A six-membered N-heterocyclic polyionic liquids with palladium nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for the multicomponent one-pot reaction of carbon dioxide.

A series of heterogeneous catalysts, designated as POP-n-Pd (where n = 1, 2, 3, or 4), were synthesized by polymerizing a six-membered N-heterocyclic compound with an alkyl substituted group monomer (S1), using divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinkers. This process was followed by the incorporation of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles. The impact of the substituted group and the S1:DVB ratio in the catalysts, together with the reaction conditions, was investigated to assess their influence on the catalytic performance in converting propylamine, carbon dioxide (CO2) and 4-iodoanisole to oxazolidinones. The POP-1-Pd catalyst, featuring a methyl substituted group and a S1:DVB ratio of 1:4, exhibited remarkable efficiency, resulting in an excellent yield of 96 % under room temperature and ambient pressure conditions. Furthermore, it has demonstrated wide applicability across a variety of substrates and in the treatment of lime kiln exhaust gas. Additionally, POP-1-Pd can be used in a gram-scale reaction and maintains its performance after six recycles, with no significant decline in yield. The possible catalytic mechanism is proposed as follows: the catalyst's pores adsorb both CO2 and substrates, creating a high concentration reactant enrichment microenvironment. This facilitates the activation of both CO2 and substrates by the imidazole moiety and Pd nanoparticles in the catalyst, thereby generating oxazolidinones.

The serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling elderly: A longitudinal analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels are an important marker of metabolic disorders. However, SUA levels largely depend on renal clearance function. This study aims to investigate the relationship between renal function-normalized SUA [SUA to serum creatinine (SCr) ratio] and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a community-dwelling elderly population. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on elderly, non-diabetic individuals from the Kunshan community in China, who participated in annual health check-ups between January 2018 and December 2023. The relationship between the baseline SUA/SCr ratio and the risk of type 2 diabetes was examined using Cox regression models, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and subgroup analyses. After a median follow-up of 3.88 years, 778 cases of type 2 diabetes were identified among 7671 elderly non-diabetic individuals. Adjusting for confounding variables, the baseline SUA/SCr ratio was significantly linked to type 2 diabetes risk (P < 0.001). Individuals in the highest SUA/SCr ratio quartile had a 1.323 times higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those in the lowest quartile (HR = 1.323, 95% CI 1.053-1.661, P = 0.016). RCS analysis further confirmed this positive association. Additionally, subgroup analyses suggested that this relationship was particularly pronounced in female individuals. CONCLUSIONS: In Chinese elderly community residents, the baseline SUA/SCr ratio is linked to the risk of type 2 diabetes. Monitoring this ratio could aid in predicting and assessing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Association of hemoglobin glycation index with clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the association between the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and the long-term prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: HGI represented the difference between laboratory measured Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and predicted HbA1c based on a liner regression between Hb1Ac and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). A total of 10 598 patients who treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were stratified into three groups (low HGI group: HGI<-0.506, medium HGI group: -0.506 ≤ HGI < 0.179, and high HGI group: HGI ≥ 0.179). The primary endpoints includes all-cause mortality (ACM) and cardiac mortality (CM). The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). RESULTS: A total of 321 ACMs, 243 CMs, 774 MACEs, and 854 MACCEs were recorded during a 60-month follow-up period. After adjusting for confounders using a multivariate Cox regression analysis, the patients in the low HGI group had a significantly increased risk of ACM (adjusted HR = 1.683, 95%CI:1.179-2.404, P = 0.004) and CM (HR = 1.604, 95%CI:1.064-2.417, P = 0.024) as compared with patients in the medium HGI group. Similarly, the patients in the high HGI group had an increased risk of MACEs (HR = 1.247, 95% CI: 1.023-1.521, P = 0.029) as compared with patients in the medium HGI group. For ACM, CM, and MACEs, a U-shaped relation were found among these three groups. However, we did not find significant differences in the incidence of MACCEs among these three groups. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that HGI could be an independent predictor for the risk of mortality and MACEs in patients with CAD.

Mechanisms of efficient polyacrylamide degradation: From multi-omics analysis to structural characterization of two amidohydrolases.

