Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from cheese whey under near-seawater salinity conditions.

Treating saline streams presents considerable challenges due to their adverse effects on conventional biological processes, thereby leading to increased expenses in managing those side streams. With this in consideration, this study explores into the potential for valorizing fermented cheese whey (CW), a by-product of the dairy industry, into polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) using mixed microbial cultures (MMC) under conditions of near-seawater salinity (30 gNaCl/L). The selection of a PHA-accumulating MMC was successfully achieved using a sequential batch reactor operated under a feast and famine regime, with a hydraulic retention time of 14.5 h, a variable solids retention time of 3 and 4.5 days, and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 60 Cmmol/(L d). The selected culture demonstrated efficient PHA production rates and yields, maintaining robust performance even under high salinity conditions. During PHA accumulation, a maximum PHA content in biomass of 56.4 % wt. was achieved for a copolymer P(3HB-co-3HHx) with a 3HHx content of 7 %. Additionally, to asses the capacity of the culture to produce polymers with different compositions, valeric acid was supplemented to the real fermented feedstock which resulted in the production of terpolymers P(3HB-co-3HV-co-3HHx) with varied monomeric content and a higher maximum PHA content of 62 % wt. Additionally, this study highlights the potential utilization of seawater as alternative to freshwater for PHA production, thereby enhancing circular economy principles and promoting environmental sustainability.

Non-invasive and real-time monitoring of polyhydroxyalkanoates production using two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy.

Bioplastics are a sustainable and environmental-friendly alternative to the conventional petroleum-based plastics, namely due to their source (biobased) and due to their biodegradability or both. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) stand out among the bioplastics group by being intracellular biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. PHA production has been highly investigated during the last decades. However, to date, PHA production has been monitored through offline and time-consuming tools, involving hazardous solvents, not allowing a timely control of the bioprocesses, which often results in a loss of process productivity and hinders its implementation at full scale. Therefore, two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy was assessed for monitoring the PHA content at real-time, as it is a non-destructive, solvent-free and non-invasive technique. The complex information of the biological broth was captured within fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs), which were deconvoluted through projection to latent structures (PLS) modelling to estimate PHA production by an enriched PHA microbial culture, using fermented brewer's spent grain as feedstock. A good correlation for PHA prediction was achieved, with an average error of ca. 4.0% gPHA/gTS for new predictions. This work demonstrates the great potential of using 2D fluorescence spectroscopy to assess the intracellular PHA content without requiring staining agents. Moreover, it unlocks the possibility of an online and real-time monitoring of the biopolymer production processes, which will contribute towards the improvement of the PHA process productivity and, consequently, its implementation at full scale.

Iron(III) cross-linked hydrogels based on Alteromonas macleodii Mo 169 exopolysaccharide.

Recently, polysaccharide-based hydrogels crosslinked with the trivalent iron cation have attracted interest due to their remarkable properties that include high mechanical stability, stimuli-responsiveness, and enhanced absorptivity. In this study, a Fe3+ crosslinked hydrogel was prepared using the biocompatible extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) secreted by the marine bacterium Alteromonas macleodii Mo169. Hydrogels with mechanical strengths (G') ranging from 0.3 kPa to 44.5 kPa were obtained as a result of the combination of different Fe3+ (0.05-9.95 g L-1) and EPS (0.3-1.7 %) concentrations. All the hydrogels had a water content above 98 %. Three different hydrogels, named HA, HB, and HC, were chosen for further characterization. With strength values (G') of 3.2, 28.9, and 44.5 kPa, respectively, these hydrogels might meet the strength requirements for several specific applications. Their mechanical resistance increased as higher Fe3+ and polymer concentrations were used in their preparation (the compressive hardness increased from 8.7 to 192.1 kPa for hydrogel HA and HC, respectively). In addition, a tighter mesh was noticed for HC, which was correlated to its lower swelling ratio value compared to HA and HB. Overall, this preliminary study highlighted the potential of these hydrogels for tissue engineering, drug delivery, or wound healing applications.

