A review of the latest developments in rotary NiTi technology and root canal preparation.

The introduction of nickel-titanium (NiTi) mechanical instruments dramatically changed clinical endodontics over the last few decades. Before NiTi, it was necessary to use more instruments to create an ideal root canal shape, and many approaches, sequences and techniques were developed over the years. Recently, NiTi endodontic instruments have undergone a series of changes brought about by modifications in design, surface treatments, and thermal treatments to improve their root canal preparation outcomes and reduce associated canal preparation risks during root canal treatment. Heat treatment is one of the most fundamental approaches to improving the fatigue resistance and flexibility of NiTi endodontic instruments. In addition, new kinematics have been developed to offer greater safety and efficiency. This narrative review describes the general properties and manufacturing of NiTi instruments, and the mechanical system evolution of NiTi instruments.

European Society of Endodontology position statement: Surgical extrusion, intentional replantation and tooth autotransplantation: European Society of Endodontology developed by.

This European Society of Endodontology (ESE) position statement on surgical extrusion, intentional replantation and tooth autotransplantation represents the consensus of an expert committee, convened by the ESE. A narrative review in the International Endodontic Journal (Plotino et al. 2020, international Endodontic Journal, 53, 1636-52) formed the basis for the position statement. The review provided detailed information on the background, clinical procedures and the outcome of surgical extrusion, intentional replantation and tooth autotransplantation techniques. The aim of the current statement is to summarize the best available evidence on these clinical techniques to provide appropriate clinical guidance to undergraduate and postgraduate students, dental practitioners, clinical teachers and researchers. The current position statement will be updated by the ESE periodically to reflect new evidence as it becomes available to provide the most current treatment guidance for clinical practice.

The management of deep carious lesions and the exposed pulp amongst members of two European endodontic societies: a questionnaire-based study.

AIMS: To investigate and compare views on management of deep caries and the exposed pulp by Endodontic Society members in Ireland (Irish Endodontic Society [IES]) and Italy (Accademia Italiana di Endodonzia [AIE]). Further aims were to investigate the influence of patient-related factors (age, symptoms) and operator-related factors (material choice, antibiotics) on management. METHODOLOGY: A structured online questionnaire containing two cases (an 18- and 45-year-old) and two scenarios (± mild symptoms), including history and radiograph, was sent to IES and AIE members. The answers were analysed using chi-square and Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: In total, 120 dentists participated, representing 49% of the AIE and 48% of the IES membership. Age distribution was similar between the societies; however, most AIE members had no further qualifications (63%), while IES respondents generally had a postgraduate endodontic qualification (71%). AIE respondents carried out a larger volume of vital pulp treatment (VPT) per month, with 69% carrying out over five cases, compared with 22% of IES respondents. The presence of patient symptoms significantly altered treatment planning decisions (P < 0.001) with root canal treatment (RCT) more frequently selected in both societies. Patient age significantly influenced treatment choice in the absence (P = 0.043) or presence (P = 0.012) of symptoms with less VPT advocated in older patients. There were no significant differences in the treatment of a young patient in the presence (P = 0.302) or absence of symptoms (P = 0.297); however, older patient management differed between the societies for symptomatic (P = 0.041) and asymptomatic scenarios (P = 0.044) with significantly more RCTs carried out in the AIE than the IES. Hydraulic calcium silicate materials were commonly selected, accounting for 81% of IES and 69% of AIE VPT materials, although younger members of the AIE preferred calcium hydroxide materials. Younger dentists in both societies prescribed less RCT than older age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although VPT is carried out by members of both societies there was no consistency regarding the most appropriate management for the exposed pulp or the VPT material of choice. Patient symptoms and age significantly influence the decision-making process and invasiveness of treatment. Hydraulic calcium silicate materials were the most commonly advocated material in all groups except young AIE members who preferred calcium hydroxide.

