Promoting Resilience in Stress Management for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires demanding self-management health behaviors, and adolescents with T1D are at risk for poor psychosocial and medical outcomes. Developing resilience skills may help adolescents with T1D and elevated distress navigate common stressors and achieve positive outcomes. Objective: To test the efficacy of the Promoting Resilience in Stress Management (PRISM) intervention on levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), diabetes distress, self-management behaviors, resilience, and quality of life among adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants: This phase 3, parallel, 1:1 randomized clinical trial that followed up 172 participants for 12 months was conducted from January 1, 2020, to November 30, 2022, at each of 2 children's hospitals, in Seattle, Washington, and Houston, Texas. Participants were ages 13 to 18 years with T1D for at least 12 months and elevated diabetes distress. Intervention: PRISM, a manualized, skills-based, individual intervention program that teaches stress management, goal setting, reframing, and meaning-making, facilitated by a coach and accompanied by a digital app, was delivered in three 30- to 60-minute sessions approximately 2 weeks apart. Main Outcomes and Measures: The 2 primary outcomes, diabetes distress and HbA1c levels, and 3 secondary outcomes, resilience, quality of life, and engagement in self-management behaviors, were assessed at baseline and 6 and 12 months after baseline. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used to evaluate associations between PRISM or usual care (UC) and these outcomes at both time points for the intention-to-treat population. Results: Among 172 adolescents (mean [SD] age, 15.7 [1.6] years), 96 were female (56%), and their baseline mean (SD) HbA1c level was 8.7% (2.0%). No differences were evident between PRISM and UC recipients in HbA1c levels (ß, -0.21 [95% CI, -0.65 to 0.22]; P = .33) or diabetes distress (ß, -2.71 [95% CI, -6.31 to 0.90]; P = .14) or any participant-reported outcome (eg, ß, 2.25 [95% CI, -0.30 to 4.80]; P = .08 for self-management behaviors) at 6 months. At 12 months, there was no statistically significant difference between arms in HbA1c levels (ß, -0.26 [95% CI, -0.72 to 0.19]; P = .25); however, PRISM recipients reported significantly greater amelioration of diabetes distress (ß, -4.59 [95% CI, -8.25 to -0.94]; P = .01) and improvement in self-management behaviors (ß, 3.4 [95% CI, 0.9 to 5.9]; P = .01) compared with UC recipients. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings in this randomized clinical trial of psychosocial and behavioral improvements associated with PRISM at 12 months illustrate the value of a strengths-based intervention. Integrating resilience skills-building with traditional diabetes care may be a promising approach for improving outcomes among adolescents with T1D and elevated diabetes distress. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03847194.

Workplace Violence in Outpatient Physician Clinics: A Systematic Review.

Workplace violence (WPV) has been extensively studied in hospitals, yet little is known about WPV in outpatient physician clinics. These settings and work tasks may present different risk factors for WPV compared to hospitals, including the handling/exchange of cash, and being remotely located without security presence. We conducted a systematic literature review to describe what is currently known about WPV in outpatient physician clinics. Six literature databases were searched and reference lists from included articles published from 2000-2019. Thirteen quantitative and five qualitative manuscripts were included which all focused on patient/family-perpetrated violence in outpatient physician clinics. No studies examined other violence types (e.g., worker-on-worker; burglary). The overall prevalence of Type II violence ranged from 9.5% to 74.6%, with the most common form being verbal abuse (42.1-94.3%), followed by threat of assault (14.0-57.4%), bullying (2.5-5.7%), physical assault, (0.5-15.9%) and sexual harassment/assault (0.2-9.3%). Worker consequences included reduced work performance, anger, and depression. Most workers did not receive training on how to manage a violent patient. More work is needed to examine the prevalence and risk factors of WPV in outpatient physician clinics for purposes of informing prevention efforts in these settings.