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a high molecular weight polymer with extensive applications. However, inefficient natural degradation of PAM results in its environmental accumulation. Here, using multi-omics analysis, we constructed the PAM biodegradation pathway in Klebsiella sp. PCX, an efficient PAM-degrading bacterium. Subsequently, two unclassified amidohydrolases (PCX00451 and PCX04581) were identified as key factors for rapid PAM biodegradation, both of which possessed much higher hydrolysis efficiency for PAM than for small molecule amide compounds. Besides, crystal structures of PCX00451 and PCX04581 were solved. Both two amidohydrolases were consisted with a twisted triosephosphateisomerase (TIM)-barrel and a smaller ß-sandwich domain. And their binding pockets were in the conserved metal center of TIM-barrel domain. Moreover, Asp267 of PCX00451 and Asp282 of PCX04581 were examined as active sites for acid/base catalysis. Our research characterized the molecular mechanisms of two efficient amidohydrolases, providing theoretical basis and valuable tools for PAM bioremediation.

Siwu tablet attenuates high fructose-induced glomerular podocyte senescence in rats through increasing Nup155 to promote INO80 mRNA nuclear export.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Siwu tablet (SWT), derived from a traditional Chinese medicinal formula named Siwu decoction, is widely used for blood deficiency syndrome. Siwu decoction and its derived formulas have been proven to improve renal anemia and prevent senescence. Whether SWT prevents glomerular podocyte senescence and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknow. AIM OF THE STUDY: To elucidate the protective effect and possible mechanism of SWT on glomerular podocyte senescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed to characterize components of SWT. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 10% fructose drinking water for 16 weeks. SWT (810 and 1620 mg/kg) was administered orally for the last 8 weeks. The assays of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) staining, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot as well as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were performed to evaluate rat glomerular podocyte senescence. The mRNA and protein levels of nucleoporin 155 (Nup155) and inositol requiring mutant 80 (INO80) in rat glomeruli were detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. Foot processes and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) of rat glomerular podocytes were visualized by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-nine components were preliminarily identified in SWT. The results of animal experiments showed that SWT decreased the activity of SA-ß-gal, protein levels of p16, p21, p53 and phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX), and mRNA levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in glomeruli of high fructose-fed rats. As expected, SWT increased renal cortex erythropoietin mRNA expression and serum erythropoietin concentration in this animal model. SWT reduced urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and serum levels of uric acid, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, and recovered glomerular structure injury in high fructose-fed rats. It up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of Nup155 and the number of podocyte NPCs, and subsequently reinforced mRNA nuclear export and protein expression of INO80 in rat glomeruli under high fructose stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: SWT ameliorates glomerular podocyte senescence in high fructose-fed rats possibly by increasing Nup155 to promote INO80 mRNA nuclear export.

Association between cardiometabolic index and kidney stone from NHANES: a population-based study.

Purpose: The Cardiometabolic Index (CMI) is a novel marker of visceral obesity and dyslipidemia. Our study aimed to explore the association between CMI and kidney stones among US adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults with complete records of CMI and kidney stones information from the 2011 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance the baseline characteristics of the study population. The independent relationship between CMI and kidney stones was evaluated using IPTW-adjusted multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and subgroup analysis. Results: A total of 9,177 participants, with an average CMI of 0.72 (0.99), were included in this study. The IPTW-adjusted logistic regression revealed that CMI was an independent risk factor for kidney stones. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for kidney stones were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.24 - 1.56, P < 0.001) for the second CMI tertile and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.17 - 1.47, P < 0.001) for the third CMI tertile, compared with the first CMI tertile. A linear relationship between CMI levels and kidney stone risk was observed in the RCS analysis. Subgroup analysis showed that the association between CMI levels and kidney stone risk remained stable across groups. Conclusions: A positive association between CMI level and the risk of kidney stones was observed among US adults in our study. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to validate our findings.

Dearomative Cyclization/Spirocyclization via Electrochemical Reductive Hydroarylation of Nonactivated Arenes.

An electrochemical cyclization/spirocyclization hydroarylation via reductive dearomatization of a series of nonactivated arenes including N-substituted indoles, indole-3-carboxamide derivatives, and iodo-substituted benzamides is described. This protocol boasts high atom efficiency, broad substrate applicability, and excellent selectivity. Utilizing a simple undivided cell, various nonactivated arenes undergo cyclization/spirocyclization through the intramolecular addition of aryl radicals to an aromatic ring, yielding 50 indolines, spirocyclizative hydroarylation products, and phenanthridinones.