Evaluation of smear layer and debris removal by stepwise intraoperative activation (SIA) of sodium hypochlorite.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a stepwise intraoperative activation (SIA) of irrigants during and after the instrumentation compared with that of a conventional activation (CA) performed only after the instrumentation to remove smear layer and debris using different activation devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 70 single-rooted teeth were divided into a control group (no activation, n = 10) and two different experimental groups according to the irrigant activation protocol used: group 1 (CA), in which sodium hypochlorite was activated only after the use of the last mechanical file, and group 2 (SIA), in which activation was performed during and after the instrumentation. The two groups were divided into 3 subgroups according to the activation device used (n = 10): passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI, subgroup a), EndoActivator (EA, subgroup b), and EDDY (subgroup c). The roots were split longitudinally and observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the presence of debris and smear layer, and the results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: All activation protocols and devices were more effective than control group in removing smear layer and debris from all root canal thirds (P < 0.05), except for CA-EA (group 1b) in the apical third. In the apical third, SIA was found to be more effective than CA (P < 0.05) to remove smear layer and residual debris when PUI was used, to remove the smear layer when EA was used (P < 0.05), and to remove residual debris when EDDY was used (P < 0.05). PUI and EDDY removed statistically more smear layer and debris than EA in the apical third (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SIA technique improved the smear layer and debris removal from the apical third and debris removal from the coronal third, and PUI and EDDY were more effective than EA in the apical third. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The stepwise intraoperative activation (SIA) technique may increase smear layer and debris removal.

Clinical procedures and outcome of surgical extrusion, intentional replantation and tooth autotransplantation - a narrative review.

Surgical extrusion is defined as the procedure in which the remaining tooth structure is repositioned at a more coronal/supragingival position in the same socket in which the tooth was located originally. Intentional replantation is defined as the deliberate extraction of a tooth and after evaluation of root surfaces, endodontic manipulation and repair, placement of the tooth back into its original position. Tooth autotransplantation is defined as the transplantation of an unerupted or erupted tooth in the same individual, from one site to another extraction site or a new surgically prepared socket. The advent of titanium implant rehabilitation has reduced the use of these treatments in day-by-day clinical practice; however, the re-emerging trend to conserve and preserve natural sound tissues has led to a rediscovery of these treatments. All three distinct surgical methods are closely related, as they act to treat teeth that cannot be predictably treated using other more conventional procedures in endodontics, periodontics and restorative dentistry. Furthermore, these procedures share the same treatment approach and include the atraumatic extraction of a tooth, visual inspection of the tooth/root and its subsequent replantation. The clinical procedures for surgical extrusion, intentional replantation and tooth autotransplantation treatment have undergone several changes in recent years, and currently, there are no clear clinical treatment protocols/guidelines available. The clinician should be aware of the outcome of these treatments. Hence, the aim of this narrative review is to provide the background, clinical procedures and outcomes of surgical extrusion, intentional replantation and tooth autotransplantation.

Evaluation of filling material remnants after basic preparation, apical enlargement and final irrigation in retreatment of severely curved root canals in extracted teeth.

AIM: To compare the retreatment ability of several rotary and reciprocating file systems in curved root canals of extracted teeth and to evaluate the influence of additional apical enlargement performed after a basic retreatment on the amount of remaining filling material. METHODOLOGY: A total of 65 round curved root canals were used. The root canals were prepared with the ProTaper Next rotary system to size 25, .06 taper and filled with an epoxy resin-based sealer and gutta-percha using continuous wave vertical compaction and warm injection back-filling. The canals were randomly divided into four groups according to the retreatment system used: Group I. ProTaper Universal Retreatment system + ProTaper Gold (PTG) instrumentation system up to PTG F2; Group II. Reciproc Blue system up to the instrument RB25; Group III. Reciproc system up to the instrument R25; Group IV. Wave One Gold (WOG) system up to the instrument WOG25. After the basic retreatment, additional apical enlargement was performed in each group with an instrument that was one size larger: in Group I, II and III up to apical size 40, and in Group IV up to 35. The final irrigation protocol included the following: 15% ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid followed by NaOCl irrigation. The volume of filling material was measured using an industrial micro-CT four times: after root canal filling (Volume I), after basic retreatment with size 25 files (Volume II), after additional root canal enlargement with larger instruments (Volume III), and after the final irrigation protocol (Volume IV). The decrease in the amount of filling material after each retreatment protocol was analysed using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Intergroup analyses were performed with a Kruskal-Wallis test and between-group differences were further analysed with Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences amongst the systems tested in the amount of remaining filling material, or the reduction rates after each phase of the retreatment procedures (P > 0.05). Intragroup analysis indicated that the use of a larger final instrument removed significantly more filling material in all groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The four tested instrumentation systems were equally effective in removing filling materials from curved root canals in extracted teeth. Additional apical enlargement with larger files improved the removal of filling remnants after basic retreatment.

