Social networks and customer loyalty: review of loyalty keys and main social networks publications' characteristics.

The aim of this work is to shed light on the characteristics and relationship between customer loyalty and publications by the companies on social networks; it has been undertaken with the aid of an exhaustive review of previous studies from 1994 up to the present time. The purpose of the research is to generate a model that can tackle the practical characteristics of the publications on social networks to encourage loyalty. With a view to this, a model is developed that is an extension of the traditional "Four Stage Loyalty Model" based on other constructions of the same model, and combined with the characteristics of social networks publications defined in earlier literature. This reflexive approach is particularly important here due to the fact that companies have to be closer to customers' requirements and customers have the option to choose from which type of communication they wish to be the object.

Main theoretical consumer behavioural models. A review from 1935 to 2021.

In the area of company economy, consumer behaviour and consumer attitudes to consumption and debt have been the subject of study ever since this discipline came into practice. This publication is a result of an initial work that provides a conceptual analyses and review, within a line of research that the authors are developing, the aim of which is to establish the characteristics that determine the current consumer behaviour and the actual patterns of conduct that make it possible to devise a new contextual psycho-economic model with regard to consumer behaviour. This work is an exhaustive theoretical review of the numerous authors, theories and models concerning consumer behaviour considered from 1935 to 2021.

Consumer Experience and Omnichannel Behavior in Various Sales Atmospheres.

The conceptual framework for our analysis is the approach to environmental psychology first introduced by different authors in 1974. Subsequently in 1982 this concept was applied to retail outlets so as to better understand the effect on consumers of atmospheric stimuli experienced in a physical store. Following the developing trend from traditional marketing to new online sales channels, various authors have sought to transfer and validate these theories with virtual outlets or e-stores, so as to validate them in a context of e-commerce. Our study thoroughly analyses and reviews the most widely accepted models in the study of the influence of sales atmospherics on consumer behavior in physical store environments, and the adaptation and application of such models to today's omnichannel shopper behavior, where shopping environments combine physical sales settings with new digital sales atmospheres.

Laser induced surface structuring and ion conversion in the surface oxide of titanium: possible implications for the wetability of laser treated implants.

In the present study, commercially pure titanium was irradiated with UV-light with varying wavelengths using a Q-switched Nd:YAG-laser. This was performed in order to investigate if a laser treatment can be employed to rapidly introduce hydrophilic properties to titanium surfaces, which is believed to facilitate protein adsorption and cell attachment. It was demonstrated that irradiation with 355 nm light (10 Hz, 90 mJ/shot) for 1 min or more caused an ion conversion of Ti(4+) to Ti(3+) sites in the surface oxide which lead to an increase in hydrophilicity of the surface. Furthermore, shorter irradiation times at 355 nm caused a surface structuring that gave rise to an unexpected and unstable hydrophobic state at the surface. Irradiation with 266 nm light (10 Hz, 40 mJ/shot) did not introduce any ion conversion in the surface oxide, nor did it give rise to any hydrophobicity of the surface.

Biological response of laser macrostructured and oxidized titanium alloy: an in vitro and in vivo study.

PURPOSE: To assess both the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a laser modified surface in an integrated manner. A combined innovative approach applies lasers to macrostructure as well as to oxidize the surface of titanium alloy implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Nd:YAG marking and ArF excimer lasers were used for macrostructuring and UV-oxidizing the surface of Ti6Al4V discs, respectively. Human fetal osteoblastic cell culture and a sheep tibia model were used to assess the cell response and the osseogeneration capability of as-machined, laser macrostructured and laser macrostructured and oxidized surfaces. RESULTS: In vitro: Laser macrostructuration alone did not promote cell response. Cellular proliferation was enhanced by the additional UV laser oxidation. In vivo: A greater significant percentage of bone-implant contact was obtained for both laser treated surfaces compared to machine-turned control samples, three months after implantation, in spite of the low cellular response for macrostructured samples. The use of sheep model for six months appears to be less adequate for a comparison because of the high level of bone integration in all samples. In spite of the often reported positive effect of titanium oxidation on the triggering of faster osseointegration, in this experiment the additional UV laser oxidation did not lead to a significant in vivo improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Laser macrostructuration of titanium alloy surfaces appears to promote bone apposition and may therefore constitute a promising surface modification strategy. In animal models, the natural process of titanium surface oxidation, because of physiologic fluids, alters properties observed in vitro with cells.