Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of wheat gluten-derived antioxidant peptides acting through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway.

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, we successfully identified five peptides from wheat gluten: Ala-Pro-Ser-Tyr (APSY), Leu-Tyr (LY), Pro-Tyr (PY), Arg-Gly-Gly-Tyr (RGGY) and Tyr-Gln (YQ). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods were employed to investigate the interaction between these antioxidant peptides and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1 protein), revealing the molecular mechanism of their non-competitive binding. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity of the five peptides was determined using the 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) method. RESULTS: The affinities of APSY, LY, PY, RGGY and YQ were -8.9, -8.3, -8.5, -9.1 and - 7.9 kcal mol-1, respectively. The five peptides effectively bound to Keap1 protein through hydrogen, π-σ, π-alkyl and alkyl interactions. Significant roles were observed for the P1 pocket residue ARG-415 and the P3 pocket residue ALA-556 in the interactions of the Keap1-peptide complexes. Molecular dynamics simulations further elucidated the dynamic process of peptide binding to the Keap1 protein. All five peptides formed stable complexes with Keap1 protein, with van der Waals forces playing crucial roles in these complex systems, indicative of the peptides' strong binding ability to Keap1 protein. The van der Waals forces were -178.74, -123.11, -134.36, -132.59, and -121.44 kJ mol-1 for the Keap1-APSY, Keap1-LY, Keap1-PY, Keap1-RGGY and Keap1-YQ complexes, respectively. These peptides exhibited excellent antioxidant effects. Among them, the YQ peptide exhibited the highest total antioxidant capacity, with an activity value of 1.18 ± 0.06 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE) L-1 at a concentration of 0.10 mg mL-1. The RGGY, PY, LY and APSY peptides followed in descending order, with activity values of 0.91 ± 0.05, 0.72 ± 0.06, 0.62 ± 0.04 and 0.60 ± 0.05 mmol TE L-1, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results unveiled the molecular mechanism by which the five antioxidant peptides act on active pockets through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway, providing a theoretical basis for the development of antioxidants. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Capsicum leaf protein-based bionanocomposite films for packaging application: Effect of corn starch content on film properties.

The addition of corn starch (CS) enhances the interfacial adhesion of the film-forming liquids (FFLs), weakening the internal relative molecular motion. As a result, the rheological properties and zeta potential values of the FFLs were affected. A tight spatial network structure between capsicum leaf protein (CLP), lignocellulose nanocrystals (LNCs) and CS can be formed through intermolecular entanglement and hydrogen bonding interactions. The crystallinity, thermal degradation temperature, tensile strength and water contact angle of the protein-based bionanocomposite films (PBBFs) increased with increasing CS addition. This is due to the transformation of the secondary space structure of the CLP inside the PBBFs and the increase in cohesion. However, the excessive addition of CS forms aggregated clusters on the surface of PBBFs, which increases the surface roughness of PBBFs and causes more light scattering. Therefore, the brightness and yellowness values of the PBBFs increase, and the transmittance decreases.

Effects of capsaicin loads on the properties of capsicum leaf protein-based nanocellulose composite films.

This study aims to enhance the functionality of conventional protein-based nanocellulose composite films (PNCF) to meet the high demand for natural antimicrobial packaging films. Capsicum leaf protein (CLP) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from capsicum leaves were used as raw materials. Capsaicin, an essential antibacterial active ingredient in the capsicum plant, was used as an additive. The influence of different capsaicin loads on PNCF physicochemical and material properties was investigated under alkaline conditions. The results show that all film-forming liquids (FFLs) are non-Newtonian fluids with shear thinning behavior. When the capsaicin loading exceeds 20 %, the surface microstructure of PNCF changes from dense lamellar to rod-like. Capsaicin did not alter the PNCF crystal structure, thermal stability or chemical bonding. Capsaicin can be loaded onto the PNCF surface by intermolecular hydrogen bonding reactions with CLP and CNC, preserving capsaicin's biological activity. With increasing capsaicin loads from 0 % to 50 %, the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of PNCF decreased, whereas the diameter of the inhibition zone increased. All PNCFs have UV-blocking properties with potential applications in developing biodegradable food packaging materials. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of capsicum cultivation waste and the preparation of novel PNCF.

pH-driven preparation of pea protein isolate-curcumin nanoparticles effectively enhances antitumor activity.