Cutting efficiency of conventional and heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary or reciprocating glide path instruments.

AIM: To compare the cutting efficiency of several glide path files: HyFlex EDM Glidepath File (HEGF), One G (OG), R-Pilot (RP) and WaveOne Gold Glider (WOGG) at different cutting inclinations. METHODOLOGY: Cutting efficiency of 120 new HEGF, OG, RP and WOGG was tested at 90°, 70° and 45° inclination in relation to the sample. Depending on manufacturer instructions, instruments were tested in continuous rotation or reciprocating motion against standardized gypsum samples for 120 s using a customized apparatus. Cutting efficiency was determined by measuring the weight loss and the length of the sample cut. Data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey t-test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: RP and WOGG had greater cutting ability than HEGF and OG in all tested angles. RP tested at 45° had significantly greater cutting efficiency than when tested at 90° and 70° (P < 0.05). OG was not significantly different in terms of cutting ability at 90°, 70° and 45° (P > 0.05). HEGF and WOGG had significantly greater cutting efficiency at 45° and 70° compared to 90° (P < 0.05), with no significant difference between 45° and 70° (P > 0.05). RP had the greatest cutting ability at all tested angles. CONCLUSIONS: Reciprocating glide path instruments had greater cutting efficiency compared to those in continuous rotation. An inclined insertion (45° or 70°) increased the cutting ability of glide path files except for One G conventional NiTi files.

Influence of size and taper of basic root canal preparation on root canal cleanliness: a scanning electron microscopy study.

AIM: To investigate whether a minimally invasive basic root canal preparation technique has an influence on root canal cleanliness in extracted mandibular molar teeth. METHODOLOGY: A total of 80 root canals (40 mesio-buccal and 40 mesio-lingual) from 40 mandibular molars were included. The teeth were divided equally into four different experimental groups depending on the subsequently root canal preparation technique: Group 1: a basic preparation was performed up to size 20, .04 taper; Group 2: a basic preparation was performed up to size 2, .06 taper; Group 3: a basic preparation was performed up to size 25, .04 taper; and Group 4: a basic preparation was performed up to size 25, .06 taper. After the use of each instrument, each root canal was irrigated with 2.5 mL of 6% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s. Then, 1 mL NaOCl was activated for 20 s using an EDDY sonic tip. Final irrigation was performed using a total of 5 mL of 17% EDTA solution. The roots were then split longitudinally and all root canal thirds were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the presence of superficial debris and smear layer using a scoring system. Data were statistically analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni tests with a level of significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: In all groups, there was significantly more residual debris and smear layer in the apical third (P < 0.05), with no differences between the middle and coronal thirds (P > 0.05). For both the parameters analysed, there was no difference amongst the groups in the middle and coronal thirds (P > 0.05), whilst in the apical third significantly less debris and smear layer was found in specimens from groups 3 and 4 than for groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: All basic root canal preparation techniques were associated with less debris and smear layer on the canal walls in the middle and coronal thirds, without differences among them. Even though debris and smear layer were always present in the apical third, an apical size of 25 resulted in significantly cleaner canals walls compared to a size 20.

