Community Health Workers: Bridge to Pediatric Mental Health Equity.

We currently face a national crisis1 in youth mental health and well-being and significant child behavioral health inequities. There is a growing recognition among health care institutions, policymakers, researchers, and communities that major health problems of our time, including this crisis, must be confronted by addressing the underlying "causes of the causes,"2 or social determinants of health. Social determinants of health3 are defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the conditions in which people live, learn, work, play, worship, and age and highlight the role that power and privilege occupy in shaping societal access to these resources. Social determinants of mental health (SDoMH) encompass the same conditions of social determinants of health, with the addition of the stigma often associated with mental health and substance use disorders. SDoMH focus on the social/environmental factors that place certain groups at increased risk for mental health concerns and worsening outcomes for individuals who already have mental health concerns.4 Addressing SDoMH is a key strategy to toward Healthy People 2030 goals and "the attainment of the highest level of health for all people."5.

A semi-structured interview is associated with bariatric surgery outcomes.

Pre-surgical psychological evaluations (PSPE) are required by many insurance companies and used to help identify risk factors that may compromise bariatric post-surgical outcomes. These evaluations, however, are not yet standardized. The present study investigated the utility of a semi-structured assessment, Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT), on post-surgical outcomes across 18 months. A total of 272 adult patients underwent a psychosocial evaluation and received bariatric surgery November 2017 to September 2020 at a Midwestern academic medical center. Average age at pre-surgical evaluation was 45.2 (SD = 10.7) years and 82.3% of patients were female (n = 224). With an a priori α of 0.05, multi-level modeling with weight as the outcome and regression with complications as the outcome were used. Higher SIPAT Patient Readiness, indicating difficulty with adhering to health behaviors and a reduced understanding of bariatric surgery, was associated with elevated patient weight at the 18-month follow-up (𝛽 = 0.129, p = 0.03). Higher SIPAT Social Support, was associated with patient weight at the 18-month follow-up, with reduced support associated with greater weight (𝛽 = 0.254, p = 0.004). Higher SIPAT Social Support also was associated with a greater risk of complications across the 18-month follow-up window (𝛽 = -0.108, p = 0.05). Patients with higher readiness to adhere to behavioral changes, and those reporting an intact social support system, generally weighed less at 18 months. The SIPAT may be considered as part of the standardized pre-surgical assessment, however, further research is required to elucidate its utility.

A pilot study evaluating the prefeasibility of a behavioral weight loss program in people with multiple sclerosis.

Weight loss interventions seldom include individuals with neurologic disease. The aims of the present study were to: 1) develop and assess the prefeasibility of a 6-month telehealth behavioral weight loss program for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and obesity and 2) examine changes in weight loss (primary outcome), physical activity, and fruit/vegetable consumption at follow-up. Participants with obesity and MS engaged in a 24-week weight loss program. Participants followed established diet, exercise, and self-monitoring guidelines and attended weekly online group meetings. Median percentage weight loss was 10.54 % (SD = 7.19). Participants who adhered more closely to the self-monitoring guidelines (r = 0.81, p =.02), and who averaged higher weekly active minutes (r = 0.91, p =.002) achieved greater percentage weight loss. Six of the eight pilot participants achieved clinically meaningful weight loss (>5%) after 6-months.

Connecting Behavioral Health Specialists With Schools: Adapting a Telementoring Series During COVID-19.

To address the daunting behavioral and mental health needs of Kansas' rural and underserved communities, Telehealth ROCKS (Rural Outreach for the Children of Kansas) Schools project partnered with school-based health centers, school districts, and special education cooperatives to provide a range of telebehavioral health intervention services and teletraining. This project used the Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) telementoring framework to connect specialty providers with school/community providers for web-based continuing education and case consultation to support students with special education needs. Our team created the Function Friday for Better Behavior ECHO series to address challenging behaviors in schools, based on the concept of functional behavior assessment and function-based treatment. Part of the ECHO series came into being after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes how our ECHO series provided an effective mechanism for supporting school and community providers during the pandemic, and participating educators utilized skills as they transitioned from onsite education to the virtual learning environment with students.

