Electroweak Nuclear Properties from Single Molecular Ions in a Penning Trap.

We present a novel technique to probe electroweak nuclear properties by measuring parity violation (PV) in single molecular ions in a Penning trap. The trap's strong magnetic field Zeeman shifts opposite-parity rotational and hyperfine molecular states into near degeneracy. The weak interaction-induced mixing between these degenerate states can be larger than in atoms by more than 12 orders of magnitude, thereby vastly amplifying PV effects. The single molecule sensitivity would be suitable for applications to nuclei across the nuclear chart, including rare and unstable nuclei.

Precision Mass Measurement of the Proton Dripline Halo Candidate

We report the first mass measurement of the proton-halo candidate ^{22}Al performed with the low energy beam ion trap facility's 9.4 T Penning trap mass spectrometer at facility for rare isotope beams. This measurement completes the mass information for the lightest remaining proton-dripline nucleus achievable with Penning traps. ^{22}Al has been the subject of recent interest regarding a possible halo structure from the observation of an exceptionally large isospin asymmetry [J. Lee et al., Large isospin asymmetry in Si22/O22 Mirror Gamow-Teller transitions reveals the halo structure of ^{22}Al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 192503 (2020).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.192503]. The measured mass excess value of ME=18 092.5(3) keV, corresponding to an exceptionally small proton separation energy of S_{p}=100.4(8) keV, is compatible with the suggested halo structure. Our result agrees well with predictions from sd-shell USD Hamiltonians. While USD Hamiltonians predict deformation in the ^{22}Al ground state with minimal 1s_{1/2} occupation in the proton shell, a particle-plus-rotor model in the continuum suggests that a proton halo could form at large quadrupole deformation. These results emphasize the need for a charge radius measurement to conclusively determine the halo nature.

Precision Mass Measurements of Neutron-Rich Scandium Isotopes Refine the Evolution of N=32 and N=34 Shell Closures.

We report high-precision mass measurements of ^{50-55}Sc isotopes performed at the LEBIT facility at NSCL and at the TITAN facility at TRIUMF. Our results provide a substantial reduction of their uncertainties and indicate significant deviations, up to 0.7 MeV, from the previously recommended mass values for ^{53-55}Sc. The results of this work provide an important update to the description of emerging closed-shell phenomena at neutron numbers N=32 and N=34 above proton-magic Z=20. In particular, they finally enable a complete and precise characterization of the trends in ground state binding energies along the N=32 isotone, confirming that the empirical neutron shell gap energies peak at the doubly magic ^{52}Ca. Moreover, our data, combined with other recent measurements, do not support the existence of a closed neutron shell in ^{55}Sc at N=34. The results were compared to predictions from both ab initio and phenomenological nuclear theories, which all had success describing N=32 neutron shell gap energies but were highly disparate in the description of the N=34 isotone.

Erratum: High-Precision Mass Measurement of

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.032701.

High-Precision Mass Measurement of

We report the mass measurement of ^{56}Cu, using the LEBIT 9.4 T Penning trap mass spectrometer at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. The mass of ^{56}Cu is critical for constraining the reaction rates of the ^{55}Ni(p,γ) ^{56}Cu(p,γ) ^{57}Zn(ß^{+}) ^{57}Cu bypass around the ^{56}Ni waiting point. Previous recommended mass excess values have disagreed by several hundred keV. Our new value, ME=-38626.7(7.1) keV, is a factor of 30 more precise than the extrapolated value suggested in the 2012 atomic mass evaluation [Chin. Phys. C 36, 1603 (2012)CPCHCQ1674-113710.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003], and more than a factor of 12 more precise than values calculated using local mass extrapolations, while agreeing with the newest 2016 atomic mass evaluation value [Chin. Phys. C 41, 030003 (2017)CPCHCQ1674-113710.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003]. The new experimental average, using our new mass and the value from AME2016, is used to calculate the astrophysical ^{55}Ni(p,γ) and ^{56}Cu(p,γ) forward and reverse rates and perform reaction network calculations of the rp process. These show that the rp-process flow redirects around the ^{56}Ni waiting point through the ^{55}Ni(p,γ) route, allowing it to proceed to higher masses more quickly and resulting in a reduction in ashes around this waiting point and an enhancement to higher-mass ashes.

