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Aim and objectives The aim of this in-vitro study is to evaluate and compare the effect of various mouth rinsing agents on frictional resistance through sliding mechanics among orthodontic metal brackets and stainless steel (SS) archwire. Materials and methods Each group comprised 15 samples of maxillary first premolar pre-adjusted edgewise SS movable, un-bonded brackets (Koden Inc., United States) which were welded with a power arm, where 100 g of the load was suspended. Brackets were ligated with elastic modules (Koden Inc., United States) onto the perspex sheet along with 0.019" x 0.025" SS archwire (Classic Orthodontics, United States) and were suspended from the upper component of the Instron machine. The coefficient of friction was tested in dry conditions (control), artificial saliva (AS) (Wet Mouth, ICPA Health Product Ltd., India), 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) mouthwash (Hexidine, ICPA Health Product Ltd., India), 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash (ACT Anti-Cavity Fluoride Mouthwash, Sanofi Company, United States), charcoal (CC) mouthwash (Hello Activated Charcoal Extra Freshening Mouthwash, Hello Products LLC, United States) and ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil (O3) (O3 Essentials, Health Ranger Store, United States). In order to calculate the coefficient of friction, 50 L was added to the test sample while moving at a 5 mm/min crosshead speed. The groups were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's post hoc analysis was performed for multiple pairwise comparisons. Results The coefficient of friction with the highest mean values was observed with the control group (2.01), followed by AS (1.79), and the least with O3 (1.15). Statistically significant differences were observed with almost all groups of mouth rinsing agents, but NaF is significant with CHG and CC. However, CHG did not have any significant difference from CC. Conclusions Lower coefficient of frictional values were observed with the ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil during sliding mechanics between metal brackets and stainless steel archwire. Almost all the mouth rinsing agents showed a significantly different coefficient of friction value.
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AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess and compare the dimensions (width (W), height (H), and length (L)) of the tuberosity distal to maxillary permanent second molar in individuals with skeletal and dental Class I and Class II malocclusions who had maxillary third molar agenesis. METHODOLOGY: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to measure the left (L) and right (R) anatomical tuberosity dimensions in three dimensions using the WillMaster software (HDX WILL Corporation, Korea). The measurements were compared between Class I (n = 35) and Class II (n = 35) normo-hypodivergent adult subjects. The dimensions were measured at regular 2 mm intervals from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and distovestibular root of the maxillary second molar in terms of the width (e.g., W1, W2, and W3), height (e.g., H1, H2, and H3), length (e.g., L1, L2, and L3) to the posterior limit of the tuberosity. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U tests, and intraclass correlation coefficient tests. RESULTS: The width of the tuberosity at LW0, LW1, and LW2 was significantly higher in Class I compared to that in Class II. The right tuberosity in Class II showed significantly higher values in height at all reference points. The right tuberosity at RL0 and RL1 exhibited significantly higher values in the length of the Class II group compared to the Class I group. CONCLUSIONS: The dimensions of the maxillary tuberosity (width, height, and length) varied between the Class I and Class II groups. Wider maxillary tuberosities were observed in the Class I group, while the Class II group had greater height and length dimensions of the tuberosity.
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AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact on the mechanical properties and surface features of ceramic-coated nickel-titanium (CC-Ni-Ti) archwires when subjected to charcoal, probiotic, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in in vitro conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty samples of 25 mm were cut from the posterior end of preformed maxillary 0.016'' CC-Ni-Ti super elastic archwires (Koden Company, USA) and distributed into four equal groups. Each group of wires was immersed in artificial saliva (Wet Mouth Mouthwash, ICPA Health Products Ltd., India) (control), charcoal mouthwash (Hello activated charcoal extra freshening mouthwash, Hello Products LLC, USA), probiotic mouthwash (Perfora, Probiotic Rinse, India), and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (Sensorange, Orange Biotech, Pvt., Ltd., India) (experimental groups) for 90 min at 37 °C. All samples were taken out of their respective solutions and washed with distilled water prior to testing. A three-point bending test was performed on 15 samples from each group using a universal testing device. During the loading and unloading of the archwires, the yield strength (YS), flexural modulus of elasticity (E), and spring back ratio (YS/E) were calculated. The remaining five wires from each group were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface topography evaluation. RESULTS: The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between chlorhexidine and charcoal are 302.91 MPa, 4.28 GPa, and 0.0004, whereas unloading values are 172.32 MPa, 4.16 GPa, and 0.0003, respectively, with a statistical significance of <0.001 in terms of YS and E. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between charcoal and probiotic are 305.36 MPa, 4.54 GPa, and 0.0005, whereas unloading values are 173.77 MPa, 3.66 GPa, and 0.0003, respectively, with a statistical significance of <0.001 in terms of YS and E. The mean differences of loading YS, E, and YS/E between chlorhexidine and probiotic are 2.45 MPa, 0.26 GPa, and 0.00007, whereas unloading values are 1.44 MPa, 0.49 GPa, and 0.0000533, respectively, with no statistical significance of >0.001 in terms of YS, E, and YS/E. Surface topography alteration was clearly appreciated in the charcoal and probiotic mouthwash groups compared to charcoal mouthwash. CONCLUSIONS: Loading and unloading of 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires showed an increase in mechanical properties except for the spring back ratio on exposure to chlorhexidine, probiotic, and charcoal mouthwashes. Chlorhexidine and probiotic mouthwashes had a higher yield strength and flexural modulus of elasticity in comparison with charcoal mouthwash and artificial saliva on 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires. More corrosive changes were seen on 0.016" ceramic-coated nickel-titanium archwires when immersed in chlorhexidine, followed by probiotic and charcoal mouthwashes.
