Skeletal changes of the axial axis and lower limbs in overweight children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of axial skeletal deviations in children and adolescents and to relate them to body mass index (BMI), age and sex. METHODS: 101 patients aged 7 to 17 years old were included in this study; exclusion criteria were primary orthopedic diseases and syndromes or treatments that affect growth. Patients were grouped according to their BMI Z-score: eutrophic (n=29), overweight (n=18) and obese (n=54). They underwent static clinical inspection was made by simetrographic technique. Intermaleolar distance was obtained, Adam's forward bend and tiptoe tests were performed. RESULTS: When comparing obese and eutrophic patients, changes in the cervical spine (p<0.01), spine (p<0.001), hip (p<0.01) and shoulders (p<0.001) were present in more than half of the obese patients (62.5%, 62.2%, 79.9% and 55.4%, respectively). Changes in the knees were more frequent among obese (p<0.001) when compared to eutrophic patients. There was no variation regarding age or sex (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: being overweight influences skeletal deviations in children and adolescents.

Skeletal changes of the axial axis and lower limbs in overweight children and adolescents / Alterações esqueléticas do eixo axial e de membros inferiores em crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the presence of axial skeletal deviations in children and adolescents and to relate them to body mass index (BMI), age and sex. Methods: 101 patients aged 7 to 17 years old were included in this study; exclusion criteria were primary orthopedic diseases and syndromes or treatments that affect growth. Patients were grouped according to their BMI Z-score: eutrophic (n=29), overweight (n=18) and obese (n=54). They underwent static clinical inspection was made by simetrographic technique. Intermaleolar distance was obtained, Adam's forward bend and tiptoe tests were performed. Results: When comparing obese and eutrophic patients, changes in the cervical spine (p<0.01), spine (p<0.001), hip (p<0.01) and shoulders (p<0.001) were present in more than half of the obese patients (62.5%, 62.2%, 79.9% and 55.4%, respectively). Changes in the knees were more frequent among obese (p<0.001) when compared to eutrophic patients. There was no variation regarding age or sex (p>0.05). Conclusions: being overweight influences skeletal deviations in children and adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a presença de desvios do esqueleto axial em crianças e adolescentes e relacioná-los com índice de massa corpórea, idade e sexo. Métodos: Fizeram parte deste estudo 101 pacientes de sete a 17 anos, os quais não possuíam doenças ortopédicas primárias, síndromes ou tratamentos que afetassem o crescimento. Os pacientes foram agrupados conforme os escores Z do índice de massa corpórea em: eutróficos (n=29), com sobrepeso (n=18) e obesos (n=54). Foram avaliados por meio da inspeção clínica estática, com simetrógrafo de parede, medida da distância intermaleolar, manobra de Adams e teste da ponta dos pés. Resultados: Quando comparados os pacientes obesos com os eutróficos, alterações de coluna cervical (p<0,01), coluna (p<0,001), quadril (p<0,01) e ombros (p<0,001) ocorreram em mais da metade dos obesos (62,5, 62,2, 79,9 e 55,4%, respectivamente). Alterações nos joelhos foram mais frequentes entre os obesos (p<0,001) quando comparados aos eutróficos. Não houve variação com a idade ou o sexo (p>0,05). Conclusões: Conclui-se que o excesso de peso exerce influência sobre desvios do esqueleto em crianças e adolescentes.

The mesoionic compound MI-D changes energy metabolism and induces apoptosis in T98G glioma cells.

The mesoionic compound 4-phenyl-5-(4-nitro-cinnamoyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazolium-2-phenylamine chloride (MI-D) impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and has a significant antitumour effect against hepatocarcinoma and melanoma. This study evaluated the cytotoxic effect of MI-D on T98G glioblastoma cells and investigated whether the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation promoted by MI-D is relevant to its cytotoxic effect. The effects of MI-D on T98G cells cultured in high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) HG (glycolysis-dependent) and galactose plus glutamine-supplemented Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) GAL (oxidative phosphorylation-dependent) were compared. T98G cells grown in DMEM GAL medium exhibited higher respiration rates and citrate synthase activity and lower lactate levels, confirming the metabolic shift to oxidative phosphorylation in these cells. MI-D significantly decreased the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in both media; however, T98G cells cultured in DMEM GAL medium were more susceptible. The mesoionic significantly inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation of glioma cells in both media. At the same time, lactate levels were not altered, indicating an absence of compensatory glycolysis activation. Additionally, MI-D increased the citrate synthase activity of cells in both media, which in DMEM HG-cultivated cells was followed by citrate accumulation. Apoptosis dependent on caspase-3 mediated the toxicity of MI-D on T98G cells. The higher susceptibility of glioma cells cultured in DMEM GAL medium to MI-D indicates that the impairment of mitochondrial functions is involved in mesoionic cytotoxicity. The results of this study indicate the potential use of MI-D for glioblastoma treatment.