Characterization of CYP303A1 and its potential application based on ZIF-8 nanoparticle-wrapped dsRNA in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål).

BACKGROUND: RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been put forward as a promising method for pest control and resistance management. Mining highly efficient lethal genes and constructing stable double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery systems are of great significance to improve the application potential of RNAi technology. RESULTS: In this study, we characterized a molting-related gene, NlCYP303A1, in Nilaparvata lugens that was highly expressed in the cuticle and at the end stages of each instar in nymphs. Silencing the expression of NlCYP303A1 in N. lugens resulted in a deformed phenotype and a significant increase in mortality. Furthermore, interfering with NlCYP303A1 changed the relative expression of key genes in the chitin synthesis and degradation pathway. Finally, we used the nanocarrier zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to load dsNlCYP303A1, forming a complex denoted as dsNlCYP303A1@ZIF-8. The results of both feeding and rice-seedling dip experiments indicated that the expression of NlCYP303A1 was dramatically and persistently suppressed by the dsNlCYP303A1@ZIF-8 treatment, compared with treatment with dsNlCYP303A1, suggesting that ZIF-8 can enhance the interference efficiency as well as the stability of dsNlCYP303A1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the lethal gene NlCYP303A1 can be employed as an excellent target for RNAi technology by loading onto a nano-delivery system, and provide new insights into the creation of innovative pest control approaches. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Perirenal fat and chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: the mediation role of afferent arteriolar resistance.

AIM: Perirenal fat (PRF) is an independent predictor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Previous studies speculated that PRF may promote renal dysfunction through affecting renal hemodynamics. To verify this hypothesis, we studied the relationship between PRF and renal hemodynamics in T2DM. METHODS: 91 T2DM patients were included. PRF thickness (PRFT) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were determined by renal dynamic imaging. Renal vascular resistance (RVR), glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PGLO), afferent (RA) and efferent (RE) arteriolar resistance were calculated by Gomez equations. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the relationship between PRFT and renal hemodynamics. Mediation analysis was conducted to estimate the mediation effects of renal hemodynamics on the relationship between PRF and CKD. RESULTS: All patients were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of PRFT. Compared with patients in tertile 1, GFR and ERPF were significantly decreased in patients in tertile 3, while RVR and RA were significantly increased. PRFT was negatively correlated with GFR, ERPF and PGLO, and positively correlated with RVR and RA after adjustment for sex, age, visceral adipose tissue and treatments with ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 inhibitors. Moreover, RVR and RA mediated the effect of PRF on GFR, with a mediated proportion of 29.1% and 41.4% respectively. CONCLUSION: In T2DM patients, PRF was negatively correlated with GFR, and positively correlated with RA. RA mediated the relationship between PRF and CKD.

Phase and amplitude simultaneously coding metasurface with multi-frequency and multifunctional electromagnetic modulations.

The integration of multiple functionalities into a single, planar, ultra-compact metasurface has presented significant opportunities for enhancing capacity and performance within compact 5G/6G communication systems. Recent advances in multifunctional metasurfaces have unveiled comprehensive wavefront manipulations utilizing phase, polarization transmission/reflection, and coding apertures. Despite these developments, there remains a critical need for multifunctional metasurfaces with expanded channel capabilities, including multiple operational frequencies, minimal crosstalk, and high-efficiency computable array factors. This study introduces a multifunctional metasurface that integrates phase- and amplitude simultaneous coding meta-atoms at dual frequencies. By altering the polarization of electromagnetic (EM) waves, it is possible to reshape the wave-fronts of reflected waves at these frequencies. The coding metasurface proficiently manipulates both x and y linearly polarized waves through phase and amplitude coding at dual frequencies, thereby enabling distinct functionalities such as anomalous reflection, reflection imaging, and vortex wave beam generation. Both theoretical analysis and full-wave simulation confirm the anticipated functionalities of the designed devices, paving the way for advancements in integrated communication systems with diverse functionalities.

Cryptococcus Neoformans Osteomyelitis of the Right Ankle Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in a HIV-Negative Patient with Tuberculous Lymphadenitis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Recent Literature Review.

