2D Covalent Organic Framework Covalently Anchored with Carbon Nanotube as High-Performance Cathodes for Lithium and Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), featuring structural diversity, permanent porosity, and functional versatility, have emerged as promising electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. To date, amorphous polymer, COF, or their composites are mostly explored in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), while their research in other alkali metal ion batteries is still in infancy. This can be due to the challenges that arise from large volume changes, slow diffusion kinetics, and inefficient active site utilization by the large Na+ or K+ ion. Herein, microwave-assisted imide-based 2D COF, TAPB-NDA covalently connected with amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes (TAPB-NDA@CNT) targeting the application in both Li-/Na-ion batteries, is synthesized. As-synthesized, TAPB-NDA@CNT50 displays the good performance as LIB cathode with a specific capacity of ≈138 mAh g-1 at 25 mA g-1, long cycling stability (81.2% retention after 2000 cycles at 300 mA g-1), with excellent reversible capacity retention of ≈79.6%. Similarly, TAPB-NDA@CNT50, when employed in sodium-ion battery (SIB), exhibited 136.7 mAh g-1 specific capacity at 25 mA g-1, retained ≈80% of the reversible capacity after 1000 cycles at 300 mA g-1 and showing excellent rate performance. The structural advantage of TAPB-NDA@CNT will encourage researchers to design COF-based cathodes for the alkali ion batteries.

Unlocking the Potential: Atomically Thin 2D Fluoritene from Exfoliated Fluorite Ore and Its Electrochemical Activity.

Fluorite mineral holds significant importance because of its optoelectronic properties and wide range of applications. Here, we report the successful exfoliation of bulk fluorite ore (calcium fluoride, CaF2) crystals into atomically thin two-dimensional fluoritene (2D CaF2) using a highly scalable liquid-phase exfoliation method. The microscopic and spectroscopy characterizations show the formation of (111) plane-oriented 2D CaF2 sheets with exfoliation-induced material strain due to bond breaking, leading to the changes in lattice parameter. Its potential role in electrocatalysis is further explored for deeper insight, and a probable mechanism is also discussed. The 2D CaF2 with long-term stability shows overpotential values of 670 and 770 mV vs RHE for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, at 10 mA cm-2. Computational simulations demonstrate the unique "direct-indirect" band gap switching with odd and even numbers of layers. Current work offers new avenues for exploring the structural and electrochemical properties of 2D CaF2 and its potential applicability.

Deciphering Sodium-Ion Storage: 2D-Sulfide versus Oxide Through Experimental and Computational Analyses.

Transition metal derivatives exhibit high theoretical capacity, making them promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Sulfides, known for their superior electrical conductivity compared to oxides, enhance charge transfer, leading to improved electrochemical performance. Here, a hierarchical WS2 micro-flower is synthesized by thermal sulfurization of WO3. Comprising interconnected thin nanosheets, this structure offers increased surface area, facilitating extensive internal surfaces for electrochemical redox reactions. The WS2 micro-flower demonstrates a specific capacity of ≈334 mAh g-1 at 15 mA g-1, nearly three times higher than its oxide counterpart. Further, it shows very stable performance as a high-temperature (65 °C) anode with ≈180 mAh g-1 reversible capacity at 100 mA g-1 current rate. Post-cycling analysis confirms unchanged morphology, highlighting the structural stability and robustness of WS2. DFT calculations show that the electronic bandgap in both WS2 and WO3 increases when going from the bulk to monolayers. Na adsorption calculations show that Na atoms bind strongly in WO3 with a higher energy diffusion barrier when compared to WS2, corroborating the experimental findings. This study presents a significant insight into electrode material selection for sodium-ion storage applications.

Biotene: Earth-Abundant 2D Material as Sustainable Anode for Li/Na-Ion Battery.