Disseminating early interventions for disaster mental health response using the ECHO model.

Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO)-based telementoring was evaluated for disseminating early disaster interventions, Psychological First Aid (PFA) and Skills for Psychological Recovery (SPR), to school professionals throughout rural, disaster-affected communities further affected by COVID-19. PFA and SPR complemented their Multitiered System of Support: PFA complemented tier 1 (universal) and SPR tier 2 (targeted) prevention. We evaluated the outcomes of a pretraining webinar (164 participants, January 2021) and four-part PFA training (84 participants, June 2021) and SPR training (59 participants, July 2021) across five levels of Moore's continuing medical education evaluation framework: (1) participation, (2) satisfaction, (3) learning, (4) competence, and (5) performance, using pre-, post-, and 1-month follow-up surveys. Positive training outcomes were observed across all five levels, with high participation and satisfaction throughout, and high use at the 1-month follow-up. ECHO-based telementoring may successfully engage and train community providers in these underused early disaster response models. Recommendations regarding training format and using evaluation to improve training are provided.

Leveraging community health workers in extending pediatric telebehavioral health care in rural communities: Evaluation design and methods.

OBJECTIVE: The pandemic exacerbated and intensified pediatric behavioral health and access needs in rural and underserved areas due to long-standing workforce shortages, lack of resources, and multigenerational poverty and trauma. Kansas is a predominantly rural and frontier state with 94% of counties designated as mental health professional shortage areas. INNOVATION: The Telehealth ROCKS (THR) program is among the first of its kind to increase the behavioral health workforce capacity by integrating trained school-based community health workers (CHWs) directly into rural communities. CHWs facilitate the coordination of behavioral health appointments and access to social determinants of health needs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We plan to assess the implementation, clinical outcomes, quality of care, and access to care through a mixed-methods design to evaluate the process and impact of expanding the rural behavioral health workforce via CHWs. Preliminary program data suggest CHWs have supported over 90 students/families around social determinants of health in the first 6 months. CONCLUSION: The THR program aims to bring childserving systems of care together, cultivate relationships with rural communities, empower and increase workforce capacity in health care and education, and build trust to enhance acceptance and thus program sustainability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Use of the Stanford Integrative Psychosocial Assessment for Transplant as a Pre-surgical Psychological Evaluation Tool for Bariatric Surgery.

How clinicians perform pre-surgical psychological evaluations (PSPE) for bariatric surgery remains variable across institutions. Bariatric PSPE guidelines state that self-report measures should be incorporated in the PSPE procedure, yet only 50-60% of PSPEs utilize patient self-report measures. Previous studies describing the presurgical psychological evaluation report a range of measures, however a gold standard in PSPE has yet to be agreed upon. Given this gap in how a presurgical psychological evaluation for bariatric patients is defined, incorporating more objective measures into this process may help clinicians identify specific areas in which a patient is struggling and benefit from additional psychosocial support. The present study proposes the use of the SIPAT, a semi-structured interview initially developed to assess organ transplant candidates, as part of this evaluation. A total of 292 adult patients underwent a pre-surgical psychological evaluation for bariatric surgery between November 2017 and February 2020 at a Midwest medical center. Patient average age was 45.2 (11.3) years and 83.3% were female. At time of analysis, 160 patients received bariatric surgery. Logistic regression and analyses of bivariate associations were conducted in R. The SIPAT exhibited good convergent validity via correlations with analogous scales on the PROMIS 43, and it yielded a small effect size predicting patients who ultimately received surgery. Accordingly, this semi-structured interview may be a useful tool to help differentiate patients for surgical candidacy.