Photodynamic therapy in endodontics.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that was initiated in 1900; however, it was not until the last decade that PDT regained attention for its several favourable features during the treatment of microbial infections in endodontics. Recently, several papers advocated its use for root canal treatment. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires microbial exposure to either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizer molecules, followed by visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the red/near-infrared region that cause the excitation of the photosensitizers resulting in the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components and consequently produce cell inactivation and death. Recently, PDT has been suggested as a promising effective adjunct to standard antimicrobial intracanal cleaning and shaping for the treatment of periapical lesions. Current publications tested PDT in terms of bacterial load reduction in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo, showing promising results. The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature on PDT in the endodontic field regarding its mechanism of action, photosensitizers and light sources, limitations and clinical procedures. Although positive results have been demonstrated in vitro, there are considerably fewer in vivo investigations. In conclusion, more in vivo studies are needed on the use of antimicrobial PDT in root canal treatment.

Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance and bending properties of two reciprocating nickel-titanium glide path files.

AIM: To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance and bending properties of R-Pilot and WaveOne Gold (WOG) Glider files, at intracanal temperature (35°C). METHODOLOGY: Forty R-Pilot and 40 WOG Glider files were subjected to a cyclic fatigue resistance test (n = 20), calculating the time to fracture (TTF) in an artificial stainless steel canal. The length of the fractured file tips (FL) was also measured. The fracture surface of fragments was examined with a scanning electron microscope, and the cross-sectional area of the fractured surfaces was measured. Flexibility of the tested files (n = 20) was determined using 45° bending test. Data were analysed statistically using the Mann-Whitney U-test at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Time to fracture was significantly higher in the R-Pilot group compared to the WOG Glider (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups for fracture length. The bending resistance of R-Pilot files was significantly greater than WOG Glider files (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A significant greater cyclic fatigue resistance was observed for R-Pilot files compared to WOG Glider instruments, although the bending resistance of WOG Glider files was lower.

Cyclic fatigue resistances of several nickel-titanium glide path rotary and reciprocating instruments at body temperature.

AIM: To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of the One G, ProGlider, HyFlex EDM and R-Pilot glide path NiTi files at body temperature. METHODOLOGY: Twenty One G (size 14, .03 taper), 20 ProGlider (size 16, .02 taper), 20 HyFlex EDM (size 10, .05 taper) and 20 R-Pilot (size 12.5, .04 taper) instruments were operated in rotation at 300 rpm (One G, ProGlider and HyFlex) or in reciprocation (R-Pilot) at 35 °C in artificial canals that were manufactured by reproducing the size and taper of the instrument until fracture occurred. The time to fracture was recorded in seconds using a digital chronometer, and the length of the fractured fragments was registered. Mean data were analysed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Tukey tests via SPSS 21.0 software. The statistical significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The cyclic fatigue resistance of the R-Pilot files was significantly greater than the other instruments, and the One G was significantly lower (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the HyFlex EDM and the ProGlider (P > 0.05). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was evident in the mean length of the fractured fragments of the various instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The cyclic fatigue resistance of the R-Pilot reciprocating glide path file was significantly greater than that of the rotary HyFlex EDM, ProGlider and One G glide path files.

Cyclic fatigue resistance of two nickel-titanium rotary instruments in interrupted rotation.

AIM: To investigate the influence of interrupted rotation on cyclic fatigue of two nickel-titanium rotary instruments. METHODOLOGY: Cyclic fatigue of 300 new ProTaper Next size X1; X2 and Mtwo size 10, .04 taper; size 15, .05 taper; size 20, .06 taper and size 25, .06 taper instruments was tested in continuous or interrupted rotation. Fifty files of the same brand and size were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10). Group 1 instruments were tested in continuous rotation; groups 2 and 3 in paused rotation for 1 s every 10 or 20 s, respectively; groups 4 and 5 in interrupted rotation for 5 s every 10 or 20 s, respectively. Cyclic fatigue was expressed in time to fracture (TtF) in an artificial canal with 60° angle and 5 mm radius of curvature. The fracture surface was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were evaluated by two-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Cyclic fatigue of groups 2 and 4 of ProTaper Next X2 and Mtwo size 25, .06 taper was significantly lower than that of group 1 of the same instruments (P < 0.01). ProTaper Next X2 had significantly reduced cyclic fatigue in groups 3 and 5 (P < 0.05). No differences were found by interrupting the rotation for 1 or 5 s in all instruments (P > 0.05). Fatigue of other instruments was not affected by interrupted rotation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Interrupted rotation reduced cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper Next X2 and Mtwo size 25, .06 taper, especially when a higher number of interruptions was performed.