Exploring the biotechnological potential of Acinetobacter soli ANG344B: A novel bacterium for 2-phenylethanol production.

A bacterium, Acinetobacter soli ANG344B, isolated from river water, exhibited an exceptional capacity to produce 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) using L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) as a precursor-a capability typically observed in yeasts rather than bacteria. Bioreactor experiments were conducted to evaluate the production performance, using glucose as the carbon source for cellular growth and L-Phe as the precursor for 2-PE production. Remarkably, A. soli ANG344B achieved a 2-PE concentration of 2.35 ± 0.26 g/L in just 24.5 h of cultivation, exhibiting a global volumetric productivity of 0.10 ± 0.01 g/L.h and a production yield of 0.51 ± 0.01 g2-PE/gL-Phe, a result hitherto reported only for yeasts. These findings position A. soli ANG344B as a highly promising microorganism for 2-PE production. Whole-genome sequencing of A. soli strain ANG344 revealed a genome size of 3.52 Mb with a GC content of 42.7 %. Utilizing the Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) server, 3418 coding genes were predicted, including genes coding for enzymes previously associated with the metabolic pathway of 2-PE production in other microorganisms, yet unreported in Acinetobacter species. Through gene mapping, 299 subsystems were identified, exhibiting 30 % subsystem coverage. The whole genome sequence data was submitted to NCBI GeneBank with the BioProject ID PRJNA982713. These draft genome data offer significant potential for exploiting the biotechnological capabilities of A. soli strain ANG344 and for conducting further comparative genomic studies.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Eucalyptus Bark's Enzymatic Hydrolysate.

In recent years, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained notoriety because of their desirable properties that include proven biodegradability, biocompatibility, and thermal stability, which make them suitable alternatives to fossil-based polymers. However, the widespread use of PHAs is still challenging because of their production costs, which are greatly associated with the cultivation medium used for bacterial cultivation. In Portugal, one-quarter of the forest area is covered by Eucalyptus globulus wood, making its residues a cheap, abundant, and sustainable potential carbon source for biotechnological uses. In this work, eucalyptus bark was used as the sole feedstock for PHA production in a circular bioeconomic approach. Eucalyptus bark hydrolysate was obtained after enzymatic saccharification using Cellic® CTec3, resulting in a sugar-rich solution containing glucose and xylose. Although with differing performances, several bacteria were able to grow and produce PHA with distinct compositions, using the enzymatic hydrolysate as the sole carbon source. Pseudomonas citronellolis NRRL B-2504 achieved a high cellular growth rate in bioreactor assays (24.4 ± 0.15 g/L) but presented a low accumulation of a medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA) comprising the monomers hydroxydecanoate (HD, 65%), hydroxydodecanoate (HDd, 25%), and hydroxytetradecanoate (HTd, 14%). Burkholderia thailandensis E264, on the other hand, reached a lower cellular growth rate (8.87 ± 0.34 g/L) but showed a higher biopolymer accumulation, with a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) content in the cells of 12.3 wt.%. The new isolate, Pseudomonas sp., revealed that under nitrogen availability, it was able to reach a higher accumulation of the homopolymer PHB (31 wt.%). These results, although preliminary, demonstrate the suitability of eucalyptus bark's enzymatic hydrolysate as a feedstock for PHA production, thus offering an exciting avenue for achieving sustainable and environmentally responsible plastic products from an undervalued forestry waste.

Preparation of Porous Scaffold Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and FucoPol.