Teletherapy Versus In-Person Psychotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Introduction: The recent surge in telehealth service delivery represents a promising development in the field's ability to address access gaps in health care across underserved populations. Telehealth also carries the potential to help reduce the societal burden of mental illnesses such as major depression, which often go untreated. There is now a sufficiently large corpus of randomized controlled trials to examine the comparative effectiveness of teletherapy and in-person services meta-analytically. Methods: We searched the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases for articles from January 1, 2000 to February 1, 2021 to identify randomized head-to-head trials of video-based versus in-person delivery of psychotherapy to reduce depressive symptoms. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to evaluate potential differences in efficacy rates. We calculated and meta-analyzed odds ratios to examine differential attrition rates between video and in-person conditions. Finally, we conducted subgroup analyses based on the primary treatment focus (depression or another condition) of each trial. Results: Primary study analyses yielded evidence that video-based psychotherapy is roughly comparable in efficacy with in-person psychotherapy for reducing depressive symptoms (g = 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI = -0.12 to 0.20], p = 0.60, I2 = 5%). Likewise, attrition rates between the two conditions were not significantly different (odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI = [0.78 to 1.49], p = 0.63, I2 = 25%). Finally, we did not observe significant subgroup differences in either efficacy (p = 0.38) or attrition (p = 0.94). Conclusions: The present findings suggest that video-based teletherapy may be a feasible and effective alternative to in-person services for reducing depressive symptoms. Continued research on the effectiveness of telehealth in clinically depressed samples, and further elucidation of the access barriers entailed by each delivery modality, can help the field better determine which patients will derive the greatest benefit from each mode of intervention.

Recruitment of Men Into a Pragmatic Rural Primary Care Weight Loss Trial.

Men remain underrepresented in behavioral weight loss trials and are more difficult to recruit compared to women. We describe recruitment response of men and women into a mixed-gender behavioral weight loss trial conducted within 36 rural primary care clinics. Participants were recruited through primary care clinics via direct mailings (n = 15,076) and in-clinic referrals by their primary care provider (PCP). Gender differences were examined in response rate to direct mailings, study referral source, and rates of proceeding to study screening, being eligible, and enrolling. Men had a lower response rate to direct mailings than women (7.8% vs. 17.7%, p < .001). Men (vs. women) responding to the mailing were more likely to respond by opt-in postcard (64.6% vs. 56.8%) and less likely to respond by phone (33.9% vs. 39.6%), p = .002. Among potential participants contacting the study (n = 2413), men were less likely to report being referred by PCPs (15.2% vs. 21.6%; p < .001), but were just as likely to proceed to screening, be eligible, and enroll. Men and women were more likely to proceed to screening when referred by PCPs (93.3% vs. 95.4%) compared to direct mailings (74.2% vs. 73.9%). Enrolled men were older (p < .001), more likely to be married (p = .04), and had higher levels of education (p = .01). Men were less likely than women to respond to direct mailings and to be referred by their PCP, but after contacting the study, had similar screening, eligibility, and enrollment rates. Encouraging and training providers to refer men during clinic visits may help recruit more men into primary care-based weight loss trials.

Decision-making in Orthopaedic Oncology: Does Cognitive Bias Affect a Virtual Patient's Choice Between Limb Salvage and Amputation?