Soluble pea protein isolate-curcumin nanoparticles were successfully prepared at a novel pH combination, with encapsulation efficiency and drug loading amount of 95.69 ± 1.63 % and 32.73 ± 0.56 µg/mg, respectively, resulting in >4000-fold increase in the water solubility of curcumin. The encapsulation propensity and interaction mechanism of pea protein isolates with curcumin and colchicine were comparatively evaluated by structural characterization, molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking. The results showed that the nanoparticles formed by curcumin and colchicine with pea protein isolates were mainly driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, and the binding process did not alter the secondary structure of pea protein. In contrast, pea protein isolate-curcumin nanoparticles exhibited smaller particle size, lower RMSD value, lower binding Gibbs free energy and greater structural stability. Therefore, pea protein isolate is a suitable encapsulation material for hydrophobic compounds. Furthermore, the pea protein isolate-curcumin nanoparticles showed remarkably enhanced antitumor activity, as evidenced by a significant reduction in IC50, and the anti-tumor mechanism of it involved the ROS-induced mitochondria-mediated caspase cascade apoptosis pathway. These findings provide insights into the development of pea protein-based delivery systems and the possibility of a broader application of curcumin in antitumor activity.

Insight into the effect of different nanocellulose types on protein-based bionanocomposite film properties.

This paper investigates the effect of five different types of nanocellulose on the properties of protein-based bionanocomposite films (PBBFs) and the mechanism of action. The results show that TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TNC) PBBFs have the smoothest surface structure. This is because some hydroxyl groups in TNC are converted to carboxyl groups, increasing hydrogen bonding and cross-linking with proteins. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) PBBFs have the highest crystallinity. Filamentous BNC can form an interlocking network with protein, promoting effective stress transfer in the PBBFs with maximum tensile strength. The PBBFs of lignin nanocellulose (LNC) have superior elasticity due to the presence of lignin, which gives them the greatest creep properties. The PBBFs of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have the largest water contact angle. This is because the small particle size of CNC can be uniformly distributed in the protein matrix. The different types of nanocellulose differ in their microscopic morphology and the number of hydroxyl groups and hydrogen bonding sites on their surfaces. Therefore, there are differences in the spatial distribution and the degree of intermolecular cross-linking of different types of nanocellulose in the protein matrix. This is the main reason for the differences in the material properties of PBBFs.

Hydrothermal treatment: An efficient food waste disposal technology.

The quantities of food waste (FW) are increasing yearly. Proper disposal of FW is essential for reusing value-added products, environmental protection, and human health. Based on the typical characteristics of high moisture content and high organic content of FW, hydrothermal treatment (HTT), as a novel thermochemical treatment technology, plays unique effects in the disposal and utilization of FW. The HTT of FW has attracted more and more attention in recent years, however, there are few conclusive reviews about the progress of the HTT of FW. HTT is an excellent approach to converting energy-rich materials into energy-dense fuels and valuable chemicals. This process can handle biomass with relatively high moisture content and allows efficient heat integration. This mini-review presents the current knowledge of recent advances in HTT of FW. The effects of HTT temperature and duration on organic nutritional compositions (including carbohydrates, starch, lipids, protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, etc.) and physicochemical properties (including pH, elemental composition, functional groups, fuel properties, etc.) and structural properties of FW are evaluated. The compositions of FW can degrade during HTT so that the physical and chemical properties of FW can be changed. The application and economic analyses of HTT in FW are summarized. Finally, the analyses of challenges and future perspectives on HTT of FW have shown that industrial reactors should be built effectively, and techno-economic analysis, overall energy balance, and life cycle assessment of the HTT process are necessary. The mini-review offers new approaches and perspectives for the efficient reuse of food waste.