Shaping ability of two nickel-titanium instruments activated by continuous rotation or adaptive motion: a micro-computed tomography study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate the shaping ability of curved root canals using Twisted File Adaptive (TFA) files (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) and Mtwo (Sweden & Martina, Padova, Italy) activated by continuous rotation or adaptive motion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two mandibular molars with two separate mesial canals and severe angles of curvature were selected. Each canal was randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups (n = 16): TFA and Mtwo files used in continuous rotation (groups 1 and 3) or in adaptive motion (groups 2 and 4). Root canals before and after preparation were assessed by micro-computed tomography. Volume, surface area, canal transportation, and centering ability were recorded and analyzed using two-way analyses of variance. RESULTS: Volume and surface area increased less with TFA files in continuous rotation than in other groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively, for each comparison) that were not different (P > 0.05). TFA files had significantly less transportation and higher centering ability than Mtwo both in continuous and adaptive motion (P < 0.0001). Centering ratio, but not canal transportation, was improved by adaptive motion compared with continuous rotation for both instruments (P < 0.01). However, no differences were found in canal transportation and centering ability in the apical third for both instruments and motions (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: No difference between the devices and kinematics was found in the apical third; TFA performed significantly better in the middle and coronal parts of the root canal. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of NiTi files made by heat-treated alloy and/or adaptive motion could improve the qualities of root canal shaping rather than the use of conventional NiTi instruments and/or continuous rotation in the coronal and middle thirds of the root canals, but not in the apical one. Moreover, these findings encourage the use of adaptive motion with conventional NiTi files to improve centering ability without affecting other preparation qualities of root canals.

Influence of cyclic torsional preloading on cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel - titanium instruments.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of different torsional preloads on cyclic fatigue resistance of endodontic rotary instruments constructed from conventional nickel-titanium (NiTi), M-Wire or CM-Wire. METHODOLOGY: Eighty new size 25, 0.06 taper Mtwo instruments (Sweden & Martina), size 25, 0.06 taper HyFlex CM (Coltene/Whaledent, Inc) and X2 ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer) were used. The Torque and distortion angles at failure of new instruments (n = 10) were measured, and 0% (n = 10), 25%, 50% and 75% (n = 20) of the mean ultimate torsional strength as preloading condition were applied according to ISO 3630-1 for each brand. The twenty files tested for every extent of preload were subjected to 20 or 40 torsional cycles (n = 10). After torsional preloading, the number of cycles to failure was evaluated in a simulated canal with 60° angle of curvature and 5 mm of radius of curvature. Data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance. The fracture surface of each fragment was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analysed by two-way analyses of variance. RESULTS: Preload repetitions did not influence the cyclic fatigue of the three brands; however, the 25%, 50% and 75% torsional preloading significantly reduced the fatigue resistance of all instruments tested (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) except for the HyFlex CM preloaded with 25% of the maximum torsional strength (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Torsional preloads reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of conventional and treated (M-wire and CM-wire) NiTi rotary instruments except for size 25, 0.06 taper HyFlex CM instruments with a 25% of torsional preloading.

Deformation and fracture incidence of Reciproc instruments: a clinical evaluation.