BACKGROUND: The local treatment of extremity sarcomas usually is predicated on a decision between limb salvage and amputation. The manner in which surgical options are presented in the context of shared decision-making may influence this decision. In a population of "simulated" patients-survey respondents presented with a mock clinical vignette and then asked to choose between treatments-we assessed cognitive bias by deliberate alteration of the subjective presentation of the same objective information. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Will the manner in which information is presented to a simulated patient, in the setting of treatment for a bone sarcoma, bias their decision regarding pursuing amputation versus limb salvage? (2) At the time of decision-making, will a simulated patient's personal background, demographics, or mood affect their ultimate decision? METHODS: Survey respondents (Amazon MTurk platform) were presented with mock clinical vignettes simulating a sarcoma diagnosis and were asked to choose between amputation and limb salvage. Specific iterations were designed to assess several described types of cognitive bias. These scenarios were distributed, using anonymous online surveys, to potential participants aged 18 years or older. Recruitment was geographically restricted to individuals in the United States. Overall, 404 respondents completed the survey. The average age of respondents was 33 years (SD 1.2 years), 60% were male and 40% were female. In all, 12% of respondents worked in healthcare. Each respondent also completed questions regarding his or her demographics and his or her current mood. Associations between the type of bias presented and the respondent's choice of limb salvage versus amputation were examined. Independent sample t-tests were used to compare means. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: When amputation was presented as an option to mitigate functional loss (framing bias), more patients chose it than when limb salvage was presented as means for increased functional gains (23% [23 of 100] versus 10% [12 of 118], odds ratio [OR], 2.26; p = 0.010). Older simulated patients were more likely to choose limb salvage when exposed to framing bias versus younger patients (mean age 33 years versus 30 years, p = 0.02). Respondents who were employed in healthcare more commonly chose amputation versus limb salvage when exposed to framing bias (24% [eight of 35] versus 9% [17 of 183]; OR, 2.46; p = 0.02). Those who chose amputation were more likely to score higher on scales that measured depression or negative affect. CONCLUSIONS: Shared decision-making in orthopaedic oncology represents a unique circumstance in which several variables may influence a patient's decision between limb salvage and amputation. Invoking cognitive bias in simulated patients appeared to affect treatment decisions. We cannot be sure that these findings translate to the experience of actual sarcoma patients; however, we can conclude that important treatment decisions may be affected by cognitive bias and that patient characteristics (in this study, age, healthcare profession, and mood) may be associated with an individual's susceptibility to cognitive bias. We hope these observations will assist providers in the thoughtful delivery of highly charged information to patients facing difficult decisions, and promote further study of this important concept. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, economic and decision analyses.

Are Skin Fiducials Comparable to Bone Fiducials for Registration When Planning Navigation-assisted Musculoskeletal Tumor Resections in a Cadaveric Simulated Tumor Model?