Feasibility of bionanocomposite films fabricated using capsicum leaf protein and cellulose nanofibers.

In this study, the feasibility of fabricating protein-based bionanocomposite films (PBBFs) was analysed by applying capsicum leaf protein (CLP) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as raw materials. The effects of different amounts of CNF (solid content 2%) on physicochemical and material properties of PBBFs were investigated. The results showed nanoscale CNFs exhibited good interfacial compatibility with CLP. The hydroxyl groups on the CNF surface promoted the association of hydrogen bonds between CLP, glycerol and CNF, which improved the crystal structure and thermal stability of PBBFs. Concurrently, the mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of PBBFs are also enhanced. PBBFs with 60% CNF content have maximum flexibility and hydrophobicity. All PBBFs exhibited ultraviolet barrier performance, indicating that PBBFs had potential application prospects in the development of degradable food packaging materials. The results of the present study can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilisation of capsicum planting waste while improving the ecosystem.

Biologically competitive effect of Desulfovibrio desulfurican and Pseudomonas stutzeri on corrosion of X80 pipeline steel in the Shenyang soil solution.

In this paper, we have investigated the corrosion mechanism of X80 carbon steel in the presence of nitrate reducing bacteria (NRB), sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) or both in the Shenyang soil solution. The results show that both SRB and NRB increase the corrosion rate of steel specimens and cause pitting corrosion of steel. Electrochemical tests and weight-loss data show that the addition of NRB in the SRB-containing environment leads to the reduction of corrosion. The thermodynamic analyses confirm the competitive advantage of NRB for the nutrients (organic carbon sources and irons) and the chemical oxidation of ferrous sulfide by nitrite, which results in a mitigation in the microbiologically influence corrosion (MIC) of SRB.

Synergistic effect of alternating current and sulfate-reducing bacteria on corrosion behavior of X80 steel in coastal saline soil.

With the development of electrified railways and high-voltage transmission lines, it is often inevitable that buried metal structures are subjected to interference from the alternating current (AC) induced by the neighboring power facilities. Commonly found in soil, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have the capability to accelerate metal corrosion. In this paper, with electrochemical methods, surface analysis techniques, and weight-loss test, the influence of AC and SRB on the X80 steel corrosion behavior was explored in coastal saline soil. The results revealed that the 100 A m-2 AC inhibited the growth of the sessile and planktonic SRB cell. Under the action of 100 A m-2 AC, the metabolic activity of viable bacteria was enhanced, and the process of extracellular electron transfer was accelerated. When both AC and SRB were introduced, the maximum pit depth (76.2 µm) increased significantly to be 15 times higher than in the control condition (4.9 µm). Both SRB and AC played a role in enhancing corrosion. The corrosion rate of the AC-influenced specimen was far higher than that of the SRB-influenced specimen, while SRB and AC produced a synergistic effect on the enhanced corrosion of the specimen.

Role of calpain-mediated p53 truncation in semaphorin 3A-induced axonal growth regulation.

Neurite outgrowth represents a critical stage in the correct development of neuronal circuitries, and is dependent on the complex regulation of actin filament and microtubule dynamics by intrinsic as well as extrinsic signals. Previous studies have implicated the tumor suppressor factor, p53, in the regulation of axonal outgrowth through a nontranscriptional effect involving local regulation of the Rho kinase signaling pathway that controls these dynamics. In the present study, we first showed that semaphorin 3A-induced growth cone collapse in cultured hippocampal neurons was associated with the partial truncation of phosphorylated p53, and that both effects were prevented by calpain inhibition with either m-calpain-specific siRNA or inhibitors. We further determined that semaphorin 3A-mediated calpain activation and growth cone collapse were associated with m-calpain phosphorylation and prevented by inhibition of MAPK, ERK, or p38. In vitro studies confirmed that p53 and especially phosphorylated p53 were partially truncated by calpain. Thus, our results indicate that semaphorin 3A-mediated growth cone collapse is mediated in part by m-calpain activation, possibly through MAPK-mediated phosphorylation, and the resulting truncation of phosphorylated p53, leading to Rho kinase activation and cytoskeletal reorganization. They provide a pathway by which extrinsic signals regulate axonal growth through activation of m-calpain and p53 truncation.

