RESUMEN
In September 2020, a detailed report on Heritable Human Genome Editing was published. The report offers a translational pathway for the limited approval of germline editing under limited circumstances and assuming various criteria have been met. In this perspective, some three dozen experts from the fields of genome editing, medicine, bioethics, law, and related fields offer their candid reactions to the National Academies/Royal Society report, highlighting areas of support, omissions, disagreements, and priorities moving forward.
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Edición Génica/ética , Genoma Humano , Experimentación Humana/ética , Academias e Institutos , Células Germinativas , Humanos , Informe de Investigación , SociedadesRESUMEN
This paper focuses on the ethical and regulatory issues raised by gene editing. In the introduction of this paper, authors provide the background where the ethical and regulatory issues by gene editing have been raised including the scientific dimension of gene-editing techniques. In the second part of the paper, the authors focus on ethical issues in human gene editing with the start of Huang Junjiu case and He Jiankui case. Here, the authors discuss the criteria for evaluating action, general ethical issues in gene editing, and try to answer two crucial questions: is it ethically justifiable to use human embryo in ex vivo genome editing study and is it ethically justifiable to perform heritable human genome editing? In answering the second question, the authors discuss the arguments against and for heritable human genome editing, methodological problem, and the building of an ethical framework for heritable human genome editing. In the third part of the paper, the authors focus on regulatory issues in gene editing including proactionary approach versus ethically thinking ahead approach, self-regulation versus top-down regulation, transparency versus confidentiality, and education versus punishment.
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Discusiones Bioéticas , Edición Génica , Genoma Humano , China , Edición Génica/ética , Edición Génica/legislación & jurisprudencia , HumanosRESUMEN
The authors argue that in preventing and controlling the pandemic of Covid-19, we should have taken an offensive or proactive strategy rather than a defensive or reactionary one because the former type of approach can bring about more health benefits and fewer harms than can the latter. The offensive or proactive approach consists of two parts: The first part is to preemptively establish a barrier between a novel virus and humans in order to prevent the spillover of the virus into humans, and the second part is that, when a spillover fails to be prevented, we should take public interventions, such as contact tracing, social distancing, and quarantine and isolation, as early as when there are several dozens or one hundred or more cases that manifest symptoms with an unknown etiology in order to prevent an epidemic that is still limited to relatively small groups from developing into an outbreak.
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Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/organización & administración , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/prevención & control , Animales , Betacoronavirus , Discusiones Bioéticas , COVID-19 , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/normas , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
This article consists of four parts. In the first part it briefly describes the history of body-to-head transplantation (BHT) and the surgical plan proposed by Drs. Sergio Canavero and Ren Xiaoping on a human subject. In the second part it argues that the BHT procedure that they propose is scientifically invalid and technically infeasible so therefore would end in failure. In the third part it argues that the present conceivable procedure of BHT cannot be ethically justified because it would bring great harm to the human subject, it is uncertain who would be the possible beneficiary, and valid informed consent cannot be obtained. In the fourth part it argues that the action of performing the procedure of BHT might violate China's current criminal and civil laws. The conclusion that follows from the arguments above is that BHT should be prohibited now and also in the near future. However, this conclusion does not preclude scientists, neurosurgeons and bioethicists doing research into scientific, technical, surgical and ethical issues raised by BHT.
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Investigación Biomédica/ética , Investigación Biomédica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ética Médica , Ética en Investigación , Cabeza/cirugía , Sujetos de Investigación , Trasplante/ética , Anastomosis Quirúrgica , China , HumanosAsunto(s)
Ética en Investigación , Investigadores/ética , Investigadores/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ciencia/ética , Ciencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , China , Ética en Investigación/educación , Ética en Investigación/historia , Femenino , Edición Génica/ética , Edición Génica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Experimentación Humana/ética , Experimentación Humana/historia , Experimentación Humana/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Masculino , Investigadores/educación , Investigación Biomédica TraslacionalAsunto(s)
Edición Génica/ética , Edición Génica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mutación de Línea Germinal/genética , Herencia/genética , Cooperación Internacional/legislación & jurisprudencia , Embrión de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Femenino , Fertilización In Vitro , Pool de Genes , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Principios Morales , Óvulo/metabolismo , Medición de Riesgo , Cambio Social , Espermatozoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
The government has launched the healthcare sector reform since the 1980s. From the beginning, the reform has been controversial. What is then the real purpose of the reform? Is it only to reduce the government's burden of health care or establish a just and effective healthcare system? Can healthcare be geared by the market or should the government play a guiding role in it?