Aim: Cryptococcus neoformans osteomyelitis coupled with tuberculosis and tuberculous lymphadenitis, is a rare occurrence in clinical. Diagnostic challenges arise due to the clinical radiological similarity of this condition to other lung infections and the limited and sensitive nature of traditional approaches. Here, we present a case of co-infection diagnosed using Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing, highlighting the effectiveness of advanced genomic techniques in such complex scenarios. Case Presentation: We present a case of a 67-year-old female infected with cryptococcal osteomyelitis and presented with swelling and pain in the right ankle. Following a biopsy of the right ankle joint, Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) of the biopsy tissue revealed Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Positive results for Cryptococcus capsular antigen and pathological findings confirmed the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient underwent surgical debridement, coupled with oral fluconazole treatment (300mg/day), leading to the resolution of symptoms. Conclusion: Cryptococcus neoformans is an uncommon cause of ankle infection. Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) serves as a valuable diagnostic tool, aiding clinicians in differentiating cryptococcal osteomyelitis from other atypical infections.

Abdominal obesity and CKD: A potential mediating role of serum metabolites in the UK Biobank population.

BACKGROUND: It is generally known that although a connection between abdominal obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well-established, there is a lack of systematic research investigating the specific roles of serum metabolites, including lipid metabolites, amino acid metabolites, carbohydrate metabolites and inflammatory substances in explaining this associations. METHODS: We included 118,020 general patients with data of serum metabolites from UK Biobank. We defined abdominal obesity and CKD based on waist circumference and ICD-10 criteria. The serum metabolites were assessed by a high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolic biomarker profiling platform. We conducted mediation analysis by R software and used the proportion of mediation to quantify the mediation effect. RESULTS: This study demonstrated that lipid metabolites played a more important role in mediating the relationship between abdominal obesity and CKD than amino acid metabolites and carbohydrate metabolites. And Glycoprotein Acetyls (GlycA) was the strongest mediator for the correlation between abdominal obesity and CKD, accounting for 26.4 %. And In the mediation analysis stratified by sex, we found that the mediating effects of lipid metabolites were mostly higher in men than in women, while GlycA accounted for the largest proportion of the mediation association in both two groups (31.0 % for women and 19.8 % for men). CONCLUSION: Among lipid metabolites, amino acid metabolites, carbohydrate metabolites and inflammatory substances, our study showed that infammation marker GlycA was the novel and key mediator for the correlation between abdominal obesity and CKD.

Lactone-to-Lactam Editing Alters the Pharmacology of Bilobalide.

Precise transformations of natural products (NPs) can fine-tune their physicochemical properties while preserving inherently complex and evolutionarily optimized parent scaffolds. Here, we report an unprecedented lactone-to-lactam transformation on bilobalide, thus improving its stability and paving the way for biological exploration of previously inaccessible chemical space that is highly representative of the parent structure. This late-stage molecular editing of bilobalide enables facile access to a unique library of lactam analogues with altered pharmacology. Through phenotypic screening, we identify BB10 as a hit compound with unexpected inhibition of ferroptotic cell death. We further reveal that BB10 suppresses ferroptosis by restoring the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in brain cells. This study highlights that even subtle changes on NP scaffolds can confer new pharmacological properties, inspiring the exploration of simple yet critical transformations on complex NPs.

Inulin alleviates GenX-induced intestinal injury in mice by modulating the MAPK pathway, cell cycle, and cell adhesion proteins.

GenX, a substitute for perfluorooctanoic acid, has demonstrated potential enterotoxicity. The enterotoxic effects of GenX and effective interventions need further investigation. In the present study, the mice were administered GenX (2 mg/kg/day) with or without inulin supplementation (5 g/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Histopathological assessments revealed that GenX induced colonic gland atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, a reduction in goblet cell numbers, and decreased mucus secretion. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the protein levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 indicated compromised barrier integrity. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2645 DEGs, which were mapped to 39 significant pathways. The TGF-ß, BMP6, and ß-catenin proteins were upregulated in the intestinal mucosa following GenX exposure, indicating activation of the TGF-ß pathway. Conversely, the protein expression of PAK3, CyclinD2, contactin1, and Jam2 decreased, indicating disruptions in cell cycle progression and cell adhesion. Inulin cotreatment ameliorated these GenX-induced alterations, partially through modulating the MAPK pathway, as evidenced by the upregulation of the cell cycle and cell adhesion proteins. Collectively, these findings suggested that GenX exposure triggered intestinal injury in mice by activating the TGF-ß pathway and disrupting proteins crucial for the cell cycle and cell adhesion, whereas inulin supplementation mitigated this injury by modulating the MAPK pathway.