BACKGROUND: To improve and achieve adequate bony surgical margins, surgeons may consider computer-aided navigation a promising intraoperative tool, currently applied to a relatively few number of patients in whom freehand resections might be challenging. Placing fiducials (markers) in the bone, identifying specific anatomical landmarks, and registering patients for navigated resections are time consuming. To reduce the time both preoperatively and intraoperatively, skin fiducials may offer an efficient and alternative method of navigation registration. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Does preoperative navigation using skin fiducials for registration allow the surgeon to achieve margins similar to those from bone fiducial registration in a simulated lower extremity tumor resection model in cadavers? (2) Does the use of preoperative navigation using skin fiducials for registration allow the surgeon to achieve similar bony margins in pelvic resections of simulated tumors as those achieved in long-bone resections using only skin fiducials for navigation in a cadaver model? METHODS: Simulated bone tumor resections were performed in three fresh-frozen cadavers with intact pelvic and lower-extremity anatomy using navigation guidance. We placed 5-cm intraosseous cement simulated bone tumors in the proximal/distal femur (n = 12), and proximal/distal tibia (n = 12) and pelvis (supraacetabular; n = 6). After bone tumor implantation, CT images of the pelvis and lower extremities were obtained. Each planned osseous resection margin was set at 10 mm. Navigation registration was performed for each simulated tumor using bone and skin markers that act as a point of reference (fiducials). The simulated bone tumor was resected based on a resection line that was established with navigation, and the corresponding osseous margins were calculated after resection. These margins were determined by an orthopaedic surgeon who was blinded to resection planning by the removal of cancellous bone around the cement simulated tumor. The shortest distance was measured from the cement to the resection line. Smaller mean differences between planned and postoperative margins were considered accurate. Independent t-tests were conducted to assess measurement differences between planned and postoperative margins at the 95% CI. Bland-Altman analyses were conducted to compare the deviation in margin difference between planned and postoperative margins in skin and bone fiducial registration, respectively. RESULTS: In all, 84 total resection margins were measured with 48 long bone and 20 pelvic obtained with skin fiducials and 16 long bone obtained with bone fiducials. The planned mean margin was 10 mm for all long bone and pelvic resections. We found that skin fiducial and bone fiducial postoperative margins had comparable accuracy when resecting long bones (10 ± 2 mm versus 9 ± 2 mm, mean difference 1 [95% CI 0 to 2]; p = 0.16). Additionally, skin fiducial long bone postoperative margins were comparable in accuracy to pelvic supraacetabular postoperative margins obtained with skin fiducials (10 ± 2 mm versus 11 ± 3 mm, mean difference -1 mm [95% CI -3 to 1]; p = 0.22). When comparing the deviation in margin difference between planned and postoperative margins in skin and bone fiducial registration, 90% (61 of 68) of skin fiducial and 100% (16 of 16) bone fiducial postoperative margins fell within 2 SDs. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, skin fiducial markers were easy to identify on the skin surface of the cadaver model and on CT images used to plan margins. This technique appears to be an accurate way to plan margins in this model, but it needs to be tested thoroughly in patients to determine if it may be a better clinical approach than with bone fiducials. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The margins obtained using skin fiducials and bone fiducials for registration were similar and comparable in this pilot study with a very small effect size. Boundaries of the simulated tumors were not violated in any resections. Skin fiducials are easier to identify than bone fiducials (anatomic landmarks). If future clinical studies demonstrate that margins obtained using skin fiducials for registration are similar to margins obtained with anatomical landmarks, the use of navigation with skin fiducials instead of bone fiducials may be advantageous. This technique may decrease the surgeon's time used to plan for and localize registration points and offer an alternative registration technique, providing the surgeon with other registration approaches.

The anxiolytic effect of probiotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical and preclinical literature.

BACKGROUND: Probiotics have generated intensive research interest in recent years as a novel mode of treatment for physical and mental illness. Nevertheless, the anxiolytic potential of probiotics remains unclear. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical and preclinical (animal model) evidence regarding the effect of probiotic administration on anxiety. METHODS: The PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were reviewed for preclinical and clinical studies that met the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The effects of probiotics on anxiety-like behavior and symptoms of anxiety were analyzed by meta-analyses. Separate subgroup analyses were conducted on diseased versus healthy animals, specific preclinical probiotic species, and clinical versus healthy human samples. RESULTS: Data were extracted from 22 preclinical studies (743 animals) and 14 clinical studies (1527 individuals). Overall, probiotics reduced anxiety-like behavior in animals (Hedges' g = -0.47, 95% CI -0.77 --0.16, p = 0.004). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant reduction only among diseased animals. Probiotic species-level analyses identified only Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus as an anxiolytic species, but these analyses were broadly under-powered. Probiotics did not significantly reduce symptoms of anxiety in humans (Hedges' g = -0.12, 95% CI -0.29-0.05, p = 0.151), and did not differentially affect clinical and healthy human samples. CONCLUSIONS: While preclinical (animal) studies suggest that probiotics may help reduce anxiety, such findings have not yet translated to clinical research in humans, perhaps due to the dearth of extant research with clinically anxious populations. Further investigation of probiotic treatment for clinically relevant anxiety is warranted, particularly with respect to the probiotic species L. rhamnosus.

MRI Identification of the Osseous Extent of Pediatric Bone Sarcomas.