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Actitud Frente a la Salud , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Reforma de la Atención de Salud , Hospitales Públicos , Calidad de la Atención de Salud , China , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Humanos , Cobertura del Seguro , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de SaludRESUMEN
A common feature of the five faiths discussed in this article is change over time. This allowed diversity within the religions, and generally led to a degree of liberalization, but in some faiths or their sects, resulted in a narrow or rigid interpretation. For example, the golden Vedic Period of Hinduism in India when "women were worshipped" gradually faded, ushering in the social evils of female feticide, child marriage, and "sati." The advent of Islam in the seventh century banned female infanticide, but has been unable to abolish many tribal pre-Islamic customs such as female genital mutilation in Africa and "honor killings" in parts of Asia. On the other hand, in China, the inferior status of women accorded by Confucianism has been rectified to a large extent by legislation; this has, however, been offset by a restrictive population policy allowing only one child or two children per couple in some areas of the country (with no limit in Tibet), which has led millions of women to resort to prenatal sex diagnosis and abortion if the fetus is female. In the West, the debate over the use of biomedical technology continues, with various rabbinic rulings permitting the use of assisted reproductive technologies by Jews to fulfill the obligation to procreate, and the Vatican reinforcing its opposition to these and to genetic testing on embryos and embryonic stem cell research.
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Identidad de Género , Religión y Sexo , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos/tendencias , Conducta Sexual , Cristianismo , Confucionismo , Femenino , Hinduismo , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Infanticidio/historia , Islamismo , Judaísmo , MasculinoAsunto(s)
Investigaciones con Embriones/ética , Investigaciones con Embriones/legislación & jurisprudencia , Guías como Asunto , Células Madre , China , Gobierno Federal , Humanos , Técnicas Reproductivas Asistidas/ética , Técnicas Reproductivas Asistidas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Técnicas Reproductivas Asistidas/normasRESUMEN
My paper consists of three parts. In the first part I try to explain the intellectual basis of bioethics in developing countries. In the second part I describe the bioethical dilemmas facing these countries. In the third part I shall discuss the changes that have to be made in bioethics if it is to take root in these countries, and thereby help them to improve the human existence.
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Discusiones Bioéticas , Bioética , Países en Desarrollo , Tecnología Biomédica , China , Confucionismo , Diversidad Cultural , Economía , Relativismo Ético , Ética , Eutanasia Pasiva , Asignación de Recursos para la Atención de Salud , Derechos Humanos , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Internacionalidad , Cuidados para Prolongación de la Vida , Paternalismo , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Sistemas Políticos , Regulación de la Población , Salud Pública , Calidad de Vida , Religión , Filosofías Religiosas , Técnicas Reproductivas Asistidas , Asignación de Recursos , Justicia Social , Responsabilidad Social , Valores Sociales , Bienestar Social , Valor de la VidaRESUMEN
The bioethical dilemmas receiving the most attention in China now relate to the two ends of life: birth and death. On one end are issues relating to reproductive technology, especially birth control and family planning; at the other end is euthanasia... More research and discussion among people from various fields is needed. Progress will be made one step at a time, and I recommend that we proceed now to win acceptance of brain death criteria; to make clear the distinctions between passive and active euthanasia,...to encourage the use of living wills; and to protect the interests of newborns who are not terminally ill, including those with mild defects. In the changing context of modernization, in which different and even incompatible value systems must coexist, it is best for us to approach the ethical dilemmas facing us with mutual respect and understanding.
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Actitud , Discusiones Bioéticas , Bioética , Eutanasia , Política Pública , Reproducción , Valores Sociales , Aborto Eugénico , Aborto Inducido , Adulto , Muerte Encefálica , China , Coerción , Confucionismo , Enfermedades y Anomalías Neonatales Congénitas y Hereditarias , Anticoncepción , Muerte , Toma de Decisiones , Economía , Eutanasia Pasiva , Relaciones Familiares , Femenino , Fertilización In Vitro , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Infanticidio , Inseminación Artificial , Paternalismo , Estado Vegetativo Persistente , Médicos , Regulación de la Población , Diagnóstico Prenatal , Opinión Pública , Calidad de Vida , Filosofías Religiosas , Técnicas Reproductivas Asistidas , Análisis para Determinación del Sexo , Sexualidad , Persona Soltera , Cambio Social , Madres Sustitutas , Enfermo Terminal , Valor de la Vida , MujeresRESUMEN
KIE: A 65-year-old competent nursing home patient, suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and respirator dependent, refuses a nasogastric feeding tube even though she realizes that her refusal will result in death. The nursing staff and the patient's husband support her decision but two of her three children want her life prolonged. Nicholson, Qiu, and Koch and Ulshoefer discuss whether the refusal would be honored in Britain, China, and West Germany respectively. In Britain, this patient would receive palliative care, and both the respirator and the nasogastric tube would be considered extraordinary and not offered. In China, medical technologies are scarce, physicians are divided on treatment refusal, and the family's attitudes would be influenced by the Confucian tradition of filial piety and whether or not the patient was eligible for free care. In West Germany, this case would be legally considered "passive euthanasia" and the patient's refusal would be honored.^ieng