The effect of the nucleolar protein ZNF385A on the ribosomal DNA copy number variation in response to Cr(VI)-induced DNA damage.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a widely distributed carcinogen in industrial contexts and general environmental contexts. Emerging research highlights the central role of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in DNA Damage Responses (DDRs). However, there remains a lack of investigation into the potential dose-dependent relationship between exposure to Cr(VI) and alterations in rDNA copy number (CN), as well as the related mechanisms underlying these effects. A molecular epidemiological investigation involving 67 workers exposed to Cr(VI) and 75 unexposed controls was conducted. There was a notable increase in ZNF385A expression, variations in rDNA CN, and elevated γH2AX levels in the peripheral blood of Cr(VI)-exposed workers. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models showed that blood Cr levels in the exposed population exhibited non-linear dose-dependent relationships with γH2AX, rDNA CN, and ZNF385A. Of considerable interest, there were robust and positive associations between ZNF385A and both γH2AX and rDNA CN. Further in vitro experiments provided concrete evidence that Cr(VI) simultaneously caused an increase in ZNF385A expression and variations in rDNA CN. ZNF385A-depleted cells showed increased sensitivity to Cr(VI)-mediated DDRs and alterations in rDNA CN. This study indicated that ZNF385A played a highly significant role in the rDNA CN variation in response to Cr(VI)-induced DNA damage.

Sustainable Natural Resources for Aphid Management: ß-Ionone and Its Derivatives as Promising Ecofriendly Botanical-Based Products.

ß-Ionone, sustainably derived from Petunia hybrida as a natural bioresource, was identified as a lead compound for integrated aphid management. A series of ß-ionone derivatives containing ester groups were designed and synthesized for the purpose of discovering renewable botanical-based products. The odorant-binding protein (OBP) binding test indicated that ß-ionone and its derivatives displayed binding affinities with Acyrthosiphon pisum OBP9 (ApisOBP9) and Harmonia axyridis OBP15 (HaxyOBP15). Bioactivity assays revealed that most ß-ionone derivatives exhibited a higher repellent activity than that of ß-ionone. ß-Ionone and derivatives 4g and 4l displayed attractiveness to H. axyridis. Specifically, 4g was a highly promising derivative, possessing good repellent activity against A. pisum and attractiveness to H. axyridis. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that integrating the hydrophobic ester group into the ß-ionone framework strengthened the van der Waals interactions of 4g with ApisOBP9/HaxyOBP15, improving the binding affinity with OBPs and producing higher push-pull activity than ß-ionone; 4g also had low toxicity toward nontarget organisms. Thus, 4g is a potential ecofriendly, botanical-based option for aphid management.

Selective recovery of manganese from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries for efficient catalytic oxidation of VOCs: Unveiling the mechanism of activity Enhancement in recycled catalysts.

With the widespread application of ternary lithium-ion batteries (TLBs) in various fields, the disposal of spent TLBs has become a globally recognized issue. This study proposes a novel method for reutilizing metal resources from TLBs. Through selective oxidation, manganese in a leaching solution of TLBs was converted into MnO2 with α, γ, and δ crystal phases (referred to as T-MnO2) for catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while efficiently separating manganese from high-value metals such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium, achieving a manganese recovery rate of 99.99%. Compared to similar MnO2 prepared from pure materials, T-MnO2 exhibited superior degradation performance for toluene and chlorobenzene, with T90 decreasing by around 30 °C. The acidic synthesis environment provided by the leaching solution and the doping of trace metals altered the physicochemical properties of T-MnO2, such as increased specific surface area, elevated surface manganese valence, and improved redox performance and oxygen vacancy properties, enhancing its catalytic oxidation capacity. Furthermore, the degradation pathway of toluene on T-γ-MnO2 was inferred using thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) and in-situ DRIFTs. This study provides a novel approach for recycling spent TLBs and treating VOCs catalytically.

Abnormal late postprandial glucagon response in type 1 diabetes is a function of differences in stimulated C-peptide concentrations.