AIM: To investigate the incidence of fracture and deformation observed on Reciproc instruments after clinical use. METHODOLOGY: A total of 1696 Reciproc NiTi instruments that were discarded after normal clinical usage over 30 months were collected. Of these 1580 instruments were R25 (93%), 76 were R40 (5%), and 40 were R50 (2%). The treatments included 3780 root canal preparations, 3023 primary treatments and 757 retreatments. Root canal preparation was standardized and followed the manufacturer's directions for the use of Reciproc files without creating prior glide path with hand instruments. In retreatment cases, Reciproc R25 instrument was used to remove all filling material and to complete the preparation. Each instrument was used for shaping only one tooth. All the instruments used were inspected under a microscope to detect signs of fracture or deformation and, if any fracture existed, the length of the files was measured. Data were analysed using a chi-square test with a level of significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: A total of 8 Reciproc R25 instruments fractured during treatment, which represents 0.47% of the number of instruments used and 0.21% of the root canals treated. Five instruments fractured in primary treatment cases and three instruments during retreatments. Six Reciproc R25 deformed during clinical use (0.35% of the number of instruments used and 0.15% of the root canals treated), four during retreatments and two during primary treatments. The deformation reported was unwinding of the blades, one at 1 mm from the tip and five between 2 and 3 mm from the tip. No deformations or fracture were registered for the Reciproc R40 and R50 instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Root canal instrumentation following the manufacturer's instructions can be performed with Reciproc instruments with a very low incidence of instrument fracture and deformation.

Influence of rotational speed on the cyclic fatigue of Mtwo instruments.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of rotational speed on cyclic fatigue of Mtwo nickel-titanium files. METHODOLOGY: A total of 120 new Mtwo rotary instruments sizes 10, 0.04 taper; 15, 0.05 taper; 20, 0.05 taper; and 25, 0.06 taper were randomly divided into three groups on the basis of the rotational speed used to shape nine standardized simulated canals: group A = 350 rpm; group B = 250 rpm; group C = 150 rpm. Each group consisted of 40 instruments, 10 for every size. The average preparation time (in seconds) and the average correlated numbers of cycles to instrument (NCI) the nine standardized canals were recorded for each file. The resistance to cyclic fatigue was determined by counting numbers of cycles to failure (NCF) with a rotational speed of 300 rpm in a 60° curve with a 5-mm radius. Data were analysed by two-way anova. RESULTS: Preparation time was significantly longer at 150 rpm than at 250 or 350 rpm. The average number of cycles needed for each file to instrument nine standardized canals was significantly higher at 350 and 250 rpm, than at 150 rpm. There were no significant differences in the NCF (P > 0.05) between A, B and C groups for instruments of the same size. CONCLUSIONS: Speed did not affect the cyclic fatigue of Mtwo instruments with the same size and taper. Preparation time was shorter at 350 or 250 rpm rather than at 150 rpm. However, there was no significant difference between 350 and 250 rpm rotational speed, neither in the preparation time of simulated canals nor in the resistance to fatigue fracture.

Cyclic fatigue resistance of two reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments after immersion in sodium hypochlorite.

AIM: To assess resistance to cyclic fatigue of reciprocating nickel-titanium ( NiTi ) files (Reciproc and WaveOne) after immersion in NaOCl solution over several time periods. METHODOLOGY: A total of 90 new Reciproc R25 and WaveOne Primary were tested. The 45 files of the same brand were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 15) and submitted to the following immersion protocol in 5% NaOCl at 37 °C for 16 mm: no immersion (control), 1 or 5 min dynamically. The dynamic immersion and the following cyclic fatigue tests were performed using the appropriate preset reciprocation modes ('RECIPROC ALL' or 'WAVEONE ALL') in a specially designed endodontic motor. Resistance to cyclic fatigue was determined by recording time to fracture (TtF) in a stainless steel artificial canal with a 60° angle of curvature and 5 mm radius of curvature. The artificial canal was manufactured reproducing the instrument's size and taper. Data were analysed by 2-way analyses of variance. RESULTS: Resistance to cyclic fatigue of the same NiTi file was not significantly affected by immersion in NaOCl . Reciproc R25 was associated with a higher cyclic fatigue resistance in all groups compared to WaveOne Primary (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Reciprocating dynamic immersion in NaOCl for 1 or 5 min did not reduce the cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi files significantly. However, the type of reciprocating instrument influenced cyclic fatigue resistance with Reciproc R25 being more resistant than WaveOne Primary.

Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments.

AIM: To evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc(®) and WaveOne(®) instruments in simulated root canals. METHODOLOGY: Two groups of 15 NiTi endodontic instruments of identical tip size of 0.25 mm were tested, group A; Reciproc(®) R25 and group B: WaveOne(®) primary. Cyclic fatigue testing was performed in a stainless steel artificial canal manufactured by reproducing the instrument's size and taper. A simulated root canal with a 60° angle of curvature and 5-mm radius of curvature was constructed for both the instruments tested. The centre of the curvature was 5 mm from the tip of the instrument and the curved segment of the canal was approximately 5 mm in length. The Reciproc(®) instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the Reciproc(®) instruments, whilst the WaveOne(®) instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the WaveOne(®) instruments. All instruments were rotated until fracture occurred and the time to fracture (TtF) and the length of the fractured tip were recorded and registered. Means and standard deviations of TtF and fragment length were calculated for each system and data were subjected to Student's t-test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between Reciproc(®) and WaveOne(®) instruments. Reciproc(®) R25 instruments were associated with a significant increase in the mean time to fracture when compared with primary WaveOne(®) instruments (130.8 ± 18.4 vs. 97.8 ± 15.9 s). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean length of the fractured fragments between the instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Reciproc(®) instruments were associated with a significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than WaveOne(®) instruments.

Mechanical properties of nickel-titanium rotary instruments produced with a new manufacturing technique.

AIM: To investigate whether flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance was increased for nickel-titanium instruments produced by a new manufacturing technique. METHODOLOGY: Forty K3 tip size 25, 0.06 taper (SybronEndo) nickel-titanium rotary instruments were randomly selected and divided into two groups (n = 20). One group served as control, being the commercially available instruments produced with a traditional grinding process (K3). The second group of instruments (K4 prototypes) were then subjected to a proprietary thermal treatment after the grinding process. Finally, each group was randomly divided into two subgroups of 10 instruments each, to perform the stiffness test and the cyclic fatigue test. All data were recorded and subjected to statistical evaluation using Student's t-test. Significance was set at the 95% confidence level. RESULTS: For the stiffness test, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between K3 and K4 prototype instruments. K4 prototype instruments were significantly more flexible when compared to K3 instruments (59.3 ± 4.3 vs. 98.1 ± 6.4 g cm(-1) ). For the cyclic fatigue test, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between K3 and K4 prototype instruments. K4 prototype instruments demonstrated a significant increase in the mean number of cycles to failure (NCF) when compared to K3 instruments (1198 ± 279 vs. 542 ± 81 NCF). CONCLUSIONS: The new manufacturing technique resulted in the K4 prototype instruments having enhanced mechanical properties, compared to K3 instruments, manufactured with a traditional grinding process.

Differential diagnosis of endodontic-related inferior alveolar nerve paraesthesia with cone beam computed tomography: a case report.

AIM: To discuss the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the differential diagnosis of a case of labiomandibular paraesthesia caused by extrusion of endodontic sealer into the mandibular canal. SUMMARY: A 59-year-old woman suffering from a paraesthesia on the left posterior mandible and numbness on the left side of the lower lip was referred to an endodontic specialist 1 month after multiple root canal treatments. A panoramic radiograph revealed the presence of extruded root filling material beyond the apex of the mesial root of the mandibular left second molar and also beyond the apex of the first premolar. A cone beam computed tomography examination was undertaken, which confirmed the presence of radiopaque root canal filling material in the periapical area of the second molar, and revealed that the material was inside the mandibular canal. No extruded filling material was found inside the mental foramen beyond the apex of the first premolar tooth. KEY LEARNING POINTS: Small field of view CBCT (where possible) can be considered an effective radiographic diagnostic device when endodontic-related inferior alveolar nerve or mental foramen paraesthesia are suspected. CBCT is able to provide detailed three-dimensional images of the tooth, the root canal system and the surrounding tissue.