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AIM AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the effect on shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant score between two color change adhesives (CCAs) with reduced curing time using different high-intensity light emitting diode (LED) units. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 human first maxillary premolar teeth were randomly allocated into three principal groups (n = 36) based on the type of adhesives used. The adhesives include two CCAs: Transbond Plus Color Change Adhesive (3M, St. Paul, MN, USA) and Grengloo (Ormco, Orange, CA, USA), and the conventional tooth-colored adhesive: Transbond XT (3M). Each principal group was further divided into three sub-groups (n = 12 each) based on the curing time and type of high-intensity LED units used for bonding the stainless steel brackets. Woodpecker iLED Light Curing Unit (Guilin Woodpecker Medical Instrument Co., Ltd., Guilin, China) was cured for three and six seconds, and the ELIPAR S10 LED Curing Light (3M) was cured for 20 seconds. Bonding of the brackets was done in a standardized manner following the manufacturers' instructions. All the samples were submerged in distilled water at 370C for 24 hours. SBS testing was performed using an Instron machine, and adhesive residue on the debonded surface was examined and scored using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in SBS based on curing time and the type of adhesive resin used. The six seconds curing group exhibited the higher SBS values (15.5 - 22.82 Megapascals [MPa]) followed by the 20 seconds (12.17 - 18.14 MPa) and three seconds (11.31 - 11.74 MPa) groups. Grengloo adhesive demonstrated the highest SBS values among the three types of adhesives. The predominant adhesive remnant scores were 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Grengloo adhesive demonstrates superior bond strength compared to Transbond Plus and Transbond XT. Both Transbond Plus and Grengloo adhesives experience bond failure within the adhesive layer, regardless of the curing intensity or time.
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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact on the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of prefabricated 0.016" copper-nickel-titanium (Cu-Ni-Ti) type 35oC (Ormco Company, USA) archwires when subjected to 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash (ACT Anti-Cavity Fluoride Mouthwash, Sanofi Company, USA) and ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil (O3) (O3 Essentials, Health Ranger Store, USA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty samples of preformed maxillary 0.016" Cu-Ni-Ti archwires were cut at the straight posterior ends for a length of 25 mm and then equally distributed into three groups (n=20). Each group of wires was immersed in distilled water (dH2O), NaF, and O3 solutions for 90 minutes at 37oC. All samples were taken out of their solutions and washed with distilled water prior to testing. On a universal testing device, a three-point bending test was performed on 15 samples. Yield strength (YS), flexural modulus of elasticity (E), and springback ratio (YS/E) were calculated. The remaining five samples from respective solutions were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface topography evaluation. RESULTS: The mean differences in loading YS, E, and YS/E between NaF and O3 are 41.14 MPa, 4.58 GPa, and -0.0006 whereas unloading values are 23.45 MPa, 4.38 GPa, and -0.0004, respectively with a statistical significance of <0.001. Surface topography alteration was appreciated in the NaF mouthwash group compared to the O3 solution. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanical properties of 0.016" Cu-Ni-Ti archwires during loading and unloading were changed after exposure to NaF mouthwash and O3 solution. The mechanical properties of Cu-Ni-Ti archwires were more negatively affected by NaF mouthwash than by O3 solution. Sodium fluoride mouthwash offers more corrosive changes when compared with the O3 solution.
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Thumb sucking and tongue thrusting habits are mostly counteracted and rehabilitated using a tongue crib. Most patients find the conventional crib difficult (due to its position and length) in the initial days of treatment and become uncooperative. Hence, few modifications are made to the traditional design of the tongue crib for easy adjustment of the crib height and angulation, which provides comfort to the patient.