Background: The functional changes in alpha cells in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with different residual beta cell functions remain poorly elucidated. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between glucagon secretion and C-peptide levels and to explore the relationship between glucagon response and glucose increment in respond to a secretagogue in a steamed bread meal tolerance test (BMTT) in T1D. Methods: The study enrolled 43 adult patients with T1D and 24 healthy control subjects. Patients with T1D who underwent BMTT were divided into two groups based on peak C-peptide levels: C peptide low (CPL; C-peptide < 200 pmol/L; n=14) and high (CPH; C peptide ≥ 200 pmol/L; n=29). Plasma glucose, C-peptide, glucagon levels at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min were measured. The glucagon response to the BMTT was defined by areas under the curve (AUC) as early (AUC0-30), late (AUC30-180), or total (AUC0-180) glucagon. Results: Compared to healthy individuals, fasting plasma glucagon was lower and postprandial plasma glucagon level was increased in patients with T1D. Glucagon levels after BMTT between the CPL and CPH group showed significant group by time interaction. Peak glucagon and glucagon at 60-180 min, total and late glucagon response were higher in CPL than CPH group, while fasting glucagon and early glucagon response adjusted for glucose were comparable between CPL and CPH group. The higher late glucagon response and late glucagon response adjusted for glucose were associated with lower peak C-peptide in T1D. The higher late glucagon response and lower peak C-peptide were associated with the higher value of ▵glucose at 180 min. Conclusion: Stimulated C-peptide levels affect the paradoxical increase in postprandial glucagon secretion in patients with T1D, especially late glucagon response. The exaggerated postprandial glucagon secretion further stimulates the elevation of postprandial glucose in patients with T1D.

PICC tip dislodgement causing massive pleural effusion and atelectasis with acute respiratory failure: a case report.

Peripheral intravenous central catheter (PICC) is a common tool for intravenous infusion for children who need central venous access. Although it is safe for physicians and nurses to place, complications like infection, occlusion, phlebitis, and bleeding can occur. We report a 5-month-old infant who suffered respiratory failure caused by catheter malposition resulting in massive fluid infusion into the thoracic cavity. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) was utilized to identify a massive pleural effusion that prompted urgent drainage. Complications related to PICC in pediatric patients are not common but difficult to immediately identify sometimes. Therefore, careful attention should be paid by physicians to identify and reduce the risk of complications associated with PICC. Thus, visual tools are strongly advised to enhance the safety of invasive procedures.

SS-31 mitigates oxidative stress and restores mitochondrial function in cigarette smoke-damaged oral epithelial cells via PINK1-mediated mitophagy.

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for several oral diseases, including oral cancer, oral leukoplakia and periodontitis, primarily related to reactive oxygen species (ROS). SS-31, a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide, has exhibited demonstrable efficacy in medical conditions by attenuating mitochondrial ROS production. However, its potential in the treatment of oral diseases remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of SS-31 in mitigating smoking-induced oral epithelial injury. Through in vitro experiments, our results indicate that SS-31 plays a protective role against cigarette smoke extract (CSE) by reducing oxidative stress, attenuating inflammatory response, and restoring mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we found that mitophagy, regulated by PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1)/Parkin (Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase), was critical for the protective role of SS-31. Our findings offer valuable insights into SS-31's therapeutic potential in mitigating CSE-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial dysfunction in oral epithelial cells. This study provides novel intervention targets for smoking-related oral diseases.

Effectiveness of narrowband ultraviolet B monotherapy versus combination therapy with systemic agents in patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides and the association with plaque lesions.

OBJECTIVE: Narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) has been recommended as first-line therapy for early-stage mycosis fungoides (MF) in international guidelines. NB-UVB can be used as monotherapy or part of a multimodality treatment regimen. There is limited evidence on the effectiveness and optimal patients of NB-UVB in combination with systemic therapies in MF. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the combination versus NB-UVB monotherapy in early-stage MF and if plaque lesion status was related to these effects. METHODS: This observational cohort study included 247 early-stage MF patients who had received NB-UVB combined with systemic therapies vs. NB-UVB monotherapy from 2009 to 2021. The primary outcome was partial or complete response. Overall response rate and median time to response were calculated. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using the Cox model. RESULTS: In 139 plaque-stage patients, the response rate for combination therapy group was higher than that of monotherapy group (79.0% vs. 54.3%, p = 0.006). The adjusted HR for combination therapy compared with NB-UVB monotherapy was 3.11 (95% CI 1.72-5.63). The combination therapy group also showed shorter time to response (4 vs. 6 months, p = 0.002). In 108 patch-stage patients, the response rate and time to response in two treatment groups showed no significant difference. There was therefore an observed interaction with patients' plaque lesion status for the effect size of NB-UVB combination therapy. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Adding systemic treatments to NB-UVB did not improve the treatment outcome of patch-stage patients, but it surpassed NB-UVB monotherapy for early-stage patients with plaques.