Natural ores are abundant, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Ultrathin (2D) layers of a naturally abundant van der Waals mineral, Biotite, have been prepared in bulk via exfoliation. We report here that this 2D Biotene material has shown extraordinary Li-Na-ion battery anode properties with ultralong cycling stability. Biotene shows 302 and 141 mAh g-1 first cycle-specific charge capacity for Li- and Na-ion battery applications with ∼90% initial Coulombic efficiency. The electrode exhibits significantly extended cycling stability with ∼75% capacity retention after 4000 cycles even at higher current densities (500-2000 mA g-1). Further, density functional theory studies show the possible Li intercalation mechanism between the 2D Biotene layers. Our work brings new directions toward designing the next generation of metal-ion battery anodes.

Heteroatom Functionalization of H-Terminated Diamond Surfaces.

Diamond surface functionalization has received significant research interest recently. Specifically, H-termination has been widely adopted because it endows the diamond surface with negative electron affinity and the hole carrier is injected in the presence of surface transfer dopants. Exploring different functional groups' attachment on diamond surfaces and their impact on the electronic structure, using wet and dry chemical approaches, would hence be of interest in engineering diamond as a semiconductor. Here, we report the functionalization of the H-terminated diamond surface with nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms. Surface characterization of functionalized diamond surfaces shows that these groups are well-distributed and covalently bonded to diamonds. Four chemical functional groups (-SH, -S-S-, -S-O, and -S=O) were found on the sulfurized diamond surface, and two groups (-NH2 and =NH) upon amination. We also report co-functionalization of surface with N and S (N-S), where sulfurization promotes sequential amination efficiency with reduced exposure time. Electrical measurement shows that heteroatom-modified diamond surfaces possess higher conductivity than H-terminated diamonds. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that upon functionalization with various N/S ratios, the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum downshift, which lowers the bandgap in comparison to an H-terminated diamond. These observations suggest the possibility of heteroatom functionalizations with enhanced surface electrical conductivity on the diamond that are useful for various electronic applications.

K2Fe(C2O4)2: An Oxalate Cathode for Li/Na-Ion Batteries Exhibiting a Combination of Multielectron Cation and Anion Redox.

The development of multielectron redox-active cathode materials is a top priority for achieving high energy density with long cycle life in the next-generation secondary battery applications. Triggering anion redox activity is regarded as a promising strategy to enhance the energy density of polyanionic cathodes for Li/Na-ion batteries. Herein, K2Fe(C2O4)2 is shown to be a promising new cathode material that combines metal redox activity with oxalate anion (C2O4 2-) redox. This compound reveals specific discharge capacities of 116 and 60 mAh g-1 for sodium-ion batterie (NIB) and lithium-ion batterie (LIB) cathode applications, respectively, at a rate of 10 mA g-1, with excellent cycling stability. The experimental results are complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the average atomic charges.

Surface-Functionalized Metal-Organic Frameworks for Binding Coronavirus Proteins.

Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, a multitude of strategies have been explored for the means of protection and shielding against virus particles: filtration equipment (PPE) has been widely used in daily life. In this work, we explore another approach in the form of deactivating coronavirus particles through selective binding onto the surface of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to further the fight against the transmission of respiratory viruses. MOFs are attractive materials in this regard, as their rich pore and surface chemistry can easily be modified on demand. The surfaces of three MOFs, UiO-66(Zr), UiO-66-NH2(Zr), and UiO-66-NO2(Zr), have been functionalized with repurposed antiviral agents, namely, folic acid, nystatin, and tenofovir, to enable specific interactions with the external spike protein of the SARS virus. Protein binding studies revealed that this surface modification significantly improved the binding affinity toward glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins for all three MOFs. Additionally, the pores for the surface-functionalized MOFs can adsorb water, making them suitable for locally dehydrating microbial aerosols. Our findings highlight the immense potential of MOFs in deactivating respiratory coronaviruses to be better equipped to fight future pandemics.

