Rhinovirus C15 Attenuates Relaxation and cAMP Production in Human Airways and Smooth Muscle.

Rhinoviruses (RVs) evoke as many as 85% of acute asthma exacerbations in children and 50% in adults and can induce airway hyperresponsiveness and decrease efficacy of current therapeutics to provide symptom relief. Using human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLSs), primary human air-liquid interface-differentiated airway epithelial cells (HAECs), and human airway smooth muscle (HASM) as preclinical experimental models, we demonstrated that RV-C15 attenuates agonist-induced bronchodilation. Specifically, airway relaxation to formoterol and cholera toxin, but not forskolin (Fsk), was attenuated following hPCLS exposure to RV-C15. In isolated HASM cells, exposure to conditioned media from RV-exposed HAECs decreased cellular relaxation in response to isoproterenol and prostaglandin E2, but not Fsk. Additionally, cAMP generation elicited by formoterol and isoproterenol, but not Fsk, was attenuated following HASM exposure to RV-C15-conditioned HAEC media. HASM exposure to RV-C15-conditioned HAEC media modulated expression of components of relaxation pathways, specifically GNAI1 and GRK2. Strikingly, similar to exposure to intact RV-C15, hPCLS exposed to UV-inactivated RV-C15 showed markedly attenuated airway relaxation in response to formoterol, suggesting that the mechanism(s) of RV-C15-mediated loss of bronchodilation is independent of virus replication pathways. Further studies are warranted to identify soluble factor(s) regulating the epithelial-driven smooth muscle loss of ß2-adrenergic receptor function.

Predictors of Mortality in Patients With Refractory Cardiac Arrest Supported With VA-ECMO: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis.

Cardiac arrest (CA) is associated with high mortality rate, ranging between 75% and 93%. Given its significance, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been used for end-organs perfusion and to maintain adequate oxygenation as a life-saving option in refractory CA. The predictors for the success of VA-ECMO in this setting have not been established yet. In this meta-analysis, we aim to identify the variables associated with increased mortality in patients with CA supported with VA-ECMO. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate mortality-predicting factors in patients with CA supported with VA-ECMO that were published between January 2000 and July 2022. To identify relevant articles, the MEDLINE (Pubmed, Ovid) and Cochrane Databases were queried with various combinations of our prespecified keywords, including VA-ECMO, CA, and mortality predictors. We performed a meta-analysis using a random-effects model to calculate the odds ratio (OR). We retrieved a total of 4476 records, out of which we included 10 observational studies in our study. A total of 931 patients were included in our study with the age range of 47-68 years, predominantly males (63.9%). The overall mortality was 69.4%. The predictors for mortality were age >65 (OR 4.61, 95% CI 1.63-13.03, P < 0.01), history of chronic kidney disease (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.37-4.28, P < 0.01), cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration prior to ECMO > 40 minutes (OR 6.62 [95% CI 1.39, 9.02], P < 0.01), having an initial nonshockable rhythm (OR 2.62 [95% CI 1.85, 3.70], P < 0.01) and sequential organ failure assessment score >14 (OR 12.29, 95% CI 2.71-55.74, P <0.01). Regarding blood work, an increase in lactate by 5 mmol/L increased the odds of mortality by 121% (2 studies; OR 2.21 [95% CI 1.26, 3.86], P < 0.01; I2 = 0%) while the increase in lactate by 1 mmol/L increases odd of mortality by 15% (2 studies, OR 1.15 [95% CI 1.02, 1.31], P = 0.03, I = 0%), and an increase in creatinine by 1 mg/dL increased the odds of mortality by 225% (1 study; OR 3.25 [95% CI 1.22, 8.7], P = 0.02). Albumin was protective as for each 1 g/dL increase, the odds of mortality decreased by 68% (1 study; OR 0.32 [95% CI 0.14, 0.74], P < 0.01). Refractory CA requiring VA-ECMO has a high mortality. Predictors of mortality include age >65, history of chronic kidney disease, cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration prior to ECMO > 40 minutes, initial rhythm being non-shockable and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score >14.

Predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients following left ventricular assist device implantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: Our study aims to provide a more holistic understanding of the available data and predictive risk factors for gastrointestinal bleed (GIB). Materials & methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science Core Collection and calculated relative risk and meta-regression was utilized to evaluate for risk factors in order to assess the effect of covariates. Results: Our meta-analysis reported a pooled prevalence rate of GIB of 24.4%. Meta-regression analysis did not yield a statistically significant association between GIB and risk factors, including age, gender, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Conclusion: Studies investigating larger sample sizes are required for conclusive findings.

Epinephrine evokes shortening of human airway smooth muscle cells following ß2 adrenergic receptor desensitization.

Epinephrine (EPI), an endogenous catecholamine involved in the body's fight-or-flight responses to stress, activates α1-adrenergic receptors (α1ARs) expressed on various organs to evoke a wide range of physiological functions, including vasoconstriction. In the smooth muscle of human bronchi, however, the functional role of EPI on α1ARs remains controversial. Classically, evidence suggests that EPI promotes bronchodilation by stimulating ß2-adrenergic receptors (ß2ARs). Conventionally, the selective ß2AR agonism of EPI was thought to be, in part, due to a predominance of ß2ARs and/or a sparse, or lack of α1AR activity in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. Surprisingly, we find that HASM cells express a high abundance of ADRA1B (the α1AR subtype B) and identify a spontaneous "switch-like" activation of α1ARs that evokes intracellular calcium, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and HASM cell shortening. The switch-like responses, and related EPI-induced biochemical and mechanical signals, emerged upon pharmacological inhibition of ß2ARs and/or under experimental conditions that induce ß2AR tachyphylaxis. EPI-induced procontractile effects were abrogated by an α1AR antagonist, doxazosin mesylate (DM). These data collectively uncover a previously unrecognized feed-forward mechanism driving bronchospasm via two distinct classes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and provide a basis for reexamining α1AR inhibition for the management of stress/exercise-induced asthma and/or ß2-agonist insensitivity in patients with difficult-to-control, disease subtypes.

CEBPD modulates the airway smooth muscle transcriptomic response to glucocorticoids.

BACKGROUND: CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein D (CEBPD), a pleiotropic glucocorticoid-responsive transcription factor, modulates inflammatory responses. Of relevance to asthma, expression of CEBPD in airway smooth muscle (ASM) increases with glucocorticoid exposure. We sought to characterize CEBPD-mediated transcriptomic responses to glucocorticoid exposure in ASM by measuring changes observed after knockdown of CEBPD and its impact on asthma-related ASM function. METHODS: Primary ASM cells derived from four donors were transfected with CEBPD or non-targeting (NT) siRNA and exposed to vehicle control, budesonide (100 nM, 18 h), TNFα (10 ng/ml, 18 h), or both budesonide and TNFα. Subsequently, RNA-Seq was used to measure gene expression levels, and pairwise differential expression results were obtained for exposures versus vehicle and knockdown versus control conditions. Weighted gene co-expression analysis was performed to identify groups of genes with similar expression patterns across the various experimental conditions (i.e., CEBPD knockdown status, exposures). RESULTS: CEBPD knockdown altered expression of 3037 genes under at least one exposure (q-value < 0.05). Co-expression analysis identified sets of 197, 152 and 290 genes that were correlated with CEBPD knockdown status, TNFα exposure status, and both, respectively. JAK-STAT signaling pathway genes, including IL6R and SOCS3, were among those influenced by both TNFα and CEBPD knockdown. Immunoblot assays revealed that budesonide-induced IL-6R protein expression and augmented IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation levels were attenuated by CEBPD knockdown in ASM. CONCLUSIONS: CEBPD modulates glucocorticoid responses in ASM, in part via modulation of IL-6 receptor signaling.