This work focused on the development of porous scaffolds based on biocomposites comprising two biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers: a terpolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHVHHx), and the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol. The PHBHVHHx terpolymer was composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate (55 wt%), 3-hydroxyvalerate (21 wt%), and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (24 wt%). This hydrophobic polyester has low crystallinity and can form elastic and flexible films. Fucopol is a fucose-containing water-soluble polysaccharide that forms viscous solutions with shear thinning behavior and has demonstrated emulsion-forming and stabilizing capacity and wound healing ability. Emulsion-templating was used to fabricate PHA-based porous structures in which FucoPol acted as a bioemulsifier. Compared with the scaffolds obtained from emulsions with only water, the use of FucoPol aqueous solutions resulted in structures with improved mechanical properties, namely higher tensile strength (4.4 MPa) and a higher Young's Modulus (85 MPa), together with an elongation at break of 52%. These features, together with the scaffolds' high porosity and pore interconnectivity, suggest their potential to sustain cell adhesion and proliferation, which is further supported by FucoPol's demonstrated wound healing ability. Therefore, the developed PHBHVHHx:FucoPol scaffolds arise as innovative porous bioactive structures with great potential for use in tissue engineering applications.

Bioprospecting for new exopolysaccharide-producing microalgae of marine origin.

Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms that can produce biomolecules with industrial interest, including exopolysaccharides (EPS). Due to their structural and compositional diversity, microalgae EPS present interesting properties that can be considered in cosmetic and/or therapeutic areas. Seven microalgae strains from three different lineages, namely Dinophyceae (phylum Miozoa), Haptophyta, and Chlorophyta, were investigated as EPS producers. All strains were found to be EPS producers, though the highest EPS yield was obtained for Tisochrysis lutea, followed by Heterocapsa sp. (126.8 and 75.8 mg L-1, respectively). Upon assessment of the polymers' chemical composition, significant contents of unusual sugars, including fucose, rhamnose, and ribose, were found. Heterocapsa sp. EPS stood out due to its high content of fucose (40.9 mol%), a sugar known to confer biological properties to polysaccharides. The presence of sulfate groups (10.6-33.5 wt%) was also noticed in the EPS produced by all microalgae strains, thus contributing to the possibility that these EPS might have biological activities worth exploring.

The impact of pH on the anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of Tetrasphaera-enriched polyphosphate accumulating organisms.

Members of the genus Tetrasphaera are putative polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that have been found in greater abundance than Accumulibacter in many full-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) wastewater treatment plants worldwide. Nevertheless, previous studies on the effect of environmental conditions, such as pH, on the performance of EBPR have focused mainly on the response of Accumulibacter to pH changes. This study examines the impact of pH on a Tetrasphaera PAO enriched culture, over a pH range from 6.0 to 8.0 under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, to assess its impact on the stoichiometry and kinetics of Tetrasphaera metabolism. It was discovered that the rates of phosphorus (P) uptake and P release increased with an increase of pH within the tested range, while PHA production, glycogen consumption and substrate uptake rate were less sensitive to pH changes. The results suggest that Tetrasphaera PAOs display kinetic advantages at high pH levels, which is consistent with what has been observed previously for Accumulibacter PAOs. The results of this study show that pH has a substantial impact on the P release and uptake kinetics of PAOs, where the P release rate was >3 times higher and the P uptake rate was >2 times higher at pH 8.0 vs pH 6.0, respectively. Process operational strategies promoting both Tetrasphaera and Accumulibacter activity at high pH do not conflict with each other, but lead to a potentially synergistic impact that can benefit EBPR performance.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from ethanol- and lactate-rich fermentate of confectionary industry effluents.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production has been the focus of considerable research to increase productivities and reduce production costs. In this study, a fermented confectionary industry wastewater was used as feedstock for mixed microbial culture PHA production. The feedstock was dominated by lactate and ethanol (60-90 % of all soluble fermentation products). The culture selection reactor was inoculated with municipal activated sludge and was operated at an organic loading rate (OLR) of 100 Cmmol·L-1·d-1, achieving a robust PHA-accumulating enrichment, which produced up to 52.6 ± 0.4 wt% of PHA in accumulation assays. An OLR increase in the culture selection stage to 150 Cmmol·L-1·d-1 led to a PHA content of 59.1 ± 0.6, a yield of 0.93 ± 0.01 Cmol-PHA·Cmol-S-1 and a productivity of 0.93 ± 0.01 g-PHA L-1·h-1. A correlation analysis of the impact of ethanol concentrations from 3.19 to 20.3 Cmmol·L-1 in the reactor showed that ethanol inhibited PHA production rate and yield and the consumption of other carbon sources available. Microbial community analysis revealed the increase of Amaricoccus genus during the bioreactor operation time, a known PHA accumulator. The produced polymer was poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with an average molecular weight of 4.3 × 105 Da and a polydispersity index of 1.88.