A novel strategy for detoxification of deoxynivalenol via modification of both toxic groups.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most abundant mycotoxin in cereal crops and derived foods and is of great concern in agriculture. Bioremediation strategies have long been sought to minimize the impact of mycotoxin contamination, but few direct and effective enzyme-catalyzed detoxification methods are currently available. In this study, we established a multi-enzymatic cascade reaction and successfully achieved detoxification at double sites: glutathionylation for the C-12,13 epoxide group and epimerization for the C-3 hydroxyl group. This yielded novel derivatives of DON, 3-epi-DON-13-glutathione (3-epi-DON-13-GSH) as well as its by-product, 3-keto-DON-13-GSH, for which precise structures were validated via liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Both cell viability and DNA synthesis assays demonstrated dramatically decreased cytotoxicity of the double-site modified product 3-epi-DON-13-GSH. These findings provide a promising and urgently needed novel method for addressing the problem of DON contamination in agricultural and industrial settings.

How denitrifiers defense ciprofloxacin: Insights from intracellular and extracellular stress response.

Overuse of antibiotics has led to their existence in nitrogen-containing water. The impacts of antibiotics on bio-denitrification and the metabolic response of denitrifiers to antibiotics are unclear. We systematically analyzed the effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on bio-denitrification and found that 5 mg/L CIP greatly inhibited denitrification with a model denitrifier (Paracoccus denitrificans). Nitrate reduction decreased by 32.89 % and nitrous oxide emission increased by 75.53 %. The balance analysis of carbon and nitrogen metabolism during denitrification showed that CIP exposure blocked electron transfer and reduced the flow of substrate metabolism used for denitrification. Proteomics results showed that CIP exposure induced denitrifiers to use the pentose phosphate pathway more for substrate metabolism. This caused a substrate preference to generate NADPH to prevent cellular damage rather than NADH for denitrification. Notably, despite denitrifiers having antioxidant defenses, they could not completely prevent oxidative damage caused by CIP exposure. The effect of CIP exposure on denitrifiers after removal of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) demonstrated that EPS around denitrifiers formed a barrier against CIP. Fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy revealed that the binding effect of proteins in EPS to CIP prevented damage. This study shows that denitrifiers resist antibiotic stress through different intracellular and extracellular defense strategies.

Recharacterization of RSL3 reveals that the selenoproteome is a druggable target in colorectal cancer.

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death resulting from the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides. Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells accumulate high levels of intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are thus particularly sensitive to ferroptosis. The compound (S)-RSL3 ([1S,3R]-RSL3) is a commonly used ferroptosis inducing compound that is currently characterized as a selective inhibitor of the selenocysteine containing enzyme (selenoprotein) Gluathione Peroxidase 4 (GPx4), an enzyme that utilizes glutathione to directly detoxify lipid peroxides. However, through chemical controls utilizing the (R) stereoisomer of RSL3 ([1R,3R]-RSL3) that does not bind GPx4, combined with inducible genetic knockdowns of GPx4 in CRC cell lines, we revealed that GPx4 dependency does not always align with (S)-RSL3 sensitivity, questioning the current characterization of GPx4 as the central regulator of ferroptosis. Utilizing affinity pull-down mass spectrometry with chemically modified (S)-RSL3 probes we discovered that the effects of (S)-RSL3 extend far beyond GPx4 inhibition, revealing that (S)-RSL3 is a broad and non-selective inhibitor of selenoproteins. To further investigate the therapeutic potential of broadly disrupting the selenoproteome as a therapeutic strategy in CRC, we employed additional chemical and genetic approaches. We found that the selenoprotein inhibitor auranofin, an FDA approved gold-salt, chemically induced oxidative cell death and ferroptosis in both in-vitro and in-vivo models of CRC. Consistent with these data, we found that AlkBH8, a tRNA-selenocysteine methyltransferase required for the translation of selenoproteins, is essential for the in-vitro growth and xenograft survival of CRC cell lines. In summary, these findings recharacterize the mechanism of action of the most commonly used ferroptosis inducing molecule, (S)-RSL3, and reveal that broad inhibition of selenoproteins is a promising novel therapeutic angle for the treatment of CRC.

