[Detection of a non-standard mutation in the ret protoncogene by site directed mutagenesis]. / Detección de una mutación no estándar en el proto-oncogen ret por mutagénesis dirigida.

MEN2A is an autosomic dominant disease, characterized by medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia. Mutations in the ret proto-oncogene are associated with this disease, with almost 100% of penetrance. The gene, situated on chromosome 10q11.2, codes for a transmembrane protein with a tyrosinkinase-like receptor function. Mutations that affect its extracellular domain, stimulate spontaneous homodimerization and elevate the basal tyrosinkinase activity. The codon 634 of the gene is considered a hot-spot site, since it is mutated in 85% of the MEN2A families. Our group developed in 2002 an indirect and costless strategy to detect alterations in this site. We present a family suspected of having MEN2A. We applied our PCR based indirect strategy on the DNA of the index patient and found that there was no mutation in that site. Posterior sequencing of exon 10 and 11 confirmed that the mutation affecting this family was in codon 611. Thus, we developed a new costless family-specific strategy based on mutagenic PCR and enzymatic cuts to diagnose all the family members. A seven-year old boy with this mutation was preventively thyroidectomized. In this way, combining the indirect methodology for codon 634 previously developed by our group, and a posterior family-specific mutation detection strategy, we were able to diagnose and intervene presymptomatically the family members, avoiding sending all the samples to foreign centers.

A PCR-mutagenesis strategy for rapid detection of mutations in codon 634 of the ret proto-oncogene related to MEN 2A.

BACKGROUND: Multiple endocrine neoplasias type 2A (MEN 2A) is a dominantly inherited cancer syndrome. Missence mutations in the codon encoding cysteine 634 of the ret proto-oncogene have been found in 85% of the MEN 2A families. The main tumour type always present in MEN 2A is medullar thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Only 25% of all MTC are hereditary, and generally they are identified by a careful family history. However, some familial MTCs are not easily detected by this means and underdiagnosis of MEN 2A is suspected. METHODS: DNA samples from MEN 2A patients were amplified by PCR. The products were incubated with the restriction enzyme Bst ApI or Bgl I. The samples were loaded in non-denaturing 10% Polyacrilamyde Gel and run at 120 volts for 40 min. The gels were stained with 10 microg/ml ethidium bromide, and the bands were visualized under a UV lamp. RESULTS: We developed a PCR-mutagenic method to check the integrity of the three bases of the cysteine 634 codon. CONCLUSION: The method can be used to detect inherited mutations in MTC patients without a clear family history. The method is relatively simple to use as a routine test in these patients to decrease the underdiagnosis of MEN 2A. In addition, the assay can be used to screen affected families with any mutation in cysteine 634.

Very early detection of RET proto-oncogene mutation is crucial for preventive thyroidectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 children: presence of C-cell malignant disease in asymptomatic carriers.

BACKGROUND: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is an inherited disease caused by germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene, and is responsible for the development of endocrine neoplasia. Its prognosis is dependent on the appearance and spread of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Relatives at risk can be identified before clinical or biochemical signs of the disease become evident. METHODS: Twenty-one families with MEN 2 (16 families with MEN 2A and 5 families with MEN 2B) were studied. Peripheral blood DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. DNA sequence or restriction enzyme analysis was performed to detect mutations of RET proto-oncogene exons 10, 11, and 16. Molecular analysis was carried out in all index patients as well as in 98 relatives of MEN 2A patients (60 juveniles, ages 6 months to 21 years, and 38 adults, ages 22 to 81 years) and in 13 relatives (6 juveniles ages 10 to 21 years, and 7 adults ages 41 to 66 years) from MEN 2B families. RESULTS: Molecular studies showed a mutation at codon 634, exon 11 in all MEN 2A patients. All MEN 2B patients showed an ATG to ACG (Met918Thr) mutation. In MEN 2A families, 42 out of 98 relatives were affected. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 18 juvenile carriers ages 17 months to 21 years. Histopathologic studies of the glands revealed parafollicular cell (C-cell) hyperplasia in all of these carriers, medullary thyroid carcinoma in 15 carriers, and only one carrier with lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The consistent finding of C-cell disease in all the juvenile carriers who underwent preventive thyroidectomy emphasizes the relevance of early screening in children at risk of developing MTC. The presence of MTC in the specimen of prophylactic thyroidectomy from a 17 month old girl highlights the importance of thyroidectomy as soon as the molecular diagnosis is confirmed.

Diagnostico por mutagenesis dirigida de una mutacion en el gen hMSH2 vinculada a cancer colorrectal hereditario no poliposo / Diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer by directed mutagenesis in a mutation at the hMSH2 gene

El cáncer colorrectal hereditario no poliposo (HNPCC) es la forma más común de cáncer de colon hereditario, y una de las afecciones autosómicas dominantes más frecuentes. Clínicamente se caracteriza por su temprana apacición (< 50 años), la localización proximal de los tumores colónicos y un alto riesgo de desarrollar tumores colorrectales primarios múltiples y extracolónicos. La enfermedad es causada por diferentes mutaciones en alguno de los por lo menos cuatro genes reparadores de discordancias del AND (genes MMR: hMSH2, hHLH1, hPMS1 y hPMS2. Se calcula que afecta a 1:200 1:2000 personas de la población occidental. La identificación de estos genes responsables de HNPCC ha permitido la búsqueda de mutaciones germinales en individuos afectados. En una familia mendocina con cáncer de colon hereditario se realizó la búsqueda del gen afectado a través de un centro holandés de diagnóstico de HNPCC donde detectaron una mutación en el exón 13 del gen hMSH2. La mutación introduce un codón de finalización temprano lo que provoca la expresión de una proteína truncada. Esta mutación en particular no estaba registrada en la base de datos de mutaciones relacionadas con HNPCC. Luego de la detección en el paciente índice, desarrollamos en nuestro laboratorio un procedimiento rápido y eficiente para detectar mutaciones en el resto de los familiares. La metodología consistió en la amplificación del exón 13 del gen hMSH2 mediante un cebador para el extremo 5' que linda con el sitio de la mutación puntual e introduce parte de la secuencia de corte para la enzima Haelll que es completada sólo en el alelo sano. Este análisis genético nos permitió hasta la fecha diagnosticar 17 individuos de los cuales 9 resultaron afectados y están entrando en un programa de seguimiento clínico y consultoría genética.

Complicaciones de la cirugía tiroidea: nervio recurrente y glándula paratiroidea / Complications of the thyroid surgery: recurrent nerve and parathyroid gland

Se expone una sistematización de la técnica quirúrgica intraoperatoria, destinada a evitar la lesión de los nervios recurrentes y glándulas paratiroides, con especial énfase en su profilaxis, mecanismo de producción, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Es fundamental la búsqueda e identificación de esos elementos para evitar su tratamiento. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en 200 enfermos (102 lobectomías subtotales bilaterales, 91 lobectomías totales y subtotales opuestas y 7 tiroidectomías totales) en los que la incidencia de cada complicación fue del 1,50%