High Precision Determination of the ß Decay Q(EC) Value of (11)C and Implications on the Tests of the Standard Model.

We report the determination of the Q(EC) value of the mirror transition of (11)C by measuring the atomic masses of (11)C and (11)B using Penning trap mass spectrometry. More than an order of magnitude improvement in precision is achieved as compared to the 2012 Atomic Mass Evaluation (Ame2012) [Chin. Phys. C 36, 1603 (2012)]. This leads to a factor of 3 improvement in the calculated Ft value. Using the new value, Q(EC)=1981.690(61) keV, the uncertainty on Ft is no longer dominated by the uncertainty on the Q(EC) value. Based on this measurement, we provide an updated estimate of the Gamow-Teller to Fermi mixing ratio and standard model values of the correlation coefficients.

First Direct Determination of the Superallowed ß-Decay QEC Value for (14)O.

We report the first direct measurement of the (14)O superallowed Fermi ß-decay QEC value, the last of the so-called "traditional nine" superallowed Fermi ß decays to be measured with Penning trap mass spectrometry. (14)O, along with the other low-Z superallowed ß emitter, (10)C, is crucial for setting limits on the existence of possible scalar currents. The new ground state QEC value, 5144.364(25) keV, when combined with the energy of the 0(+) daughter state, Ex(0(+))=2312.798(11) keV [F. Ajzenberg-Selove, Nucl. Phys. A523, 1 (1991)], provides a new determination of the superallowed ß-decay QEC value, QEC(sa)=2831.566(28) keV, with an order of magnitude improvement in precision, and a similar improvement to the calculated statistical rate function f. This is used to calculate an improved Ft value of 3073.8(2.8) s.

A field programmable gate array-based time-resolved scaler for collinear laser spectroscopy with bunched radioactive potassium beams.

A new data acquisition system including a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based time-resolved scaler was developed for laser-induced fluorescence and beam bunch coincidence measurements. The FPGA scaler was tested in a collinear laser-spectroscopy experiment on radioactive (37)K at the BEam COoler and LAser spectroscopy (BECOLA) facility at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. A 1.29 µs bunch width from the buncher and a bunch repetition rate of 2.5 Hz led to a background suppression factor of 3.1 × 10(5) in resonant photon detection measurements. The hyperfine structure of (37)K and its isotope shift relative to the stable (39)K were determined using 5 × 10(4) s(-1) (37)K ions injected into the BECOLA beam line. The obtained hyperfine coupling constants A((2)S(1/2)) = 120.3(1.4) MHz, A((2)P(1/2)) = 15.2(1.1) MHz, and A((2)P(3/2)) = 1.4(8) MHz, and the isotope shift δν(39, 37) = -264(3) MHz are consistent with the previously determined values, where available.

Elucidation of the anomalous A=9 isospin quartet behavior.

Recent high-precision mass measurements of 9Li and 9Be, performed with the TITAN Penning trap at the TRIUMF ISAC facility, are analyzed in light of state-of-the-art shell model calculations. We find an explanation for the anomalous isobaric mass multiplet equation behavior for the two A=9 quartets. The presence of a cubic d=6.3(17) keV term for the J(π)=3/2(-) quartet and the vanishing cubic term for the excited J(π)=1/2(-) multiplet depend upon the presence of a nearby T=1/2 state in 9B and 9Be that induces isospin mixing. This is contrary to previous hypotheses involving purely Coulomb and charge-dependent effects. T=1/2 states have been observed near the calculated energy, above the T=3/2 state. However, an experimental confirmation of their J(π) is needed.

The on-line charge breeding program at TRIUMF's Ion Trap For Atomic and Nuclear Science for precision mass measurements.

TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science (TITAN) constitutes the only high precision mass measurement setup coupled to a rare isotope facility capable of increasing the charge state of short-lived nuclides prior to the actual mass determination in a Penning trap. Recent developments around TITAN's charge breeder, the electron beam ion trap, form the basis for several successful experiments on radioactive isotopes with half-lives as low as 65 ms and in charge states as high as 22+.