Outcomes of Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device; an Insight From a National Inpatient Sample.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of patients with implanted left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation experiencing a cardiac arrest (CA) are not well reported. We aimed at defining the in-hospital outcomes of patients with implanted LVAD experiencing a CA. METHODS: The national inpatient sample (NIS) was queried using ICD9/ICD10 codes for patients older than 18 years with implanted LVAD and CA between 2010-2018. We excluded patients with orthotropic heart transplantation, biventricular assist device (BiVAD) implantation and do not resuscitate (DNR) status. RESULTS: A total of 93,153 hospitalisations between 2010 and 2018 with implanted LVAD were identified. Only 578 of these hospitalisations had experienced CA and of those, 173 (33%) hospitalisations underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The mean age of hospitalisations that experienced a CA was 60.61±14.85 for non-survivors and 56.23±17.33 for survivors (p=0.14). The in-hospital mortality was 60.8% in hospitalisations with CA and 74.33% in hospitalisations in whom CPR was performed. In an analysis comparing survivors with non-survivors, non-survivors had more diabetes mellitus (DM) (p=0.01), and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (p=0.04). Age, female sex, peripheral vascular disease and history of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) were independently associated with increased mortality in our cohort. Also, ventricular tachycardia (VT) and CPR were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. During the study period, there was a significantly decreasing trend in performing CPR in LVAD hospitalisations with CA. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, age, female sex, peripheral vascular disease, history of CABG, VT and CPR were independently associated with in-hospital mortality in LVAD hospitalisations who experienced CA.

Cardiac sarcoidosis masquerading as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) are rare causes of ventricular arrhythmias and are associated with sudden cardiac death. Differentiation between both is important for proper management. CASE SUMMARY: We present a 56-year-old man with sudden cardiac arrest and was diagnosed to have ARVC based on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He developed gradually worsening shortness of breath over the next 1 year. CS was unmasked after a cardiac positron emission tomography (PET). Patient was treated with methotrexate. A repeat cardiac PET scan showed improvement. DISCUSSION: The distinction between ARVC and CS is challenging. Both these entities have a patchy involvement and can have similar presentations. ARVC has a predominant right heart involvement. It is diagnosed with the help of an MRI, which shows regional right ventricular wall motion abnormality. These findings can have an overlap with CS. It is important to note that, even though sarcoidosis is a pathologic diagnosis, cardiac biopsy is rarely done owing to its patchy involvement. Cardiac PET scan has a high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose this entity. Once diagnosis is made, patients should be treated with immunosuppressants and should be closely followed. Repeat imaging should be considered at intervals to monitor disease progression. This case highlights the importance of multimodality imaging and tissue diagnosis to unmask the diagnosis of CS, a treatable infiltrative disorder which shares features with a potentially untreatable ARVC.

Primary and Secondary Prevention Strategies for Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

Recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a common complication following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Our study aimed to estimate the comparative efficacy of different pharmacologic interventions for the prevention of GIB, through a network meta-analysis (NMA). A total of 13 observational studies comparing six strategies. Among those, 4 were for primary, and 9 were for secondary prevention of GIB. On NMA, thalidomide (Hazard ratio [HR]: 0.016, Credible interval [CrI]I: 0.00053-0.12), omega-3-fatty acid (HR:0.088, CrI: 0.026-0.77), octreotide (HR: 0.17, CrI: 0.0589-0.41) and danazol (HR:0.17, CrI: 0.059-0.41) reduced the risk of GIB. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACEi/ARB) and digoxin were not associated with any significant reduction. Based on NMA, combining indirect treatment comparisons, thalidomide, danazol, and octreotide treatments were associated with decreased risk of recurrent GIB. Additionally, Omega 3 fatty acids were associated with a lower risk of the primary episode of GIB in the LVAD patient population.