BACKGROUND: The quantitative accuracy of MRI in predicting the intraosseous extent of primary sarcoma of bone has not been definitively confirmed, although MRI is widely accepted as an accurate tool to plan limb salvage resections. Because inaccuracies in MRI determination of tumor extent could affect the ability of a tumor surgeon to achieve negative margins and avoid local recurrence, we thought it important to assess the accuracy of MR-determined tumor extent to the actual extent observed pathologically from resected specimens in pediatric patients treated for primary sarcomas of bone. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Does the quantitative pathologic bony margin correlate with that measured on preoperative MRI? (2) Are T1- or T2-weighted MRIs most accurate in determining a margin? (3) Is there a difference in predicting tumor extent between MRI obtained before or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and which is most accurate? METHODS: We retrospectively studied a population of 211 potentially eligible patients who were treated with limb salvage surgery between August 1999 and July 2015 by a single surgeon at a single institution for primary sarcoma of bone. Of 131 patients (62%) with disease involving the femur or tibia, 107 (51%) were classified with Ewing's sarcoma or osteosarcoma. Records were available for review in our online database for 79 eligible patients (37%). Twenty-six patients (12%) were excluded because of insufficient or unavailable clinical or pathology data and 17 patients (8%) were excluded as a result of inadequate or incomplete MR imaging, leaving 55 eligible participants (26%) in the final cohort. The length of the resected specimen was superimposed on preresection MRI sequences to compare the margin measured by MRI with the margin measured by histopathology. Arithmetic mean differences and Pearson r correlations were used to assess quantitative accuracy (size of the margin). RESULTS: All MR imaging types were positively associated with final histopathologic margin. T1-weighted MRI after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and final histopathologic margin had the strongest positive correlation of all MR imaging and time point comparisons (r = 0.846, p < 0.001). Mean differences existed between the normal marrow margin on T1-weighted MRI before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (t = 8.363; mean, 18.883 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.327-23.441; p < 0.001), T2-weighted MRI before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (t = 8.194; mean, 17.204 mm; 95% CI, 12.970-21.439; p < 0.001), T1-weighted after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (t = 10.808; mean, 22.178 mm; 95% CI, 18.042-26.313; p < 0.001), T2-weighted after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (t = 10.702; mean, 20.778 mm; 95% CI, 16.865-24.691; p < 0.001), and the final histopathologic margin. T1-weighted MRI after neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with the final histopathologic margin had the smallest mean difference in MRI-measured versus histopathologic margin size (mean, 5.9 mm; SD = 4.5 mm). CONCLUSIONS: T1 MRI after neoadjuvant chemotherapy exhibited the strongest positive correlation and smallest mean difference compared with histopathologic margin. When planning surgical resections based on MRI obtained after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, for safety, one should account for a potential difference between the apparent margin of a tumor on an MRI and the actual pathologic margin of that tumor of up to 1 cm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

Injection of Unicameral Bone Cysts with Bone Marrow Aspirate and Demineralized Bone Matrix Avoids Open Curettage and Bone Grafting in a Retrospective Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Many treatment options exist for unicameral bone cysts (UBC), without clear evidence of superiority. Meta-analyses have been limited by small numbers of patients in specific anatomic and treatment subgroups. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of injecting bone marrow aspirate and demineralized bone matrix (BMA/DBM) for the treatment of proximal humerus UBC. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with proximal humerus lesions treated by BMA/DBM injection were retrospectively reviewed from a single academic medical center. RESULTS: The mean number of injections performed per patient was 2.14 (range 1-5). Eleven patients underwent only one injection (22%), an additional 19 patients completed treatment after two injections (37%), four patients healed after three injections (8%), and one patient healed after four injections (2%). The cumulative success rate of serial BMA/DBM injections was 22% (11/51), 58% (30/51), 67% (34/51), and 69% (35/51). Eleven patients (22%) ultimately underwent open curettage and bone grafting, and five patients (10%) were treated with injection of calcium phosphate bone substitute. CONCLUSION: A BMA/DBM injection strategy avoided an open procedure in 78% of patients with a proximal humerus UBC. The majority of patients underwent at least 2 injection treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV retrospective cohort study.

