de energía y proteínas ingeridas; además se hicieron algunas determinaciones bioquímicas en sangre. En el grupo A, se encontraron diferencias significativas en las cifras de calcio, fósforo, fosfatasa alcalina, sodio y hemoglobina; asimismo, las mediciones somatométricas fueron significativas sólo en el perímetro del brazo. Cinco niños del grupo A y dos del B fueron dados de alta antes de las tres semanas de edad posnatal. Cuatro recién nacidos del grupo A y uno del B mostraron un incremento de peso similar al que ocurre durante el desarrollo uterino. Los hallazgos sugieren que la fórmula especial permite un crecimiento adecuado y mantiene a los niños metabolicamente más estables