Can Biomass Mastication Assist the Downstreaming of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Produced from Mixed Microbial Cultures?

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural polyesters which biodegrade in soils and oceans but have more than double the cost of comparable oil-based polymers. PHA downstreaming from its biomass represents 50% of its overall cost. Here, in an attempt to assist downstreaming, mastication of wet biomasses is tested as a new mechanical continuous biomass pretreatment with potential for industrial upscaling. Downstreaming conditions where both product recovery and purity are low due to the large amount of treated wet biomass (50% water) were targeted with the following process: extraction of 20 g in 100 mL solvent at 30 °C for 2 h, followed by 4.8 h digestion of 20 g in 0.3 M NaOH. Under the studied conditions, NaOH digestion was more effective than solvent extraction in recovering larger PHA amounts, but with less purity. A nearly 50% loss of PHA was seen during digestion after mastication. PHAs downstreamed by digestion with large amounts of impurities started to degrade at lower temperatures, but their melt elasticity was thermally stable at 170 °C. As such, these materials are attractive as fully PHA-compatible processing aids, reinforcing fillers or viscosity modifiers. On the other hand, wet biomass mastication before solvent extraction improves PHA purity and thermal stability as well as the melt rheology, which recovers the viscoelasticity measured with a PHA extracted from a dried biomass.

Rheological characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Alteromonas macleodii Mo 169.

Rheology modifiers are essential additives in numerous products in a variety of industries. Due to environmental awareness, consumer-oriented industries are interested in novel natural rheological agents that can replace synthetic chemicals. In this study, the chemical composition and rheological properties of a novel exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Alteromonas macleodii Mo 169 were investigated. It was mainly composed of uronic acids (50 mol%) and total carbohydrates were 17 % sulfated. The EPS viscosity increased with concentration, and a non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior was found for concentrations above 0.1 wt%. The elastic and viscous moduli indicated a weak gel-like structure above 0.4 wt%. It maintained its shear thinning behavior and viscoelastic properties in the presence of NaCl and CaCl2 for pH range 5-7 and temperatures up to 55 °C. Though the apparent viscosity decreased at pH 3 and 9 and temperatures above 65 °C, the shear thinning behavior was retained. The viscous and viscoelastic properties were recovered after heating (95 °C) and cooling (0 °C), indicating a good thermal stability and recoverability. After high shear force, the solution recovered original rheological properties within few seconds, demonstrating self-healing properties.

Characterisation of Films Based on Exopolysaccharides from Alteromonas Strains Isolated from French Polynesia Marine Environments.

This work assessed the film-forming capacity of exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by six Alteromonas strains recently isolated from different marine environments in French Polynesia atolls. The films were transparent and resulted in small colour alterations when applied over a coloured surface (ΔEab below 12.6 in the five different colours tested). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy showed that the EPS films were dense and compact, with a smooth surface. High water vapour permeabilities were observed (2.7-6.1 × 10-11 mol m-1 s-1 Pa-1), which are characteristic of hydrophilic polysaccharide films. The films were also characterised in terms of barrier properties to oxygen and carbon dioxide. Interestingly, different behaviours in terms of their mechanical properties under tensile tests were observed: three of the EPS films were ductile with high elongation at break (ε) (35.6-47.0%), low tensile strength at break (Ꞇ) (4.55-11.7 MPa) and low Young's modulus (εm) (10-93 MPa), whereas the other three were stiffer and more resistant with a higher Ꞇ (16.6-23.6 MPa), lower ε (2.80-5.58%), and higher εm (597-1100 MPa). These properties demonstrate the potential of Alteromonas sp. EPS films to be applied in different areas such as biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, or food packaging.