Malignant Transformation of Synovial Chondromatosis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Synovial chondromatosis (SCh) can undergo malignant transformation. Pathologic diagnosis of secondary synovial chondrosarcoma (SChS) is challenging and misdiagnosis may result in over- or undertreatment. METHOD: A systematic review revealed 48 cases of SChS published in 27 reports since 1957. Data was collected to identify findings indicative of SChS and outcomes of treatment. RESULTS: At median follow-up of 18 months, patients were reported as alive (10%), alive without disease (22%), alive with disease (15%), dead of disease (19%), dead of pulmonary embolism (4%), and unknown (29%). Initial diagnosis of SChS (grade: low/unknown 48%, intermediate/high 52%) was after biopsy in 58%, local resection in 29%, and amputation in 13%. Seventy-four percent of patients underwent 1.8 (mean) resections. Patients treated prior to 1992 were managed with amputation in 79% of cases compared to 48% after 1992. Symptoms were present for 72 mos prior to diagnosis of SChS. Synovial chondrosarcoma demonstrated symptom progression over several months (82%), rapid recurrence after complete resection (30%), and medullary canal invasion (43%). The SChS tumor dimensions were seldom quantified. CONCLUSION: Malignant degeneration of synovial chondromatosis is rare but can necessitate morbid surgery or result in death. Pathognomonic signs for SChS including intramedullary infiltration are present in the minority of cases. Progression of symptoms, quick local recurrence, and muscle infiltration are more suggestive of SChS. Periarticular cortical erosion, extra-capsular extension, and metaplastic chondroid features are non-specific. Although poorly documented for SChS, tumor size is a strong indicator of malignancy. Biopsy and partial resection are prone to diagnostic error. Surgical decisions are frequently based on size and clinical appearance and may be in conflict with pathologic diagnosis.

Cortical Fenestration for Megaprosthesis Stem Revision.

BACKGROUND: The most common modes of failure for megaprostheses are aseptic loosening followed by periprosthetic infection and stem fracture. Surgical technique for bone and implant exposure is controversial and may influence the success of revision and the need for additional future revisions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cortical fenestration for megaprosthesis revision, particularly for stem fracture. METHODS: From 1985-2014, 196 adult and pediatric patients underwent limb salvage with a distal femoral or proximal tibial megaprosthesis (109 cemented, 87 pressfit). A retrospective chart review was performed to assess the rate of revision based on cemented or pressfit fixation and the use of a cortical window to extract the failed stem. Results: 27% (29 of 109) of cemented and 18% (16 of 87) of pressfit implants were revised for stem failure. The reasons for revision in the cemented group were loosening (62%), infection (24%), and stem fracture (13%). In the pressfit group, the reasons were loosening (43%), infection (31%), stem fracture (6%), limb-length discrepancy (6%), malrotation (6%), and local recurrence (6%). A cortical window was used in 10 of 45 initial revisions (7 cemented, 3 pressfit) including all of the stem fractures, and in 2 of 15 subsequent re-revisions. CONCLUSION: Cortical fenestration is an effective, bone-preserving method of implant extraction, particularly for broken or cemented stems. It is associated with low rates of loosening and no increase in periprosthetic fractures.

Allograft Reconstruction for Sarcomas of the Tibia.

BACKGROUND: Allograft reconstruction of oncologic resections involving the tibia can have unpredictable results. Prior studies have reported a high rate of complications and a long recovery period involving prolonged bracing, repeated procedures and extended periods of antibiotics. METHODS: The case details of 30 tibial allografts (12 adults, 18 children; 20 intercalary, 7 hemicortical, 3 other) were reviewed retrospectively. Based on factors including function, pain, healing and infection, clinical outcomes were stratified into three categories: excellent, moderate, and poor. RESULTS: The overall survival rate of the allografts was 66% at a mean follow-up of 42 mos (adults) and 63 mos (children). Healing for metaphyseal junctions was successful in 73% at a mean of 44 weeks and for diaphyseal junctions, 64% at 41 weeks. Intercalary allografts in adults (4 of 20) all became infected and none had excellent results. All hemicortical allografts were performed in adults and 6 of 7 had excellent results. Distal intercalary allografts in children (6 of 20) had either excellent or moderate results with no infections, but had 3 nonunions and 2 fractures. Proximal intercalary allografts in children (8 of 20) had 2 excellent results, but had 6 infections requiring a cement spacer. Five of the six spacers were ultimately revised to another allograft or an arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: For tibial allograft reconstruction, surgeons and patients should prepare for a prolonged treatment course that may include multiple complications and surgeries. Excellent or moderate results can be achieved eventually in most, but amputation may be necessary in 15-20% of cases.