Strengths-Based Behavioral Intervention for Parents of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Using an mHealth App (Type 1 Doing Well): Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Supportive parent involvement for adolescents' type 1 diabetes (T1D) self-management promotes optimal diabetes outcomes. However, family conflict is common and can interfere with collaborative family teamwork. Few interventions have used explicitly strengths-based approaches to help reinforce desired management behaviors and promote positive family interactions around diabetes care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this protocol was to describe the development of a new, strengths-based behavioral intervention for parents of adolescents with T1D delivered via a mobile-friendly Web app called Type 1 Doing Well. METHODS: Ten adolescent-parent dyads and 5 diabetes care providers participated in a series of qualitative interviews to inform the design of the app. The 3- to 4-month pilot intervention will involve 82 parents receiving daily prompts to use the app, in which they will mark the diabetes-related strength behaviors (ie, positive attitudes or behaviors related to living with or managing T1D) their teen engaged in that day. Parents will also receive training on how to observe diabetes strengths and how to offer teen-friendly praise via the app. Each week, the app will generate a summary of the teen's most frequent strengths from the previous week based on parent reports, and parents will be encouraged to praise their teen either in person or from a library of reinforcing text messages (short message service, SMS). RESULTS: The major outcomes of this pilot study will include intervention feasibility and satisfaction data. Clinical and behavioral outcomes will include glycemic control, regimen adherence, family relationships and conflict, diabetes burden, and health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: This strengths-based, mobile health (mHealth) intervention aims to help parents increase their awareness of and efforts to support their adolescents' engagement in positive diabetes-related behaviors. If efficacious, this intervention has the potential to reduce the risk of family conflict, enhance collaborative family teamwork, and ultimately improve diabetes outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02877680; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02877680 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6xTAMN5k2).

Factores psicosociales que influyen en los procesos de vinculación, adherencia e inclusión a los procesos de resocialización, por parte de los habitantes de calle de la ciudad de Medellín / Psychosocial factors that influence the processes of linkage, adhesion and inclusion to the processes of resocialization, by the homeless people of the city of Medellín

En este estudio se describen los factores psicosociales que influyen en los procesos de vinculación, adherencia e inclusión de los habitantes de calle a los programas de atención y de este modo hacer visibles características que podrían tomarse en cuenta para el diseño e implementación de estos sistemas de atención y políticas públicas. El estudio tiene un diseño cualitativo y método etnográfico. El objetivo general que se propuso fue Describir los factores psicosociales que influyen en los procesos de vinculación, adherencia e inclusión de los habitantes de calle a programas y procesos de recuperación y resocialización. Como resultados, se describen las categorías de Factores Psicosociales, Procesos de inclusión y Redes de apoyo, que abordan los factores de protección y riesgo de la población. Entre los factores de riesgo más predominantes para la habitanza en calle, externos al sujeto, están la violencia intrafamiliar, pobreza, asistencialismo, conflicto intraurbano y el trato de los operadores terapéuticos. Entre los factores de riesgo internos al sujeto, se hallaron el consumo, abuso y dependencia de sustancias psicoactivas, discapacidad física o cognitiva, ruptura de vínculos familiares y sociales, auto-exclusión. Entre los factores de protección encontrados, se pueden identificar algunos externos como las redes familiares, institucionales y de pareja. A nivel subjetivo, el factor espiritual y los sistemas de creencias parecen tener un rol preponderante.

In this study we describe the psychosocial factors that influence the bonding, adherence and inclusion processes of street people to care programs and in this way make visible characteristics that could be taken into account for the design and implementation of these systems attention and public policies. The study has a qualitative design and ethnographic method. The general objective that was proposed was to describe the psychosocial factors that influence the linking processes, adherence and inclusion of street people to programs and processes of recovery and re-socialization. As results, the categories of Psychosocial Factors, Inclusion Processes and Support Networks are described, which address the protection and risk factors of the population. Among the most prevalent risk factors for street habitancy, external to the subject, are intrafamily violence, poverty, assistance, intra-urban conflict and the treatment of therapeutic operators. Among the risk factors internal to the subject, were the consumption, abuse and dependence of psychoactive substances, physical or cognitive disability, rupture of family and social ties, self-exclusion. Among the protection factors found, some external factors can be identified, such as family, institutional and couple networks. At the sub- jective level, the spiritual factor and belief systems seem to have a preponderant role.