Valorization of Brewery Waste through Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production Supported by a Metabolic Specialized Microbiome.

Raw brewers' spent grain (BSG), a by-product of beer production and produced at a large scale, presents a composition that has been shown to have potential as feedstock for several biological processes, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production. Although the high interest in the PHA production from waste, the bioconversion of BSG into PHA using microbial mixed cultures (MMC) has not yet been explored. This study explored the feasibility to produce PHA from BSG through the enrichment of a mixed microbial culture in PHA-storing organisms. The increase in organic loading rate (OLR) was shown to have only a slight influence on the process performance, although a high selectivity in PHA-storing microorganisms accumulation was reached. The culture was enriched on various PHA-storing microorganisms, such as bacteria belonging to the Meganema, Carnobacterium, Leucobacter, and Paracocccus genera. The enrichment process led to specialization of the microbiome, but the high diversity in PHA-storing microorganisms could have contributed to the process stability and efficiency, allowing for achieving a maximum PHA content of 35.2 ± 5.5 wt.% (VSS basis) and a yield of 0.61 ± 0.09 CmmolPHA/CmmolVFA in the accumulation assays. Overall, the production of PHA from fermented BSG is a feasible process confirming the valorization potential of the feedstock through the production of added-value products.

Subcritical Water as a Pre-Treatment of Mixed Microbial Biomass for the Extraction of Polyhydroxyalkanoates.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) recovery from microbial cells relies on either solvent extraction (usually using halogenated solvents) and/or digestion of the non-PHA cell mass (NPCM) by the action of chemicals (e.g., hypochlorite) that raise environmental and health hazards. A greener alternative for PHA recovery, subcritical water (SBW), was evaluated as a method for the dissolution of the NPCM of a mixed microbial culture (MMC) biomass. A temperature of 150 °C was found as a compromise to reach NPCM solubilization while mostly preventing the degradation of the biopolymer during the procedure. Such conditions yielded a polymer with a purity of 77%. PHA purity was further improved by combining the SBW treatment with hypochlorite digestion, in which a significantly lower hypochlorite concentration (0.1%, v/v) was sufficient to achieve an overall polymer purity of 80%. During the procedure, the biopolymer suffered some depolymerization, as evidenced by the lower molecular weight (Mw) and higher polydispersity of the extracted samples. Although such changes in the biopolymer's molecular mass distribution impact its mechanical properties, impairing its utilization in most conventional plastic uses, the obtained PHA can find use in several applications, for example as additives or for the preparation of graft or block co-polymers, in which low-Mw oligomers are sought.

Development of Olive Oil and α-Tocopherol Containing Emulsions Stabilized by FucoPol: Rheological and Textural Analyses.