First direct mass measurement of the two-neutron halo nucleus 6He and improved mass for the four-neutron halo 8He.

The first direct mass measurement of {6}He has been performed with the TITAN Penning trap mass spectrometer at the ISAC facility. In addition, the mass of {8}He was determined with improved precision over our previous measurement. The obtained masses are m({6}He)=6.018 885 883(57) u and m({8}He)=8.033 934 44(11) u. The {6}He value shows a deviation from the literature of 4σ. With these new mass values and the previously measured atomic isotope shifts we obtain charge radii of 2.060(8) and 1.959(16) fm for {6}He and {8}He, respectively. We present a detailed comparison to nuclear theory for {6}He, including new hyperspherical harmonics results. A correlation plot of the point-proton radius with the two-neutron separation energy demonstrates clearly the importance of three-nucleon forces.

First use of high charge states for mass measurements of short-lived nuclides in a Penning trap.

Penning trap mass measurements of short-lived nuclides have been performed for the first time with highly charged ions, using the TITAN facility at TRIUMF. Compared to singly charged ions, this provides an improvement in experimental precision that scales with the charge state q. Neutron-deficient Rb isotopes have been charge bred in an electron beam ion trap to q=8-12+ prior to injection into the Penning trap. In combination with the Ramsey excitation scheme, this unique setup creating low energy, highly charged ions at a radioactive beam facility opens the door to unrivaled precision with gains of 1-2 orders of magnitude. The method is particularly suited for short-lived nuclides such as the superallowed ß emitter 74Rb (T(1/2)=65 ms). The determination of its atomic mass and an improved Q(EC) value are presented.

rp process and masses of N approximately Z approximately 34 nuclides.

High-precision Penning-trap mass measurements of the N approximately Z approximately 34 nuclides 68Se, 70Se, (70m)Br, and 71Br were performed, reaching experimental uncertainties of 0.5-15 keV. The new and improved mass data together with theoretical Coulomb displacement energies were used as input for rp process network calculations. An increase in the effective lifetime of the waiting point nucleus 68Se was found, and more precise information was obtained on the luminosity during a type I x-ray burst along with the final elemental abundances after the burst.

First Penning-trap mass measurement of the exotic halo nucleus 11Li.

In this Letter, we report a new mass for 11Li using the trapping experiment TITAN at TRIUMF's ISAC facility. This is by far the shortest-lived nuclide, t_{1/2}=8.8 ms, for which a mass measurement has ever been performed with a Penning trap. Combined with our mass measurements of ;{8,9}Li we derive a new two-neutron separation energy of 369.15(65) keV: a factor of 7 more precise than the best previous value. This new value is a critical ingredient for the determination of the halo charge radius from isotope-shift measurements. We also report results from state-of-the-art atomic-physics calculations using the new mass and extract a new charge radius for 11Li. This result is a remarkable confluence of nuclear and atomic physics.

Direct mass measurement of the four-neutron halo nuclide 8He.

A high-precision Penning trap mass measurement of the exotic 8He nuclide (T(1/2)=119 ms) has been carried out resulting in a reduction of the uncertainty of the halo binding energy by over an order of magnitude. The new mass, determined with a relative uncertainty of 9.2 x 10(-8) (deltam=690 eV) is 13 keV less bound than the previously accepted value. The mass measurement is of great relevance for the recent charge-radius measurement of 8He [P. Mueller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 252501 (2007).10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.252501]. The 8He mass is the first result from the newly-commissioned Penning trap: TITAN (TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science) at the ISAC (Isotope Separator and Accelerator) radioactive beam facility at TRIUMF.

Discovery of a nuclear isomer in 65Fe with penning trap mass spectrometry.

A new long-lived isomeric state in (65)Fe has been discovered with Penning trap mass spectrometry and high-precision mass measurements of the neutron-rich isotopes (63-65)Fe and (64-66)Co have been performed with the Low-Energy Beam and Ion Trap Facility at the NSCL. For the new isomer in (65)Fe an excitation energy of 402(5) keV has been determined from the measured mass difference between the isomeric and ground states. The mass uncertainties of all isotopes have been reduced by a factor of 10-100 compared to previous results. In the case of (64)Co the previous mass value was found to deviate by about 5 standard deviations from the new measurement.