Transcatheter Interatrial Shunts for the Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome, which accounts for about 50% of patients with heart failure (HF). The morbidity and mortality associated with HFpEF is similar to HFrEF. Clinical trials to date have failed to show a benefit of medical therapy for HFpEF, which may due to lack of uniform phenotypes and heterogeneous population. In addition, medical therapy proven for HFrEF may not address the pathophysiologic basis for HFpEF. Left atrial remodeling and dysfunction is central to HFpEF and accounts for secondary pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular congestion that frequently occurs with exertion. Interatrial shunts represent a novel treatment modality for HFpEF. These shunts allow for left atrial decongestion and a reduction in pulmonary venous hypertension during exercise leading to improvements in hemodynamics, functional status and quality of life. Trials to date have demonstrated safety and short-term efficacy of these devices for HFpEF. The long-term benefits are currently being evaluated in ongoing trials. If effective, the use of interatrial shunts may be a new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of HFpEF.

Dexamethasone rescues TGF-ß1-mediated ß2-adrenergic receptor dysfunction and attenuates phosphodiesterase 4D expression in human airway smooth muscle cells.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) and ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2AR) agonists improve asthma outcomes in most patients. GCs also modulate gene expression in human airway smooth muscle (HASM), thereby attenuating airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness that define asthma. Our previous studies showed that the pro-fibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor- ß1 (TGF-ß1) increases phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) expression that attenuates agonist-induced levels of intracellular cAMP. Decreased cAMP levels then diminishes ß2 agonist-induced airway relaxation. In the current study, we investigated whether glucocorticoids reverse TGF-ß1-effects on ß2-agonist-induced bronchodilation and modulate pde4d gene expression in HASM. Dexamethasone (DEX) reversed TGF-ß1 effects on cAMP levels induced by isoproterenol (ISO). TGF-ß1 also attenuated G protein-dependent responses to cholera toxin (CTX), a Gαs stimulator downstream from the ß2AR receptor. Previously, we demonstrated that TGF-ß1 treatment increased ß2AR phosphorylation to induce hyporesponsiveness to a ß2 agonist. Our current data shows that expression of grk2/3, kinases associated with attenuation of ß2AR function, are not altered with TGF-ß1 stimulation. Interestingly, DEX also attenuated TGF-ß1-induced pde4d gene expression. These data suggest that steroids may be an effective therapy for treatment of asthma patients whose disease is primarily driven by elevated TGF-ß1 levels.

Speckle tracking echocardiography can predict subclinical myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the utility of speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) as a tool to evaluate for cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) early in its course. Electrocardiography and echocardiography have limited sensitivity in this role, while advanced imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) are limited by cost and availability. METHODS: We compiled English language articles that reported left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) or global circumferential strain (GCS) in patients with confirmed extra-cardiac sarcoidosis versus healthy controls. Studies that exclusively included patients with probable or definite CS were excluded. Continuous data were pooled as a standard mean difference (SMD), comparing sarcoidosis group with healthy controls. A random-effect model was adopted in all analyses. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I2 statistics. RESULTS: Nine studies were included in our final analysis with an aggregate of 967 patients. LVGLS was significantly lower in the extra-cardiac sarcoidosis group as compared with controls, SMD -3.98, 95% confidence interval (CI): -5.32, -2.64, P < .001, also was significantly lower in patients who suffered major cardiac events (MCE), -3.89, 95% CI -6.14, -1.64, P < .001. GCS was significantly lower in the extra-cardiac sarcoidosis group as compared with controls, SMD: -3.33, 95% CI -4.71, -1.95, P < .001. CONCLUSION: LVGLS and GCS were significantly lower in extra-cardiac sarcoidosis patients despite not exhibiting any cardiac symptoms. LVGLS correlates with MCEs in CS. Further studies are required to investigate the role of STE in the early screening of CS.