Surgical Release of Severe Flexion Contracture for Oncologic Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Severe postoperative knee contractures after arthroplasty or megaprosthesis reconstruction occur rarely, but are devastating complications. Management of preoperative flexion contractures is well-described, but there is a paucity of literature for surgical treatment of postoperative contractures. A retrospective chart review was performed for a single surgeon of cases between 1996 and 2014. RESULTS: Nine patients (5 of 66 for pediatrics; 4 of 95 for adults) underwent surgical release for severe stiffness after implantation of knee megaprosthesis. The total arc of motion was improved from a preoperative mean of 34° (range, 10° to 70°) to a postoperative mean 89° (63° to 125°). The amount of extension improved by a mean of 27° (range, -3° to +70°) and the amount of flexion improved by a mean of 28° (range, -10° to +75°). CONCLUSION: Surgical release of severe postoperative knee contracture is a challenging procedure, but in most cases, the amount of extension and flexion can be improved, yielding a greater total arc of motion.

Can a Made-for-Consumer Activity Monitor Assess Physical Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults After Lower Extremity Limb Salvage for Osseous Tumors?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to test the validity of a consumer-oriented activity monitor in adolescents and young adults undergoing limb salvage for primary bone malignancies. METHODS: A cross-sectional population of participants with an average age of 16 (range 12 to 22) years produced 472 days of activity monitoring during 25 evaluations periods alongside patient-reported outcome measures. RESULTS: Average daily steps ranged from 557 to 12,756 (mean=4711) and was moderately associated with the short-form (SF) 36 physical component subscale (r=0.46, P=0.04) as well as the SF6D health state utility measure (r=0.48, P=0.04), but not the SF36 mental component subscale (P=0.66) or Toronto extremity salvage score (P=0.07). Time from surgery was strongly correlated with average daily steps (r=0.7, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A made-for-consumer activity monitor provided real-world data regarding the outcome of adolescent and young adult limb salvage, and evidence of validity in this population. Such lower cost, user-friendly devices may facilitate assessment of free-living activity and allow novel comparisons of treatment strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II-diagnostic.

The effect of surgery with radiation on pelvic Ewing sarcoma survival.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic Ewing sarcoma (ES) has poorer outcomes than extremity-based lesions and the method of local control is controversial. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 40 primary pelvic or sacral ES treated by a single surgeon. All received modern chemotherapy and those that received radiation were treated with modern dosages. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent were disease-free at latest follow-up (median, 83.1 mos). Sixty-one percent had ≥ 99% necrosis, which was associated with 65% disease-free survival. Larger size (P = 0.016) and the absence of metastatic disease (P = 0.005) was predictive of survival. Eighty-three percent of relapsed patients were DOD. Half of patients who received surgery alone or RT alone have NED while 57% of those who received S/RT have NED. Complication rates were 69% (S/RT), 75% (surgery alone), 10% (RT alone). Functional outcomes were similar. CONCLUSION: Primary pelvic ES is localized at presentation in 50% and the absence of metastases is the strongest predictor for survival. Chemotherapy is key, but excellent histologic response is neither a guarantee nor a necessity for survival. More than one-third die despite an excellent histologic response and at least one-third with lung metastases survive. With chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, reasonable control of disease can be achieved. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: Case-control or retrospective cohort study.