Cholesterol Perturbation in Mice Results in p53 Degradation and Axonal Pathology through p38 MAPK and Mdm2 Activation.

Perturbation of lipid metabolism, especially of cholesterol homeostasis, can be catastrophic to mammalian brain, as it has the highest level of cholesterol in the body. This notion is best illustrated by the severe progressive neurodegeneration in Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease, one of the lysosomal storage diseases, caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. In this study, we found that growth cone collapse induced by genetic or pharmacological disruption of cholesterol egress from late endosomes/lysosomes was directly related to a decrease in axonal and growth cone levels of the phosphorylated form of the tumor suppressor factor p53. Cholesterol perturbation-induced growth cone collapse and decrease in phosphorylated p53 were reduced by inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and murine double minute (Mdm2) E3 ligase. Growth cone collapse induced by genetic (npc1-/-) or pharmacological modification of cholesterol metabolism was Rho kinase (ROCK)-dependent and associated with increased RhoA protein synthesis; both processes were significantly reduced by P38 MAPK or Mdm2 inhibition. Finally, in vivo ROCK inhibition significantly increased phosphorylated p53 levels and neurofilaments in axons, and axonal bundle size in npc1-/- mice. These results indicate that NPC-related and cholesterol perturbation-induced axonal pathology is associated with an abnormal signaling pathway consisting in p38 MAPK activation leading to Mdm2-mediated p53 degradation, followed by ROCK activation. These results also suggest new targets for pharmacological treatment of NPC disease and other diseases associated with disruption of cholesterol metabolism.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and epidermal growth factor activate neuronal m-calpain via mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation.

Calpain is a calcium-dependent protease that plays a significant role in synaptic plasticity, cell motility, and neurodegeneration. Two major calpain isoforms are present in brain, with mu-calpain (calpain1) requiring micromolar calcium concentrations for activation and m-calpain (calpain2) needing millimolar concentrations. Recent studies in fibroblasts indicate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can activate m-calpain independently of calcium via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated phosphorylation. In neurons, MAPK is activated by both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and EGF. We therefore examined whether these growth factors could activate m-calpain by MAPK-dependent phosphorylation using cultured primary neurons and HEK-TrkB cells, both of which express BDNF and EGF receptors. Calpain activation was monitored by quantitative analysis of spectrin degradation and by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay, which assessed the truncation of a calpain-specific peptide flanked by the FRET fluorophore pair DABCYL and EDANS. In both cell types, BDNF and EGF rapidly elicited calpain activation, which was completely blocked by MAPK and calpain inhibitors. BDNF stimulated m-calpain but not mu-calpain serine phosphorylation, an effect also blocked by MAPK inhibitors. Remarkably, BDNF- and EGF-induced calpain activation was preferentially localized in dendrites and dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons and was associated with actin polymerization, which was prevented by calpain inhibition. Our results indicate that, in cultured neurons, both BDNF and EGF activate m-calpain by MAPK-mediated phosphorylation. These results strongly support a role for calpain in synaptic plasticity and may explain why m-calpain, although widely expressed in CNS, requires nonphysiological calcium levels for activation.

17-Beta-estradiol increases neuronal excitability through MAP kinase-induced calpain activation.