Experiments with thermalized rare isotope beams from projectile fragmentation: a precision mass measurement of the superallowed beta emitter 38Ca.

The mass of the short-lived radio nuclide 38Ca (T(1/2) = 440 ms) has been measured with the 9.4-T Penning trap mass spectrometer of the Low-Energy Beam and Ion Trap Facility. A mass uncertainty of deltam = 280 eV has been achieved, corresponding to deltam/m = 8 x 10(-9). The result makes 38Ca, a superallowed beta emitter, a new candidate to test the conserved-vector-current hypothesis. The experiment is also the first demonstration that short-lived radioactive isotopes produced by projectile fragmentation of relativistic heavy-ion beams can be slowed down and prepared such that precision experiments of this kind are possible.

The effects of acetone, ethanol, HEMA, and air on the stiffness of human decalcified dentin matrix.

During resin-bonding procedures, dentin surfaces are treated with acidic conditioners to remove the smear layer and decalcify the surface to expose the collagen fibrils of the underlying matrix. These decalcified surfaces are then either air-dried or treated with dehydrating solvents, procedures which may modify the physical properties of the dentin matrix. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dehydration on the stiffness of the decalcified dentin matrix. Small (8 x 1.7 x 0.9 mm) beams of dentin were prepared from mid-coronal dentin of extracted human molars. The ends were covered with varnish for protection, and the specimens were placed in 0.5 M EDTA for 5 days to decalcify. The stiffness was measured by both the cantilever technique and by conventional stress-strain testing. Specimens tested by the cantilever technique were sequentially exposed to water, acetone, alcohol, HEMA, and glutaraldehyde. Specimens tested by conventional stress-strain testing were exposed either to water, acetone, or HEMA, or were allowed to air-dry. The results indicate that the stiffness of decalcified human dentin matrix is very low (ca. 7 MPa), if the specimens are wet with water. As they are dehydrated, either chemically in water-miscible organic solvents or physically in air, the stiffness increases 20- to 38-fold at low strains or three- to six-fold at high strains. These increases in modulus were rapidly reversed by rehydration in water. Exposure to glutaraldehyde also produced an increase in stiffness that was not reversible when the specimens were placed back in water.

Cyclic fatigue of a model feldspathic porcelain.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the fatigue parameters of a model porcelain based on the Weinstein patent using cyclic fatigue and to compare the parametric values obtained from cyclic fatigue tests with those from dynamic fatigue tests previously reported by Fairhurst et al. (1993). METHODS: Cyclical biaxial flexure of 1 mm thick and 12 mm diameter disks was performed at 37 degrees C in distilled water at a frequency of 4 Hz with constant stressing rates between a minimum and maximum stress. Three groups of samples (50, 40, 40) were tested with a maximum stress of 51, 47, and 43 MPa, respectively. The crack growth exponent, n, and the scaling constant, sigma fo, were derived from the regression constants obtained from a linear regression of the logarithm of the median time to failure with the logarithm of the maximum stress. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the cyclic fatigue parameters, n and sigma fo, derived from the median time to failure and those obtained from dynamic fatigue data. SIGNIFICANCE: Within the limits of error in this determination, the median cyclic fatigue life can be estimated by the use of fatigue parameters obtained from dynamic fatigue testing.

Fatigue failure parameters of IPS-Empress porcelain.

The purpose of this study was to determine the stress corrosion fatigue characteristics of a heat-pressed ceramic material, IPS-Empress. Disks (1 mm thick, 12 mm in diameter) were prepared, polished, and subjected to dynamic loading at multiple constant stressing rates. Fatigue tests were conducted in a circulating bath using a biaxial flexure test. The inert strength of the samples was determined in oil. The mean fracture strength for the inert tests was 135.7 MPa. Linear regression analysis of log fracture strengths vs log time to failure was performed to obtain fatigue parameters. For IPS-Empress the n value was 31 (SE 3.5) and sigma f0 was 83.3 MPa (SE 1.3 MPa).