Adverse childhood experiences and premature mortality through mid-adulthood: A five-decade prospective study.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have lasting effects on adult health and survival. In this study, we aimed to examine how the cumulative number and clustering patterns of ACEs were related to premature mortality. Methods: Participants (N=46 129; 45% White, 48% Black; 49·5% females) were offspring (born in 1959-1966) of participants enrolled in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). We conducted latent class analysis to examine the clustering patterns of ACEs assessed between children's birth and age seven. We also calculated the cumulative ACE scores of 13 individual ACEs. Cox regression models were used to examine the associations of ACE clusters and scores with risk of premature mortality from adolescence to mid-adulthood. Findings: At the start of the follow-up for mortality in 1979, participants were 12-20 years old (Mean=15·99 years), and within the 38-year follow-up through 2016, 3 344 deaths were observed among the 46 129 CPP offspring. Five latent classes of ACEs were identified. Compared to children with Low Adversity (48% of the sample), children in Family Instability (9%, HR=1·28, 95%CI 1·07-1·53), Poverty & Crowded Housing (21%, HR=1·41, 95%CI 1·24-1·62), and Poverty & Parental Separation (19%, HR=1·50, 95%CI 1·33-1·68) classes had higher hazards of premature mortality. In addition, children with 2 (HR=1·27, 95%CI 1·14-1·41), 3 (HR=1·29, 95%CI 1·15-1·45), and 4+ (HR=1·45, 95%CI 1·30-1·61) ACEs had higher hazards of mortality than those with no ACE. The clusters of Poverty & Crowded Housing (HR=1·28, 95%CI 1·10-1·49) and Poverty & Parental Separation (HR=1·23, 95%CI 1·02-1·48) remained associated with higher risk of premature mortality, beyond the cumulative risk of higher number of ACEs (HR=1·05, 95%CI 1·01-1·08). Interpretation: About half of the CPP cohort experienced early life adversities that clustered into four distinct patterns, which were associated with different risk of premature mortality. It is important to deepen our understanding of how specific clusters of childhood adversities affect health and premature mortality to better inform approaches to prevention and interventions.

Not So Sweet Sweet's Syndrome: A Case of Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis in the Treatment of Ovarian Carcinoma.

Background: Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, or Sweet's Syndrome (SS), was first characterized by Dr. Robert Sweet in 1964 with eight cases of fever, neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytosis, dermatological lesions, and histological evidence of dense dermal infiltration by mature neutrophils. SS presents in three settings: idiopathic, malignancy-associated, and drug-induced. In 1996, Walker and Cohen outlined the current diagnostic criteria for drug-induced SS with abrupt onset of painful lesions, dermal histology showing dense neutrophilic infiltrate, pyrexia > 38 °C, temporal relationship of drug administration to clinical presentation, and symptom resolution following drug withdrawal or systemic corticosteroid treatment. SS has rarely been reported in association with gynecologic malignancies. Method: Case Report. Case: A 41-year-old female receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma presented for evaluation of cyclic fevers with dermatologic lesions following treatment with Carboplatin and Taxol, with Pegfilgrastim. On days 11-17 of treatment she reported fevers ranging from 101°F-104°F (38 °C- 40 °C) with subsequent eruption of truncal erythematous, pustular, and painful coalescing plaques. Lesion biopsies confirmed histologic presence of dense neutrophilic infiltration. The patient was initiated on oral corticosteroid therapy with symptom improvement. Discussion: This case represents an example of SS in a patient receiving therapy with the most commonly implicated medication class, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF). In drug-induced SS, there's often a temporal relationship between medication administration and symptom development. In this case, all criteria for drug-induced SS were met with a GCS-F as the likely causative agent. This case illustrates a rare diagnosis in the context of gynecologic cancer treatment and will expand available reports of SS in the Gynecologic Oncology literature. We hope to elicit more prompt recognition and diagnosis of SS from practitioners to minimize patient morbidity and long-term sequelae.

Historical Trauma and Descendants' Well-Being.

Because multiple Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities in the United States have experienced historical trauma (HT), it is important to understand HT's impact on the well-being of members of subsequent generations. This article addresses intergenerational trauma transmission, focusing primarily on Japanese American and Southeast Asian American communities. Research on these groups illuminates strategies for future empirical investigations of intergenerational trauma in other AAPI populations and suggests implications for care.

Childhood disadvantage, neurocognitive development and neuropsychiatric disorders: Evidence of mechanisms.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged households have excess risks of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems. The purpose of this review is to synthesize evidence for mechanisms that may contribute to these excess risks. RECENT FINDINGS: The majority of the 60 studies included in our review focused on children's neurocognitive development and behavioural problems. About half conducted mediation analyses of factors in the family and neighbourhood environments, including access to resources (e.g. cognitive inputs within the home environment) and exposure to stressors (e.g. negative parenting practices), as well as neurobiological embedding of childhood disadvantage. In addition, many studies conducted moderation analyses of factors that were hypothesized to interact with (i.e. exacerbate or mitigate) the harmful effects of childhood disadvantage. SUMMARY: Many of the factors that contribute to the excess risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems among children in disadvantaged households are potentially modifiable (e.g. cognitively stimulating materials, parental language input, cultural resources, parental stress and psychopathology, negative parenting, neighbourhood violence). If their causality is ultimately established, they could be targets for the prevention and reduction of disparities. The continued search for mechanisms should not detract from work to reduce and hopefully eliminate children's exposure to disadvantage.