Assessment of right ventricular function following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation-The role of speckle-tracking echocardiography: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular failure (RVF) following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is associated with worse outcomes. Prediction of RVF is difficult with routine transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), while speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) showed promising results. We performed systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature. METHODS: We queried multiple databases to compile articles reporting preoperative or intraoperative right ventricle global longitudinal strain (RVGLS) or right ventricle free wall strain (RVFWS) in LVAD recipients. The standard mean difference (SMD) in RVGLS and RVFWS in patients with and without RVF postoperatively was pooled using random-effects model. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were included. Patients with RVF had significantly lower RVGLS and RVFWS as compared to non-RVF patients; SMD: 2.79 (95% CI: -4.07 to -1.50; P: <.001) and -3.05 (95% CI: -4.11 to -1.99; P: <.001), respectively. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for RVF per percentage increase of RVGLS and RVFWS were 1.10 (95 CI: 0.98-1.25) and 1.63 (95% CI 1.07-2.47), respectively. In a subgroup analysis, TTE-derived GLS and FWS were significantly lower in RVF patients as compared to non-RVF patients; SMD of -3.97 (95% CI: -5.40 to -2.54; P: <.001) and -3.05 (95% CI: -4.11 to -1.99; P: <.001), respectively. There was no significant difference between RVF and non-RVF groups in TEE-derived RVGLS and RVFWS. CONCLUSION: RVGLS and RVFWS were lower in patients who developed RVF as compared to non-RVF patients. In a subgroup analysis, TTE-derived RVGLS and RVFWS were reduced in RVF patients as compared to non-RVF patients. This difference was not reported with TEE.

Factor Xa inhibitors in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

OBJECTIVE: Warfarin is standard anticoagulation therapy for patients with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD). However, warfarin requires regular monitoring and dosage adjustments and fails for many patients, causing thromboembolic and bleeding events. Factor Xa inhibitors have been shown to be noninferior to warfarin in preventing strokes and are associated with less intracranial hemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation. We evaluated treatment safety and effectiveness in CF-LVAD patients who switched from warfarin to a factor Xa inhibitor (apixaban or rivaroxaban) after warfarin failure. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study of patients treated between 2008 and 2018. We assessed the occurrence of stroke, non-central nervous system (CNS) embolism, pump thrombosis, and major gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage during therapy. RESULTS: We identified seven patients: five were male, the average body mass index was 30 kg/m2, and average age was 56 years. Preimplantation comorbidities included hypertension (all patients) and diabetes mellitus, ischemic cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and previous myocardial infarction (four patients each). Overall, patients received warfarin for 3968 days and apixaban/rivaroxaban for 1459 days. The warfarin group was within the therapeutic INR range (2.0-3.0) 30% of the time. Complication rates did not differ between warfarin and apixaban/rivaroxaban: strokes, 0.20 vs none, non-CNS embolism, 0.54 vs none; pump thrombosis, 0.27 vs none; major gastrointestinal bleeding, 0.20 vs 0.50; intracranial hemorrhage, 0.13 vs none. CONCLUSIONS: Factor Xa inhibitors may be viable treatment options for CF-LVAD patients for whom warfarin therapy has failed. Large prospective studies are necessary to confirm these results.

Rhinovirus C15 Induces Airway Hyperresponsiveness via Calcium Mobilization in Airway Smooth Muscle.

Rhinovirus (RV) exposure evokes exacerbations of asthma that markedly impact morbidity and mortality worldwide. The mechanisms by which RV induces airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) or by which specific RV serotypes differentially evoke AHR remain unknown. We posit that RV infection evokes AHR and inflammatory mediator release, which correlate with degrees of RV infection. Furthermore, we posit that rhinovirus C-induced AHR requires paracrine or autocrine mediator release from epithelium that modulates agonist-induced calcium mobilization in human airway smooth muscle. In these studies, we used an ex vivo model to measure bronchoconstriction and mediator release from infected airways in human precision cut lung slices to understand how RV exposure alters airway constriction. We found that rhinovirus C15 (RV-C15) infection augmented carbachol-induced airway narrowing and significantly increased release of IP-10 (IFN-γ-induced protein 10) and MIP-1ß (macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß) but not IL-6. RV-C15 infection of human airway epithelial cells augmented agonist-induced intracellular calcium flux and phosphorylation of myosin light chain in co-cultured human airway smooth muscle to carbachol, but not after histamine stimulation. Our data suggest that RV-C15-induced structural cell inflammatory responses are associated with viral load but that inflammatory responses and alterations in agonist-mediated constriction of human small airways are uncoupled from viral load of the tissue.