Parabolic mirror cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for trace gas detection.

A parabolic mirror cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PM-CERS) method was reported, utilizing a combined optical path of a parabolic mirror and a multi-pass cell. In this setup, the focal point of the parabolic mirror is aligned with the laser convergence center of the multi-pass cell. This method achieved high excitation intensity at the focal point and broadened the collection range of Raman scattering signals, thus significantly improving both the excitation and collection efficiency of Raman signals. Additionally, the structure of the system was simplified through the integrated design of the collection cavity and sample cell. Nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide could be detected in the air within an exposure time of just 0.5 s, achieving the limits of detection at the ppm level. Compared to the conventional multi-pass cell, the signal intensity and signal-to-noise ratio were each enhanced by approximately 5.6-fold, further demonstrating the excellent potential application in trace gas detection.

Gastrodin attenuates high fructose-induced sweet taste preference decrease by inhibiting hippocampal neural stem cell ferroptosis.

INTRODUCTION: High fructose intake has been implicated as a risk factor for behavioral disorders, potentially through cell ferroptosis induction in the central nervous system. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are crucial for maintaining hippocampal neurogenesis to resist behavioral alterations. Gastrodin, derived from the traditional Chinese herb Gastrodia elata, has neuroprotective effect. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which high fructose induces sweet taste preference and assesses the impact of gastrodin on hippocampal NSC ferroptosis. METHODS: Mice and cultured NSCs were treated with high fructose and/or gastrodin, respectively. NSC ferroptosis was evaluated by assay of lipid peroxidation and DNA double-strand breaks. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), Western blotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were employed to explore the potential mechanism underlying high fructose-induced NSC ferroptosis and the modulation of gastrodin. Simultaneously, specific gene expression was regulated by lentivirus injection into the hippocampus of mice. RESULTS: Our data showed that gastrodin mitigated sweet taste preference decline and hippocampal NSC ferroptosis in high fructose-fed mice, being consistent with reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron accumulation in hippocampal NSC mitochondria. Mechanistically, we identified CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 1 (CISD1) as a mediator of NSC ferroptosis, with its expression being augmented by high fructose. Overexpression of Zic family member 2 (ZIC2) increased the transcription of Cisd1 gene. Additionally, overexpression of Zic2 with lentiviral vectors in hippocampus showed the decreased sweet taste preference in mice, consistently up-regulated CISD1 protein expression and reduced hippocampal NSC number. Gastrodin downregulated ZIC2 expression to inhibit CISD1 transcription in its attenuation of high fructose-induced NSC ferroptosis and sweet taste preference decrease. CONCLUSION: Collectively, high fructose can drive hippocampal NSC ferroptosis by upregulating ZIC2 and CISD1 expression, thereby contributing to the decline in sweet taste preference. Gastrodin emerges as a promising agent for mitigating NSC ferroptosis and improving sweet taste preference.

Deep Contrast Clustering Analysis to Distinguish Diabetic Complications in Elderly Chinese Patients.

AIM: To establish an innovative clustering method for predicting variable categories of diabetic complications in Chinese ≥ 65 with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected and extracted data from elderly patients with diabetes (n = 4980) from a medical examination group of 51,400 people followed up annually from 2014 to date in Kunshan, China. A deep contrast clustering approach was used to cluster and predict diabetic complications. The clustering approach was further validated using data from elderly patients with diabetes (n = 397) from one medical examination cohort of 20,000 people followed up yearly from 2014 to date in Beijing Jiuhua Hospital. RESULTS: The patients were clustered into 6 categories by analysing 20 indicators. Cluster 1-Heavy smoking and a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; Cluster 2-High alcohol consumption, high aminotransferase levels, the highest risk of stroke complications, and a high fatty liver disease (FLD) risk; Cluster 3-High blood lipid levels and a risk of FLD and stroke complications; Cluster 4-Good health indicators and a low risk of FLD, stroke, and CVD complications; Cluster 5-Older age, higher uric acid concentration and creatinine level, and the highest risk of CVD complications; Cluster 6-Large waist circumference, high BMI, high blood pressure, and the highest risk of FLD complications. The gene for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in cluster 2 had the highest risk coefficient. This was consistent with cluster 2, which had a higher FLD prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: A new clustering method was developed from two large Chinese cohorts of older patients with diabetes, which may effectively predict complications by clustering into different categories.