17-Beta-estradiol (E2) is a steroid hormone involved in numerous brain functions. E2 regulates synaptic plasticity in part by enhancing NMDA receptor function and spine density in the hippocampus, resulting in increased long-term potentiation and facilitation of learning and memory. As the calcium-dependent neutral protease, calpain, is also involved in these processes, we tested whether E2 could activate calpain and examined the functional consequences of E2-mediated calpain activation in hippocampus. Calpain activity was analyzed by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assay that allows both quantitative determination and spatial resolution. E2 rapidly activated calpain in cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons, prominently in dendrites and dendritic spines. E2-induced calpain activation was mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), as it was completely blocked by MEK inhibitors. It was also calcium-independent, as it was still evident in presence of the calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM. Activation of ERalpha and ERbeta receptors by specific agonists stimulated calpain activity. Finally, the rapid E2-mediated increase in excitability in acute hippocampal slices was prevented by a membrane-permeable calpain inhibitor. Furthermore, E2 treatment of acute hippocampal slices resulted in increased actin polymerization and membrane levels of GluR1 but not GluR2/3 subunits of AMPA receptors; both effects were also blocked by a calpain inhibitor. Our results indicate that E2 rapidly stimulates calpain activity through MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation, resulting in increased membrane levels of AMPA receptors. These effects could be responsible for E2-mediated increase in neuronal excitability and facilitation of cognitive processes.

Positive AMPA receptor modulation rapidly stimulates BDNF release and increases dendritic mRNA translation.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) stimulates local dendritic mRNA translation and is involved in formation and consolidation of memory. 2H,3H,6aH-pyrrolidino[2'',1''-3',2']1,3-oxazino[6',5'-5,4]-benzo[e]1,4-dioxan-10-one (CX614), one of the best-studied positive AMPA receptor modulators (also known as ampakines), increases BDNF mRNA and protein and facilitates long-term potentiation (LTP) induction. Several other ampakines also improve performance in various behavioral and learning tasks. Since local dendritic protein synthesis has been implicated in LTP stabilization and in memory consolidation, this study investigated whether CX614 could influence synaptic plasticity by upregulating dendritic protein translation. CX614 treatment of primary neuronal cultures and acute hippocampal slices rapidly activated the translation machinery and increased local dendritic protein synthesis. CX614-induced activation of translation was blocked by K252a [(9S,10R,12R)-2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-oxo-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3',2',1'-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocine-10-carboxylic acid methyl ester], CNQX, APV, and TTX, and was inhibited in the presence of an extracellular BDNF scavenger, TrkB-Fc. The acute effect of CX614 on translation was mediated by increased BDNF release as demonstrated with a BDNF scavenging assay using TrkB-Fc during CX614 treatment of cultured primary neurons and was blocked by nifedipine, ryanodine, and lack of extracellular Ca(2+) in acute hippocampal slices. Finally, CX614, like BDNF, rapidly increased dendritic translation of an exogenous translation reporter. Together, our results demonstrate that positive modulation of AMPA receptors rapidly stimulates dendritic translation, an effect mediated by BDNF secretion and TrkB receptor activation. They also suggest that increased BDNF secretion and stimulation of local protein synthesis contribute to the effects of ampakines on synaptic plasticity.

A novel function for p53: regulation of growth cone motility through interaction with Rho kinase.

The transcription factor p53 suppresses tumorgenesis by regulating cell proliferation and migration. We investigated whether p53 could also control cell motility in postmitotic neurons. p53 isoforms recognized by phospho-p53-specific (at Ser-15) or "mutant" conformation-specific antibodies were highly and specifically expressed in axons and axonal growth cones in primary hippocampal neurons. Inhibition of p53 function by inhibitors, small interfering RNAs, or by dominant-negative forms, induced axonal growth cone collapse, whereas p53 overexpression led to larger growth cones. Furthermore, deletion of the p53 nuclear export signal blocked its axonal distribution and induced growth cone collapse. p53 inhibition-induced axonal growth cone collapse was significantly reduced by the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y27632 [(R)-(+)-trans-N-(4-pyridyl)-4-(1-aminoethyl)-cyclohexanecarboxamide]. Our results reveal a new function for p53 as a critical regulator of axonal growth cone behavior by suppressing ROCK activity.

Allopregnanolone treatment delays cholesterol accumulation and reduces autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction and inflammation in Npc1-/- mouse brain.

Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a devastating developmental disorder with progressive and fatal neurodegeneration. Previous work has shown that a single injection of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone at postnatal day 7 significantly prolonged lifespan of Npc1-/- mice. However, the cellular/molecular basis for this beneficial effect remains undefined. Here, we further characterized the effect of allopregnanolone treatment on cholesterol accumulation, a pathological hallmark of NPC, as well as on autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction, myelination and inflammation in Npc1-/- mouse brains. At 1 month postnatal, accumulation of filipin-labeled unesterified cholesterol was clearly evident not only in neurons but also in microglia in untreated mutant mice, but was mostly absent in allopregnanolone-treated animals. Brain levels of the lysosomal enzymes cathepsins B and D were significantly higher in Npc1-/- than in wild-type mice. Levels of LC3-II, an autophagy marker, were also increased in mutant mouse brain as compared to wild-type mouse brain. Both changes were significantly reduced by allopregnanolone treatment. Injection of the neurosteroid also significantly reduced astrocyte proliferation and microglial activation. Furthermore, allopregnanolone treatment significantly enhanced myelination in mutant mice. Taken together, our results clearly show that allopregnanolone treatment not only reduces cholesterol accumulation and improves autophagic/lysosomal function but also enhances myelination and reduces inflammation. These results provide further support for the potential usefulness of allopregnanolone for treating NPC disease.

A novel GTPase, CRAG, mediates promyelocytic leukemia protein-associated nuclear body formation and degradation of expanded polyglutamine protein.

Polyglutamine diseases are inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by the expanded polyglutamine proteins (polyQs). We have identified a novel guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) named CRAG that contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence and forms nuclear inclusions in response to stress. After ultraviolet irradiation, CRAG interacted with and induced an enlarged ring-like structure of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) body in a GTPase-dependent manner. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by polyQ accumulation triggered the association of CRAG with polyQ and the nuclear translocation of the CRAG-polyQ complex. Furthermore, CRAG promoted the degradation of polyQ at PML/CRAG bodies through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. CRAG knockdown by small interfering RNA in neuronal cells consistently blocked the nuclear translocation of polyQ and enhanced polyQ-mediated cell death. We propose that CRAG is a modulator of PML function and dynamics in ROS signaling and is protectively involved in the pathogenesis of polyglutamine diseases.

Critical role of collapsin response mediator protein-associated molecule CRAM for filopodia and growth cone development in neurons.

Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) have been implicated in signaling of axonal guidance, including semaphorins. We have previously identified a unique member of this gene family, CRMP-associated molecule CRAM (CRMP-5), which is phylogenetically divergent from the other four CRMPs. In this study, we have examined the distribution and function of CRAM in developing neurons. Immunohistochemical analysis showed accumulation of CRAM in the filopodia of growth cones. Experiments using cytochalasin D indicated that filopodial localization of CRAM was independent of filamentous actin. Overexpression of CRAM in neuronal cells significantly promoted filopodial growth and led to the formation of supernumerary growth cones, which acquired resistance to semaphorin-3A stimulation. Finally, knockdown of CRAM by using RNA interference blocked filopodial formation and revealed an aberrant morphology of growth cones. We propose that CRAM regulates filopodial dynamics and growth cone development, thereby restricting the response of growth cone to repulsive guidance cues.

Role for Fes/Fps tyrosine kinase in microtubule nucleation through is Fes/CIP4 homology domain.

We have previously demonstrated that Fes/Fps (Fes) tyrosine kinase is involved in Semaphorin3A-mediated signaling. Here we report a role for Fes tyrosine kinase in microtubule dynamics. A fibrous formation of Fes was observed in a kinase-dependent manner, which associated with microtubules and functionally correlated with microtubule bundling. Microtubule regeneration assays revealed that Fes aggregates colocalized with gamma-tubulin at microtubule nucleation sites in a Fes/CIP4 homology (FCH) domain-dependent manner and that expression of FCH domain-deleted Fes mutants blocked normal centrosome formation. In support of these observations, mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Fes-deficient mice displayed an aberrant structure of nucleation and centrosome with unbundling and disoriented filaments of microtubules. Our findings suggest that Fes plays a critical role in microtubule dynamics including microtubule nucleation and bundling through its FCH domain.