Budesonide enhances agonist-induced bronchodilation in human small airways by increasing cAMP production in airway smooth muscle.

The nongenomic mechanisms by which glucocorticoids modulate ß2 agonist-induced-bronchodilation remain elusive. Our studies aimed to elucidate mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids on agonist-induced bronchodilation. Utilizing human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS), we measured bronchodilation to formoterol, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cholera toxin (CTX), or forskolin in the presence and absence of budesonide. Using cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM), intracellular cAMP was measured in live cells following exposure to formoterol, PGE2, or forskolin in the presence or absence of budesonide. We showed that simultaneous budesonide administration amplified formoterol-induced bronchodilation and attenuated agonist-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain, a necessary signaling event mediating force generation. In parallel studies, cAMP levels were augmented by simultaneous exposure of HASM cells to formoterol and budesonide. Budesonide, fluticasone, and prednisone alone rapidly increased cAMP levels, but steroids alone had little effect on bronchodilation in hPCLS. Bronchodilation induced by PGE2, CTX, or forskolin was also augmented by simultaneous exposure to budesonide in hPCLS. Furthermore, HASM cells expressed membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors that failed to translocate with glucocorticoid stimulation and that potentially mediated the rapid effects of steroids on ß2 agonist-induced bronchodilation. Knockdown of glucocorticoid receptor-α had little effect on budesonide-induced and steroid-dependent augmentation of formoterol-induced cAMP generation in HASM. Collectively, these studies suggest that glucocorticoids amplify cAMP-dependent bronchodilation by directly increasing cAMP levels. These studies identify a molecular mechanism by which the combination of glucocorticoids and ß2 agonists may augment bronchodilation in diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Pharmacotherapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Over the last 25 years there has been a significant evolution in the therapies to treat PAH. These therapies are effective for patients with group I PAH and group IV PH [chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH)]. PAH is characterized by an imbalance of nitric oxide, prostacyclin and endothelin levels, and current pharmacotherapy involves these three pathways. Earlier clinical trials involving PAH-specific therapies evaluated improvements in 6-minute walk time as a primary improvement whereas contemporary trials have been larger and focused on morbidity and mortality reductions. While there may be a role for monotherapy in disease management, most patients should be considered for dual or triple therapy.

Update in recent clinical trials in heart failure.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Heart failure represents a major growing health problem in developed world. This article aims to review recent heart failure trials that have significantly impacted the management of heart failure. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite advances in heart failure, mortality and morbidity remains elevated amongst patients. Recent clinical trials demonstrate promising treatment strategies that likely impact clinical practice; including heart failure prevention with the use of SGLT2-inhibitors in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular risk, new treatments that may abrogate disease progression in cardiac amyloidosis, intravenous iron therapy in iron deficiency anemia in chronic systolic heart failure, predischarge treatment with angiotensin receptor blocker with neprilysin inhibition (ARNi) in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure, and newer continuous flow left ventricular assist device with increased durability and efficacy in patients with Stage D heart failure. SUMMARY: Recent clinical trials with SGLT2 inhibitors, therapies targeting transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis, iron, angiotensin receptor blocker with neprilysin inhibition and newer mechanical circulatory support devices are very promising as practice changing new treatment strategies in prevention and treatment of heart failure. This article presents a summary of important trials and should be of practical value to both clinicians and researchers.

Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 Decreases ß2-Agonist-induced Relaxation in Human Airway Smooth Muscle.