Advances in the study of metal-organic frameworks and their biomolecule composites for osteoporosis therapeutic applications.

With the population aging, osteoporosis (OP) is becoming more and more common, seriously affecting patients' quality of life and their families, and how to prevent and treat osteoporosis has become a hot topic. However, the current conventional method of treating OP is oral anti-osteoporosis medication, which has drawbacks such as first-pass elimination and gastrointestinal adverse effects. At the same time, osteoporosis can lead to microbial infections and the need to promote angiogenesis for bone healing, among other needs that often cannot be met with conventional treatments, and there is a risk of resistance to oral antibiotics for microbial infections. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) having a high specific surface area, high porosity, controlled degradation, and variable composition; they can not only be used as a carrier to control drug release, but can also play multiple roles in the treatment of OP and microbial infections by releasing metal ions, etc., so they have inherent advantages for OP, which is a disease that requires long-term treatment. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of MOFs and their biomacromolecular composites in therapeutic applications for osteoporosis, categorized by MOF type, and briefly describes the mechanism of osteoporosis, and different synthesis methods of MOFs and MOF-based composites, and finally presents the main existing problems and future perspectives, aiming to make MOFs more helpful for OP treatment.

Propensity score matching analysis of early vs. delayed surgery for intertrochanteric fracture in older patients: a retrospective multicenter cohort study of 7414 patients with a mean 4-year follow up.

BACKGROUND: The widespread acceptance of early surgery as a treatment for acute intertrochanteric fracture (ITF) has been accompanied by ongoing controversy due to conflicting conclusions presented in previous studies. This study aims to compare the occurrence of perioperative complications and mortality, as well as functional outcomes in older patients with ITF who underwent either early or delayed surgery. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter cohort study involving 7414 patients with ITF between Jan. 2017 and Dec. 2021 was conducted. After predefined participants selection inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2323 surgically treated ITF patients were included and analyzed utilizing propensity score matching (PSM) method. Their demographics, injury-related data, surgery-related data, and perioperative adverse outcomes during hospitalization were collected and compared between the early or delayed surgery groups by PSM with a 1:4 ratio. All participants received a minimum of two-year follow-up and perioperative outcomes, functional outcomes, and survival analyses were conducted and compared. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, there were no significant difference in surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rate, mortality rates, functional outcomes, and perioperative complications rates including severe complications, cardiac complications, pulmonary complications, and neurological complications regardless of whether the patient was treated with early or delayed surgery (all P > 0.05). Although length of hospital stay (mean, 11.5 versus 14.4 days, P < 0.001), total hospital costs (mean, 39305 versus 42048 yuan, P < 0.001), and minor complications rates including hematological complications (31.7% versus 41.2%, P = 0.007) and nutritional/metabolic complications (59.3% versus 66.4%, P = 0.039) were lower in the early surgery group, our result indicated patients with early surgery were more inclined to receive more blood transfusion (mean, 2.8 versus 2.2 units, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a 48-hour delay in surgical intervention for older patients with an ITF does not result in a higher mortality rate, worse functional outcomes, and increased incidence of major perioperative complications when compared to early surgery. While expedited surgery is undoubtedly necessary for suitable patients, a reasonable preoperative delay of 48 h may be justified and safe for those with severe conditions, rather than strictly adhering to the current guidelines.

Facile Synthesis of Soft Core-Shell Nanospheres for Constructing Multiresponsive Photonic Crystal Security Patterns.

Responsive photonic crystals (RPCs) presenting tunable structural colors under external stimuli are widely applied in the fields of dynamic displays, sensors, and anticounterfeiting. However, the development of multiresponsive photonic crystal (MRPC) films possessing versatile variable optical properties remains a significant challenge due to the tedious synthetic procedure of multifunctional building blocks and complex assembly processes, thereby constraining their extensive applications. In the present work, a series of soft nanospheres with a hydrophobic cores and responsive hydrophilic shells have been synthesized by a facile one-step surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method. The MRPC patterns were then prepared by depositing soft nanosphere emulsions onto the 3D-printed substrates with a topological structure followed by drying at room temperature. The shells of soft nanospheres deformed and fused with each other, resulting in the formation of transparent MRPC film patterns. The MRPC patterns exhibited brilliant structural color in a wet state but lost the color again after complete drying. Such a reversible structural color was ascribed to the change of the refractive index (RI) of the hydrophilic shell layers of nanospheres according to wetting/drying state shifting. Moreover, the on-demand designed MRPC patterns could rapidly respond to external stimuli of temperature, pH, and organic solvents in a reversible manner, and multichannel encrypted security labels were also demonstrated. We postulate that our facile and feasible approach can be applied to the systematic design and large-scale production of MRPC patterns for a variety of applications.