Resilience Factors in the Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether life satisfaction and optimism might reduce the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents with depressive symptoms. METHODS: Participants were 1,904 youth from the NEXT Generation Health Study, a national sample of U.S. adolescents, followed over 7 years from 2009/2010 to 2015/2016. Longitudinal latent profile analysis and logistic regressions were conducted. RESULTS: We identified three subgroups of adolescents with different patterns of depressive symptoms across the first six waves: "Low" (40%), "Mild" (42%), and "Moderate to Severe" (18%). The Moderate to Severe (OR = 14.47, 95% CI [6.61, 31.66]) and Mild (OR = 3.90, 95% CI [2.22, 6.86]) depression profiles had significantly higher odds of developing suicidality than the Low depression profile. Both life satisfaction and optimism moderated the association between depressive symptom profile and suicidality. The difference in suicidality risk between the Mild and Low depression profiles was significantly attenuated at high versus low levels of life satisfaction, with a difference of -.08, 95% CI [-.14, -.03]. In addition, the difference in suicidality risk between the Moderate to Severe and Low depression profiles was attenuated at high versus low levels of optimism, with a difference of -.11, 95% CI [-.21, -.01]. CONCLUSIONS: For adolescents transitioning to young adulthood, resilience factors such as life satisfaction and optimism may buffer against suicidality risk in the face of mild or moderate to severe depressive symptoms.

Intraluminal mesh migration causing enteroenteric and enterocutaneous fistula: a case and discussion of the 'mesh problem'.

The use of synthetic mesh in the abdominal compartment has recently become a topic of debate as high profile public cases have called into question their safety. Several case reports have demonstrated significant complications due to intra-abdominal mesh. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that the rates of these severe complications are underestimated. We present the case of a patient who developed an enteroenteric and enterocutaenous fistulae, an abdominal wall collection and an intraperitoneal inflammatory mass from intraluminal migration of a synthetic mesh inserted during laparoscopic incisional hernia repair. We discuss the considerations and complications of using synthetic mesh for ventral hernia repair and discuss the scientific evidence behind the increasingly apparent 'mesh problem'.

Unilateral infective sacroiliitis in a boy presenting with a limp.

A 9-year-old boy admitted to a district general hospital with a 1-week history of fever and a 2-day history of right hip pain. Initial workup revealed raised inflammatory markers and unremarkable imaging studies. After clinical review, there was minimal improvement of the patient's condition 5 days after presentation; therefore, an MRI of the pelvis/hips was carried out, which supported a clinical diagnosis of right-sided infective sacroiliitis. Infective sacroiliitis is rare and only represents 1%-2% of septic arthritis in children. The condition still remains a diagnostic challenge first due to poor localisation of symptoms with referred pain to the hip, thigh and lower back and second due to a lack of awareness by non-specialist clinicians. Early diagnosis is a key to avoid sequelae such as an abscess, degenerative changes of the sacroiliac joint and can be achieved by a thorough clinical examination, monitoring inflammatory markers and MRI.

Impact of Surgihoney Reactive Oxygen on surgical site infection (SSI) after complex abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) of grade 3 and 4 ventral Hernias: A single arm pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Following Abdominal Wall Reconstruction (AWR) wound infections occur in over one third of patients and rates can be even higher in entero-cutaneous fistula repair. A novel antimicrobial gel has been engineered by microbiologists called Surgihoney Reactive Oxygen (SHRO). SHRO gel will be applied to a group of patients. We aim to conduct a pilot case series with the hope to show a reduction in local wound complications after SHRO application. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A single arm pilot study of AWR patients will be carried out on patients with grade 3 and 4 (VHWG grade) ventral hernias. Patients' pre-operative wounds will be graded according to the CDC classification scale. Post operatively the wounds will be classified according to the Wilson surgical site infection classification. Intervention: SHRO will be applied after abdominal fascial closure and before skin closure through a standardised method. Our results from the series will be compared to our retrospective standard wound care results. Data will be collected from 01.03.2017 to 01.11.2017. Primary outcome: Surgical site infection within 30 days of surgery, assessed by clinicians at 5, 15 and 30 days and by patient's self-report for the intervening period. Secondary outcomes include other SSOs (haematoma, seroma, wound dehiscence, skin necrosis), duration of stay in hospital, reported side effects from local treatment and other systemic postoperative complications. We will aim for a cohort of 40 patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide an assessment of methods and feasibility of recruiting and following up patients who are treated with SHRO. On the basis of this pilot trial, a full trial may be proposed in the future which will provide additional, robust evidence on the clinical and cost effectiveness of SHRO in wound management following AWR. This may act as a model for the management of wounds in complex patients undergoing AWR.