Helper T effector cytokines implicated in asthma modulate the contractility of human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. We have reported recently that a profibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1, induces HASM cell shortening and airway hyperresponsiveness. Here, we assessed whether TGF-ß1 affects the ability of HASM cells to relax in response to ß2-agonists, a mainstay treatment for airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Overnight TGF-ß1 treatment significantly impaired isoproterenol (ISO)-induced relaxation of carbachol-stimulated, isolated HASM cells. This single-cell mechanical hyporesponsiveness to ISO was corroborated by sustained increases in myosin light chain phosphorylation. In TGF-ß1-treated HASM cells, ISO evoked markedly lower levels of intracellular cAMP. These attenuated cAMP levels were, in turn, restored with pharmacological and siRNA inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 and Smad3, respectively. Most strikingly, TGF-ß1 selectively induced phosphodiesterase 4D gene expression in HASM cells in a Smad2/3-dependent manner. Together, these data suggest that TGF-ß1 decreases HASM cell ß2-agonist relaxation responses by modulating intracellular cAMP levels via a Smad2/3-dependent mechanism. Our findings further define the mechanisms underlying ß2-agonist hyporesponsiveness in asthma, and suggest TGF-ß1 as a potential therapeutic target to decrease asthma exacerbations in severe and treatment-resistant asthma.

Orbital diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with combined variable immunodeficiency.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency manifesting as a reduction in the level of total immunoglobulin (Ig) G, a reduction in the level of either IgA or IgM, poor response to polysaccharide vaccine, and usually frequent infections. The association of CVID with an increased risk of malignancy, specifically lymphoma, is well known. A 63-year-old female with a past medical history significant for CVID presented with a 1-month history of dull, left eye pain with proptosis, hypoglobus, and left upper lid fullness without a discrete palpable mass. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbits revealed a diffuse infiltrating orbital mass superonasally with extension into the superior rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, and optic nerve up to the orbital apex and ethmoid sinus. A superonasal orbital biopsy with a caruncular approach was performed and demonstrated a sparse lymphoid infiltrate that was suggestive for a large B-cell neoplasm. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan demonstrated a hypermetabolic right lymph node, anterior to the right submandibular gland, which was biopsied and histopathology confirmed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Our patient achieved a very good response to chemotherapy with minimal residual disease on PET scan at the end of treatment. She attained a complete remission after radiation therapy. In conclusion, patients with new orbital and adnexa masses in the setting of a primary immunodeficiency can have an aggressive malignancy such as DLBCL and early diagnosis and systemic treatment carries a good prognosis.

Systematic review of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging in the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis (CP) can be challenging. It can be nearly impossible to distinguish CP from other causes of right heart failure. Although various imaging modalities help in the diagnosis, no test is definitive. Several reviews have addressed the role of various imaging techniques in the diagnosis of CP but a systematic review has not yet been published. OBJECTIVE: Our intention was to study the ability of various non-invasive imaging modalities to diagnose CP in patients with surgically confirmed disease and to apply our findings to develop a clinically useful diagnostic algorithm. METHODS: A PubMed (NLM) search was performed with MeSH term "constrictive pericarditis". Original articles that investigated the ability of various cardiovascular imaging modalities to noninvasively diagnose surgically confirmed CP were included in our review. Investigations that included any cases without surgical confirmation were excluded. RESULTS: The PubMed search yielded 3001 results with MeSH term "constrictive pericarditis" (January 8, 2016). We identified (40) studies on CP that matched our inclusion criteria. We summarized our results sorted by individual non-invasive CV imaging modalities - echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Under each imaging modality, we grouped our discussion based on different parameters useful in CP diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, contemporary diagnosis of CP is based on clinical features and echocardiography. Cardiac MRI is recommended in patients where echocardiography is not diagnostic. Both cardiac MRI and CT can guide surgical planning but we prefer MRI as it provides both structural and functional information.