Biobased raw materials like natural polysaccharides are increasingly sought by the cosmetic industry for their valuable properties. Such biodegradable and usually non-cytotoxic biopolymers are commonly used in skin-care products as rheological modifiers, bioemulsifiers and/or bioactive ingredients. FucoPol is a natural polysaccharide with reported biocompatibility, emulsion-forming and stabilizing capacity, shear-thinning behavior and bioactivity (e.g., antioxidant capacity, wound healing ability) that potentiate its utilization in skin-care products. In this study, olive oil and α-tocopherol containing emulsions were stabilized with FucoPol. Although the presence of α-tocopherol negatively impacted the emulsions' stability, it increased their emulsification index (EI). Moreover, FucoPol outperformed the commercial emulsifier Sepigel® 305, under the tested conditions, with higher EI and higher stability under storage for 30 days. The formulation of FucoPol-based emulsions with olive oil and α-tocopherol was studied by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that allowed the definition of the ingredients' content to attain high emulsification. The RSM model established that α-tocopherol concentration had no significant impact on the EI within the tested ranges, with optimal emulsification for FucoPol concentration in the range 0.7-1.2 wt.% and olive oil contents of 20-30 wt.%. Formulations with 25 wt.% olive oil and either 0.5 or 2.0 wt.% α-tocopherol were emulsified with 1.0 wt.% or 0.7 wt.% FucoPol, respectively, resulting in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The emulsions had similar shear-thinning behavior, but the formulation with higher FucoPol content displayed higher apparent viscosity, higher consistency, as well as higher firmness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness, but lower spreadability. These findings show FucoPol's high performance as an emulsifier for olive oil/α-tocopherol, which are supported by an effective impact on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of the emulsions. Hence, this natural polysaccharide is a potential alternative to other emulsifiers.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates from a Mixed Microbial Culture: Extraction Optimization and Polymer Characterization.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biopolymers with potential to replace conventional oil-based plastics. However, PHA high production costs limit their scope of commercial applications. Downstream processing is currently the major cost factor for PHA production but one of the least investigated aspects of the PHA production chain. In this study, the extraction of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) produced at pilot scale by a mixed microbial culture was performed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) as digestion agents of non-PHA cellular mass. Optimal conditions for digestion with NaOH (0.3 M, 4.8 h) and NaClO (9.0%, 3.4 h) resulted in polymers with a PHA purity and recovery of ca. 100%, in the case of the former and ca. 99% and 90%, respectively, in the case of the latter. These methods presented higher PHA recoveries than extraction by soxhlet with chloroform, the benchmark protocol for PHA extraction. The polymers extracted by the three methods presented similar PHA purities, molecular weights and polydispersity indices. Using the optimized conditions for NaOH and NaClO digestions, this study analyzed the effect of the initial intracellular PHA content (40-70%), biomass concentration (20-100 g/L) and biomass pre-treatment (fresh vs. dried vs. lyophilized) on the performance of PHA extraction by these two methods.

Characterization of the Thermostable Biosurfactant Produced by Burkholderia thailandensis DSM 13276.

Biosurfactants synthesized by microorganisms represent safe and sustainable alternatives to the use of synthetic surfactants, due to their lower toxicity, better biodegradability and biocompatibility, and their production from low-cost feedstocks. In line with this, the present study describes the physical, chemical, and functional characterization of the biopolymer secreted by the bacterium Burkholderia thailandensis DSM 13276, envisaging its validation as a biosurfactant. The biopolymer was found to be a glycolipopeptide with carbohydrate and protein contents of 33.1 ± 6.4% and 23.0 ± 3.2%, respectively. Galactose, glucose, rhamnose, mannose, and glucuronic acid were detected in the carbohydrate moiety at a relative molar ratio of 4:3:2:2:1. It is a high-molecular-weight biopolymer (1.0 × 107 Da) with low polydispersity (1.66), and forms aqueous solutions with shear-thinning behavior, which remained after autoclaving. The biopolymer has demonstrated a good emulsion-stabilizing capacity towards different hydrophobic compounds, namely, benzene, almond oil, and sunflower oil. The emulsions prepared with the biosurfactant, as well as with its autoclaved solution, displayed high emulsification activity (>90% and ~50%, respectively). Moreover, the almond and sunflower oil emulsions stabilized with the biosurfactant were stable for up to 4 weeks, which further supports the potential of this novel biopolymer for utilization as a natural bioemulsifier.

Enhanced co-production of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates and phenazines from crude glycerol by high cell density cultivation of Pseudomonas chlororaphis in membrane bioreactor.

