Mental health care utilization in individuals with high levels of psychosis-like experiences: Associations with race and potentially traumatic events.

Objective: Racial inequities in mental health care utilization (MHCU) are well documented. Marginalized racial groups are more likely to report psychosis-like experiences (PLEs) and are at elevated risk for racial discrimination and trauma, impacting PLE severity. Little is known about how factors associated with race impact treatment seeking among individuals reporting PLEs. The present study examined associations between race, trauma, discrimination, PLEs, and MHCU among people endorsing high levels of PLEs. Method: Participants were Asian/Asian American, Black/African American, or White/European American college students ages 18-25 years meeting PLE self-report measure cutoff scores (N = 177). Binary logistic and multiple linear regressions were used to examine associations between past, current, and prospective MHCU and race, potentially traumatic events, discrimination, and PLEs. Results: Participants endorsing more PLEs were more likely to report past and current treatment and to be considering future services. Asian/Asian American and Black/African American participants were less likely to endorse past, current, and prospective future mental health care. Potentially traumatic events predicted increased utilization of past treatment. Conclusions: Results suggest service differences among participants, such that Black/African American and Asian/Asian American young adults reporting PLEs were less likely than White/European American counterparts to seek treatment even when accounting for traumatic events and discrimination. These findings highlight the need to further elucidate MHCU among marginalized racial groups experiencing psychosis-like symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The associations between attenuated psychosis symptoms and functioning in Black and White youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Extensive research has demonstrated racial disparities, particularly among Black individuals, in both presentation and course of psychosis spectrum disorders. Few studies, however, have examined racial differences in the clinical high-risk (CHR) phase of illness. It is unclear if functional deficits seen in association with CHR symptoms generalize to marginalized racial groups, or whether race may play a role in the link between symptoms and functioning. In a sample of youth at CHR (N = 46), the present study examined the effect of race (Black and White represented in this sample) on the relation between CHR symptoms and social/role functioning. Race had a moderating effect on the relation between CHR symptoms and social functioning for total positive symptom score (p < .04, f2 = 0.10). Although positive symptoms were associated with worse social functioning for White participants, no association was found for Black participants. Follow up analyses indicated suspiciousness was a statistically significant predictor of social functioning for White participants but was unrelated to functioning for Black participants. Results may be indicative of phenomenon experienced by individuals within racial minority groups (e.g., "healthy suspiciousness") or potential measurement validity concerns. Findings further the understanding of racial differences in the CHR phase of illness among White and Black youth and highlight limitations of the existing CHR literature and assessment tools for diverse youth.

Neuropsychological Performance Among Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis vs Putatively Low-Risk Peers With Other Psychopathology: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis present with neuropsychological impairments relative to healthy controls (HC), but whether these impairments are distinguishable from those seen among putatively lower risk peers with other psychopathology remains unknown. We hypothesized that any excess impairment among CHR cohorts beyond that seen in other clinical groups is minimal and accounted for by the proportion who transition to psychosis (CHR-T). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing cognitive performance among CHR youth to clinical comparators (CC) who either sought mental health services but did not meet CHR criteria or presented with verified nonpsychotic psychopathology. STUDY RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included representing nearly 4000 participants. Individuals at CHR showed substantial cognitive impairments relative to HC (eg, global cognition: g = -0.48 [-0.60, -0.34]), but minimal impairments relative to CC (eg, global cognition: g = -0.13 [-0.20, -0.06]). Any excess impairment among CHR was almost entirely attributable to CHR-T; impairment among youth at CHR without transition (CHR-NT) was typically indistinguishable from CC (eg, global cognition, CHR-T: g = -0.42 [-0.64, -0.19], CHR-NT: g = -0.09 [-0.18, 0.00]; processing speed, CHR-T: g = -0.59 [-0.82, -0.37], CHR-NT: g = -0.12 [-0.25, 0.07]; working memory, CHR-T: g = -0.42 [-0.62, -0.22], CHR-NT: g = -0.03 [-0.14, 0.08]). CONCLUSIONS: Neurocognitive impairment in CHR cohorts should be interpreted cautiously when psychosis or even CHR status is the specific clinical syndrome of interest as these impairments most likely represent a transdiagnostic vs psychosis-specific vulnerability.

Social work training to reduce duration of untreated psychosis: Methodology and considerations of a web-based training for community providers.

AIM: Outcomes for individuals with psychotic disorders can be improved through early intervention services; however, identification continues to be a major problem in connecting individuals with these services. Social workers form a vast majority of the human service and mental health workforce in the United States and therefore have the potential to play a unique role in identifying and referring those who may benefit from specialty early intervention services. METHODS: The current article describes the methodological design, implementation, and participant recruitment procedures of a large-scale, web-based training program for social workers promoting identification and referral of individuals with emerging symptoms of a mental illness with psychosis in the context of a randomized clinical trial. RESULTS: The web-based study enrolled 1384 individuals. More than half of study participants enrolled within the first 3 months of the 14-month recruitment period. Completion of all study components was achieved by 959 individuals (69% of total enrolled), and completion status did not vary significantly by gender, ethnicity, or facility at which the individual was employed. Completion rates varied by race, such that participants identifying as White were more likely to complete the study, while those identifying as Black were less likely. DISCUSSION: The results suggest the feasibility of using a web-based training program to engage social workers in early psychosis identification practices. Challenges related to encouraging participants to complete the training and lessons learned during the study recruitment are discussed.

Telepsychotherapy with Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Clinical Issues and Best Practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Early detection and prevention of psychosis has become an international priority. Much of this work has focused on youth presenting with attenuated symptoms of psychosis-those at Clinical High Risk for psychosis (CHR)-given their elevated probability of developing the full disorder in subsequent years. Individuals at CHR may be prone to exacerbated psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent physical isolation measures, due to heightened stress sensitivity and comorbid mental health problems. Telepsychotherapy holds promise for reaching this population, especially during the current COVID-19 outbreak. However, there are limited evidence-based guidelines or interventions for use of telepsychotherapy with this population. In this paper, we review common clinical issues for individuals at CHR and how they might be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic; best practices for treatment and adaptations for telepsychotherapy for individuals at CHR; and highlight real clinical issues that we are currently experiencing in a United States-based specialized CHR clinic as we conduct telepsychotherapy via videoconferencing. We conclude with questions for those in the field to contemplate, as well as potential challenges and benefits in using telepsychotherapy with individuals at CHR and their families.

Using the K-SADS psychosis screen to identify people with early psychosis or psychosis risk syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Current methods to identify people with psychosis risk involve administration of specialized tools such as the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS), but these methods have not been widely adopted. Validation of a more multipurpose assessment tool-such as the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS)-may increase the scope of identification efforts. METHODS: We assessed the correspondence between SIPS-determined clinical high risk/early psychosis (CHR/early psychosis) status and K-SADS psychosis screen (child and parent reports and their combination) in a sample of 147 help-seeking individuals aged 12-25. Detailed classification results are reported. RESULTS: Both the child and parent interviews on the K-SADS psychosis screen were strongly predictive of CHR/early psychosis status, although parent reports contributed no significant additional information beyond child reports. Across informants, the presence of either subthreshold hallucinations or subthreshold delusions was highly suggestive of CHR/early psychosis status as determined by SIPS interview (78% (child) and 74% (parent) accuracy). CONCLUSIONS: Subthreshold scores on the two-item K-SADS psychosis screen may be good indicators of the presence or absence of early signs of psychosis. The option of using a non-specialized assessment such as the K-SADS as a staged approach to assess for CHR/early psychosis status could increase rates of early psychosis screening and treatment.