Azo-functionalised metal-organic framework for charge storage in sodium-ion batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are emerging as promising devices for energy storage applications. Porous solids, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are well suited as electrode materials for technologies involving bulkier charge carriers. However, only limited progress has been made using pristine MOFs, primarily due to lack of redox-active organic groups in the materials. In this work a azo-functional MOF, namely UiO-abdc, is presented as an electrode compound for sodium-ion insertion. The MOF delivers a stable capacity (∼100 mA h g-1) over 150 cycles, and post-cycling characterisation validates the stability of the MOF and participation of the azo-group in charge storage. This study can accelerate the realisation of pristine solids, such as MOFs and other porous organic compounds, as battery materials.

Exploiting anion and cation redox chemistry in lithium-rich perovskite oxalate: a novel next-generation Li/Na-ion battery electrode.

The fundamental understanding of electrochemical reaction kinetics for lithium/sodium-ion batteries (LIBs & NIBs) is a significant criterion for advancing new-generation electrode materials. Herein, we demonstrate a novel lithium-rich perovskite oxalate KLi3Fe(C2O4)3 (KLFC) cathode with the combination of cation and anion redox delivering discharge capacities of 86 and 99 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles for a LIB and NIB, respectively, with good cyclability. Experimental Raman spectroscopy analysis combined with DFT calculations of charged/discharged samples illustrate the oxalate anion redox activity. Further, first-principles calculations of the partial density of states and Bader charges analysis have also characterised the redox behaviour and charge transfer during the potassium extraction processes.

Rapid Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Electrode Optimization of Organic Anode Materials in Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries are commanding increasing attention owing to their promising electrochemical performance and sustainability. Organic electrode materials (OEMs) complement such technologies as they can be sourced from biomass and recycling them is environmentally friendly. Organic anodes based on sodium carboxylates have exhibited immense potential, except the limitation of current synthesis methods concerning upscaling and energy costs. In this work, a rapid and energy efficient microwave-assisted synthesis for organic anodes is presented using sodium naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate as a model compound. Optimizing the synthesis and electrode composition enables the compound to deliver a reversible initial capacity of ≈250 mAh g-1 at a current density of 25 mA g-1 with a high initial Coulombic efficiency (≈78%). The capacity is stable over 400 cycles and the compound also exhibits good rate performance. The successful demonstration of this rapid synthesis may facilitate the transition to preparing organic battery materials by scalable, efficient methods.

Electrochemical energy storage in montmorillonite K10 clay based composite as supercapacitor using ionic liquid electrolyte.

Exploring new electrode materials is the key to realize high performance energy storage devices for effective utilization of renewable energy. Natural clays with layered structure and high surface area are prospective materials for electrical double layer capacitors (EDLC). In this work, a novel hybrid composite based on acid-leached montmorillonite (K10), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) was prepared and its electrochemical properties were investigated by fabricating two-electrode asymmetric supercapacitor cells against activated carbon (AC) using 1.0M tetraethylammonium tetrafluroborate (Et4NBF4) in acetonitrile (AN) as electrolyte. The asymmetric supercapacitors, capable of operating in a wide potential window of 0.0-2.7V, showed a high energy density of 171Whkg(-1) at a power density of ∼1.98kWkg(-1). Such high EDLC performance could possibly be linked to the acid-base interaction of K10 through its surface hydroxyl groups with the tetraethylammonium cation [(C2H5)4N(+) or TEA(+)] of the ionic liquid electrolyte. Even at a very high power density of 96.4kWkg(-1), the cells could still deliver an energy density of 91.1Whkg(-1) exhibiting an outstanding rate capability. The present study demonstrates for the first time, the excellent potential of clay-based composites for high power energy storage device applications.