Fitness implications of low-temperature storage for Eocanthecona furcellata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

Exploring the impact of low-temperature storage on the fitness of natural enemy insects is crucial for practical field applications because this parameter directly influences their potential for population growth and effective pest control. Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is widely used in biological pest control. This study aimed to identify optimal storage stages, temperatures, and durations for E. furcellata to produce high-quality individuals for practical use. The quality of E. furcellata after storage was evaluated by assessing parameters such as predatory capacity and fecundity, along with age-stage, two-sex life table. The findings revealed that the adult stage was the optimal storage form for E. furcellata, and the most favorable temperature for storage was 12 °C. Adult females had the highest predatory ability after 15 days of storage at 12 °C. Although survival rates declined with prolonged storage, they remained above 50% after 30 days, and longevity, fecundity, and predatory capacity of surviving individuals remained comparable to those of individuals in the control group (rearing at a constant temperature of 26 °C without low-temperature storage). The effects of low-temperature storage extended to the F1 generation of E. furcellata, which exhibited maximum mean longevity, fecundity, net reproductive rate, and mean generation time as well as fastest population growth after 30 days of storage at 12 °C. These results can be used to achieve optimal low-temperature storage conditions for E. furcellata production, particularly for extending its shelf life.

Role of Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications.

Insulin resistance (IR) is the major mechanism in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Early identification of IR is of great significance for preventing the onset of T2DM and delaying the progression of the disease. Previous studies have shown that triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index can be used as an effective surrogate marker for IR. There is a significant correlation between TyG index and T2DM and its common complications. In addition, the predictive efficacy of TyG index is better than that of other IR surrogate indicators. TyG index may not only become an important marker to identify people at high risk of T2DM and its complications, but is also expected to become a strong predictor of the prognosis of these diseases. However, there are still some challenges in the widespread application of TyG index in clinical practice. In the future, more high-quality studies are needed to clarify the assessment methods of TyG index for the prognosis of T2DM and its complications. Further investigations of the relationship between TyG index and T2DM and its complications will be expected to provide new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and its complications.

Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 mitigates acute kidney injury via sustaining mitochondrial metabolism.

Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic drug, can result in acute kidney injury (AKI). Currently, there are no effective prevention methods. An incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI is a major barrier to the development of effective therapies. Metabolism reprogramming shift to glycolysis was involved in AKI pathogenesis. Glycolysis results in the pyruvate production. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) conveys cytosol pyruvate into mitochondria, promoting the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In this current study, we found a reduction in MPC2 expression in mice and cultured HK2 cells with cisplatin-induced AKI. MPC2 overexpression attenuated cisplatin-mediated nephrotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo via restoring pyruvate metabolism and mitochondrial function. Knockdown of MPC2 reversed this effect. Furthermore, artemether, an MPC2 potential activator, could mitigate AKI via regulating MPC2-mediated pyruvate metabolism. Our findings revealed that MPC2-pyruvate metabolism axis was a promising strategy to alleviate AKI induced by cisplatin.

Exploring the comprehensive link between climatic factors and vegetation productivity in China.

Understanding the influence of climatic factors on vegetation dynamics and cumulative effects is critical for global sustainable development. However, the response of vegetation to climate and the underlying mechanisms in different climatic zones remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the response of vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) to climatic factors and the cumulative effects across various vegetation types and climatic zones, utilizing data on precipitation (Pr), temperature (Ta), and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The results showed that: (1) GPP showed significant differences among the seven climatic zones, with the highest value observed in zone VII, reaching 1860.07 gC·m- 2, and the lowest in zone I, at 126.03 gC·m- 2. (2) GPP was significantly and positively correlated with temperature in climatic zones I, IV, V, and VI and with precipitation in climatic zones I, II, and IV. Additionally, a significant positive correlated was found between SPEI and GPP in climatic zones I, II, and IV. (3) Drought exerted a cumulative effect on GPP in 45.10% of the regions within China, with an average cumulative duration of 5 months. These effects persisted for 6-8 months in zones I, II, and VII, and for 2-4 months in zones III, IV and VI. Among different vegetation types, forests experienced longest cumulative effect time of 6 months, followed by grasslands (5 months), croplands (4 months), and shrublands (4 months). The cumulative time scale decreased with increasing annual SPEI. The varying responses and accumulation of GPP to drought among different vegetation types in various climatic zones underscore the complexity of vegetation-climate interactions the response and accumulation of GPP to drought.