Prevotella intermedia boosts OSCC progression through ISG15 upregulation: a new target for intervention.

PURPOSE: Periodontitis-associated bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, are closely linked to the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Emerging studies have indicated that another common periodontal pathogen, Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia), is enriched in OSCC and could affect the occurrence and progression of OSCC. Our aim is to determine the effects of P. intermedia on the progression of OSCC and the role of antibiotics in reversing these effects. METHODS: In this study, a murine xenograft model of OSCC was established, and the mice were injected intratumorally with PBS (control group), P. intermedia (P.i group), or P. intermedia combined with an antibiotic cocktail administration (P.i + ABX group), respectively. The effects of P. intermedia and ABX administration on xenograft tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis were investigated by tumor volume measurement and histopathological examination. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to investigate the changes in serum cytokine levels. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was adopted to analyze the alterations in the levels of inflammatory cytokines and infiltrated immune cells in OSCC tissues of xenograft tumors. Transcriptome sequencing and analysis were conducted to determine differential expression genes among various groups. RESULTS: Compared with the control treatment, P. intermedia treatment significantly promoted tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis, markedly affected the levels of inflammatory cytokines, and markedly altered M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. However, ABX administration clearly abolished these effects of P. intermedia. Transcriptome and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that P. intermedia infection increased the expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Correlation analysis indicated that the expression level of ISG15 was positively correlated with the Ki67 expression level, microvessel density, serum concentrations and tissue expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, and quantities of infiltrated M2 macrophages and Tregs. However, it is negatively correlated with the quantities of infiltrated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, intratumoral P. intermedia infection aggravated OSCC progression, which may be achieved through upregulation of ISG15. This study sheds new light on the possible pathogenic mechanism of intratumoral P. intermedia in OSCC progression, which could be a prospective target for OSCC prevention and treatment.

Accurate prediction of solvent flux in sub-1-nm slit-pore nanosheet membranes.

Nanosheet-based membranes have shown enormous potential for energy-efficient molecular transport and separation applications, but designing these membranes for specific separations remains a great challenge due to the lack of good understanding of fluid transport mechanisms in complex nanochannels. We synthesized reduced MXene/graphene hetero-channel membranes with sub-1-nm pores for experimental measurements and theoretical modeling of their structures and fluid transport rates. Our experiments showed that upon complete rejection of salt and organic dyes, these membranes with subnanometer channels exhibit remarkably high solvent fluxes, and their solvent transport behavior is very different from their homo-structured counterparts. We proposed a subcontinuum flow model that enables accurate prediction of solvent flux in sub-1-nm slit-pore membranes by building a direct relationship between the solvent molecule-channel wall interaction and flux from the confined physical properties of a liquid and the structural parameters of the membranes. This work provides a basis for the rational design of nanosheet-based membranes for advanced separation and emerging nanofluidics.

Model-based precision dosing and remedial dosing recommendations for delayed or missed doses of isoniazid in Chinese patients with tuberculosis.

AIMS: Isoniazid (INH) has been used as a first-line drug to treat tuberculosis (TB) for more than 50 years. However, large interindividual variability was found in its pharmacokinetics, and effects of nonadherence to INH treatment and corresponding remedy regime remain unclear. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of INH in Chinese patients with TB to provide model-informed precision dosing and explore appropriate remedial dosing regimens for nonadherent patients. METHODS: In total, 1012 INH observations from 736 TB patients were included. A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling was used to analyse the PPK of INH. Using Monte Carlo simulations to determine optimal dosage regimens and design remedial dosing regimens. RESULTS: A 2-compartmental model, including first-order absorption and elimination with allometric scaling, was found to best describe the PK characteristics of INH. A mixture model was used to characterize dual rates of INH elimination. Estimates of apparent clearance in fast and slow eliminators were 28.0 and 11.2 L/h, respectively. The proportion of fast eliminators in the population was estimated to be 40.5%. Monte Carlo simulations determined optimal dosage regimens for slow and fast eliminators with different body weight. For remedial dosing regimens, the missed dose should be taken as soon as possible when the delay does not exceed 12 h, and an additional dose is not needed. delay for an INH dose exceeds 12 h, the patient only needs to take the next single dose normally. CONCLUSION: PPK modelling and simulation provide valid evidence on the precision dosing and remedial dosing regimen of INH.