Reversible Lithium Storage in Manganese 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylate Metal-Organic Framework with High Capacity and Rate Performance.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with diverse structural chemistry are being projected as futuristic electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. In this work, we report synthesis of Mn-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate MOF by a simple solvothermal method and its application as an anode material for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy of the synthesized MOF shows a bar shaped morphology where these bars, about 1 µm wide and of varied lengths between 2 and 20 µm, are made of porous sheets containing mesoporous walls and macroporous channels. The MOF anode, when examined in the potential window of 0.01-2.0 V versus Li/Li(+), shows high specific capacities of 694 and 400 mAh g(-1) at current densities of 0.1 and 1.0 A g(-1) along with good cyclability, retention of capacity, and sustenance of the MOF network. Ex situ X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on the electrode material at different states of charge suggest that the usual conversion reaction for Li storage might not be applicable in this case. Conjugated carboxylates being weakly electron withdrawing ligands with a stronger π-π interaction, a probable alternative Li storage mechanism has been proposed that involves the organic moiety. The present results show promise for applying Mn-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate MOF as high performance <2 V anode.

Reduced graphene oxide anchored Cu(OH)2 as a high performance electrochemical supercapacitor.

Developing new materials for electrochemical supercapacitors with higher energy density has recently gained tremendous impetus in the context of effective utilization of renewable energy. Herein, we report a simple one-pot synthesis of bundled nanorods of Cu(OH)2 embedded in a matrix of reduced graphene oxide (Cu(OH)2@RGO) under mild hydrothermal conditions of 80 °C for 1 h. The synthesized material shows a high BET surface area of 78.7 m(2) g(-1) and a mesoporous nature with a broad pore-size distribution consisting of structural pores as well as inter-particle pores. Raman spectroscopy suggests an intimate interaction between Cu(OH)2 and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) creating more defects by destruction of sp(2) domains which would help the defect-assisted charge transport during electrochemical processes. When investigated as an electrochemical supercapacitor, Cu(OH)2@RGO shows a high capacitance of 602 F g(-1) at 0.2 A g(-1) in 1 M KOH in a three-electrode cell configuration. Detailed electrochemical studies indicate that the Faradic processes are diffusion controlled and follow a quasi-reversible kinetics. Further, a two-electrode symmetric cell shows good energy density and power density (84.5 Wh kg(-1) at 0.55 kW kg(-1) and 20.5 Wh kg(-1) at 5.5 kW kg(-1)) characteristics demonstrating superior application potential of this common low-cost transition metal hydroxide for high performance energy storage devices.

Extraordinarily high pseudocapacitance of metal organic framework derived nanostructured cerium oxide.

MOF derived CeO2 showed a pseudocapacitance of 1204 F g(-1) at 0.2 A g(-1), far exceeding its theoretical capacitance (560 F g(-1)). The present study demonstrates that combination of a two-way strategy, controlled nano-architecture and redox active electrolyte additive, could potentially alleviate both low energy density and capacitance fading issues plaguing the current metal oxide pseudocapacitors.

Interconnected network of MnO2 nanowires with a "cocoonlike" morphology: redox couple-mediated performance enhancement in symmetric aqueous supercapacitor.

Low electronic conductivity and slow faradic processes limit the performance of MnO2 as an electrochemical pseudocapacitor with respect to cycling and power density. Herein, we report preparation of single-phase α-MnO2, composed of an interconnected nanowire network with "cocoonlike" morphology, and its application as electrode in a symmetric aqueous supercapacitor. Increased "effective" surface area, coexistence of micropores and mesopores, and enhanced electron transport in these nanowire networks result in a specific pseudocapacitance (CS) of 775 F·g(-1) in 3 M KOH, derived from cyclic voltammetry in the potential window of -1 to +1 V at a scan rate of 2 mV·s(-1), the highest reported for two-electrode symmetric configuration. Furthermore, introduction of K4Fe(CN)6 as a redox-active additive to KOH results in ∼7 times increase in energy density at a power density of ∼6000 W·kg(-1). The presence of the Fe(CN)6(4-)/Fe(CN)6(3-) redox couple provides an electron buffer source compensating for the slow faradic reactions. The results demonstrate that this simple approach might be an effective way to enhance the redox kinetics and reversibility of transition metal oxide-based pseudocapacitors.