The U -shape relationship between free fatty acid level and adverse outcomes in coronary artery disease patients with hypertension: evidence from a large prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence is scarce on the effect of free fatty acid (FFA) level in the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with hypertension. This study. METHODS: A large prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of average 2 years was conducted at Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated First Hospital from December 2016 to October 2021. A total of 10,395 CAD participants were divided into groups based on FFA concentration and hypertension status, and then primary outcome mortality and secondary endpoint ischemic events were assessed in the different groups. RESULTS: A total of 222 all-cause mortality (ACMs), 164 cardiac mortality (CMs), 718 major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and 803 major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) were recorded during follow-up period. A nonlinear relationship between FFA and adverse outcomes was observed only in CAD patients with hypertension. Namely, a "U -shape" relationship between FFA levels and long-term outcomes was found in CAD patients with hypertension. Lower FFA level (< 310 µmol/L), or higher FFA level (≥ 580 µmol/L) at baseline is independent risk factors for adverse outcomes. After adjustment for confounders, excess FFA increases mortality (ACM, HR = 1.957, 95%CI(1.240-3.087), P = 0.004; CM, HR = 2.704, 95%CI(1.495-4.890, P = 0.001) and MACE (HR = 1.411, 95%CI(1.077-1.848), P = 0.012), MACCE (HR = 1.299, 95%CI (1.013-1.666), P = 0.040) prevalence. Low levels of FFA at baseline can also increase the incidence of MACE (HR = 1.567,95%CI (1.187-2.069), P = 0.002) and MACCE (HR = 1.387, 95%CI (1.070-1.798), P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline FFA concentrations significantly associated with long-term mortality and ischemic events could be a better and novel risk biomarker for prognosis prediction in CAD patients with hypertension. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The details of the design were registered on https://www.chictr.org.cn/ (Identifier NCT05174143).

Electrochemical promoted three-component reaction to unsymmetric thiosulfonates.

Compounds comprising S-S bonds serve as significant pharmacological scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and natural products. We have devised an efficient electrochemical method for the construction of asymmetric disulfide bonds, leading to the synthesis of unsymmetric thiosulfonates. Compared with existing synthesis methods, our work not only avoids the use of metals and oxidants, but also realizes the operation of a one-pot three-component method, which makes this strategy extremely attractive.

Relationship between phosphorus stoichiometric homeostasis and deepwater adaptability of submerged macrophytes in Erhai Lake, China: Insights from allometric plasticity.

The state transition theory suggests that the decline of submerged macrophytes in shallow lakes is closely associated with reduced stoichiometric homeostasis, particularly phosphorus homeostasis (HP). The degradation typically progresses from deeper to shallower regions, indicating a potential positive correlation between the deepwater adaptability (DA) and HP values of submerged macrophytes. Here, we investigated the distribution pattern of submerged macrophytes across different water depths of Erhai Lake to test this hypothesis. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between the DA and HP values of submerged macrophytes. Allometric analysis indicated that the morphological plasticity of submerged macrophytes was linked to their HP. Species with higher HP values, like Potamogeton maackianus, had robust plasticity strategies, particularly "real plasticity", that enabled them to cope with deeper water stress. In contrast, species with lower HP values (Ceratophyllum demersum and Hydrilla verticillata) experienced nutrient declines, which hindered their adaptation. Additionally, species with higher HP values exhibited closer connections within the plant traits-environment network, indicating that their morphological plasticity adjustments allow better adaptation to the environmental changes caused by increasing water depth. These results confirm the relationship between DA and HP in submerged macrophytes and explain the mechanisms underlying the correlation, thus expanding regime shift theory.