Enhanced co-production of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA) and extracellular phenazines was assessed through a high cell density cultivation of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca (DSM 19603) in a membrane bioreactor using crude glycerol as a fermentative substrate. A maximum dry cell weight (DCW) of 59.25 ± 0.31 g/L was achieved at 90 h of cultivation with a maximum mcl-PHA and extracellular phenazines concentrations of respectively 19.05 ± 0.04 g/L (32.16% of DCW) and 79.42 ± 0.35 mg/L. mcl-PHA concentration achieved through cell retention culture was 28.43-folds higher than that obtained by batch culture. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis identified the produced PHA as a mcl-PHA copolymer of 3-hydroxyhexanoate (0.68%), 3-hydroxyoctanoate (7.76%), 3-hydroxydecanoate (49.18%), 3-hydroxydodecanoate (4.89%), and 3-hydroxytetradecanoate (37.50%). The mcl-PHA exhibited a highly amorphous structure with low crystallinity index (4.19%) and high thermal stability. This is the first report on the enhanced co-production of mcl-PHA and phenazines in a membrane bioreactor.

Bioconversion of Terephthalic Acid and Ethylene Glycol Into Bacterial Cellulose by Komagataeibacter xylinus DSM 2004 and DSM 46604.

Komagataeibacter xylinus strains DSM 2004 and DSM 46604 were evaluated for their ability to grow and produce bacterial cellulose (BC) upon cultivation on terephthalic acid (TA) and ethylene glycol (EG), which are monomers of the petrochemical-derived plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Both strains were able to utilize TA, EG, and their mixtures for BC synthesis, with different performances. K. xylinus DSM 2004 achieved higher BC production from TA (0.81 ± 0.01 g/L), EG (0.64 ± 0.02 g/L), and TA + EG mixtures (0.6 ± 0.1 g/L) than strain DSM 46604. The latter was unable to utilize EG as the sole carbon source and reached a BC production of 0.16 ± 0.01 g/L and 0.23 ± 0.1 g/L from TA alone or TA + EG mixtures, respectively. Further supplementing the media with glucose enhanced BC production by both strains. During cultivation on media containing TA and EG, rapid pH drop due to metabolization of EG into acidic compounds led to some precipitation of TA that was impregnated into the BC pellicles. An adaptation of the downstream procedure involving BC dissolution in NaOH was used for the recovery of pure BC. The different medium composition tested, as well as the downstream procedure, impacted the BC pellicles' physical properties. Although no variation in terms of the chemical structure were observed, differences in crystallinity degree and microstructure of the produced BC were observed. The BC produced by K. xylinus DSM 2004 had a higher crystallinity (19-64%) than that of the strain DSM 46604 (17-53%). Moreover, the scanning electron microscopy analysis showed a higher fiber diameter for K. xylinus DSM 2004 BC (46-56 nm) than for K. xylinus DSM 46604 (37-49 nm). Dissolution of BC in NaOH did not influence the chemical structure; however, it led to BC conversion from type I to type II, as well as a decrease in crystallinity. These results demonstrate that PET monomers, TA and EG, can be upcycled into a value-added product, BC, presenting an approach that will contribute to lessening the environmental burden caused by plastic disposal in the environment.

Influence of Dissolved Oxygen Level on Chitin-Glucan Complex and Mannans Production by the Yeast Pichia pastoris.

The yeast Pichia pastoris was cultivated under different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (5, 15, 30 and 50% of the air saturation) to evaluate its impact on the production of the cell-wall polysaccharide chitin-glucan complex (CGC) and mannans. Decreasing the DO level from 50 to 15% had no significant impact on cell growth but substrate conversion into biomass was improved. Under such conditions, a mannans content in the biomass of 22 wt% was reached, while the CGC content in the biomass was improved from 15 to 18 wt%, confirming that the DO level also impacted on P. pastoris cell-wall composition. Overall mannans and CGC volumetric productivity values of 10.69 and 8.67 g/(L. day) were reached, respectively. On the other hand, the polymers' composition was not significantly affected by decreasing the DO level. These results demonstrated that considerable energy savings can be made in the polysaccharide production process by reducing the DO level during cultivation of P. pastoris by improving the overall polymers' productivity without altering their composition. This has impact on the polysaccharide production costs, which is of considerable relevance for process scale-up and products' commercialization.