Experiences and Outcomes of the Society of Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgeons Fellowship Training: Growth in Fellowships Mirrors the Evolution of the Discipline.

OBJECTIVE: To describe experiences and outcomes of the Society of Genitourinary Reconstructive Surgeons (GURS) fellowship match. In 2012, GURS developed a centralized fellowship match which has grown from 13 to 30 programs. METHODS: GURS match statistics and case logs were reviewed from 2013-2024. Additionally, a 37-question survey evaluating satisfaction, procedural competency, fellowship experience, and employment opportunities were sent to graduates. Linear regression was performed to examine trends over time. RESULTS: Over the study period, program match success remained stable (94.7%; P = .50) while applicant success (63.3%) increased over time (P = .04). North American and female applicants experienced higher match success (72.8% and 73.6%) compared to their international (35.5%; P <.0001) and male counterparts (60.0%; P = .02). On case log analysis, mean surgical volumes per year increased in urethral reconstruction (mean=88.1; P = .02), male sexual health (n = 32.7; P = .03), genital reconstruction (mean=16.4; P <.01) and abdominal reconstruction (mean=24.5; P = .03). Male incontinence surgeries remained stable (mean=30.5; P = .21) while female reconstruction declined (mean=23.2; P = .01). With a survey response rate of 54.5% (97/178), training satisfaction was 95.9% which did not differ by gender (P = .54) or year of training (P = .22). Around 97.9% felt competent to enter unsupervised reconstructive practice, 94.8% reported an understanding of the relevant literature and 96.9% were satisfied with their job as a reconstructive urologist. Around 49.5% identified a different case mix in practice compared to fellowship, most commonly related to abdominal (44.9%) or genital reconstruction (16.3%). CONCLUSION: GURS fellowships have grown organically over the last decade and mirror the growth and evolution of the discipline with sustained high levels of graduate satisfaction, surgical experience, competence, scholarly inquiry and employment.

The effectiveness of adjustable trans-obturator male system (ATOMS) in radiated patients is reduced: A propensity score-matched analysis.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of the adjustable trans-obturator male system (ATOMS®) to treat post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) in radiated patients compared with non-radiated patients, using propensity score-matching analysis to enhance the validity of the comparison. Patients and methods: Consecutive men with PPI treated with silicone-covered scrotal port ATOMS (A.M.I., Feldkirch, Austria) in nine different institutions between 2016 and 2022 were included. Preoperative assessment evaluated 24-h pad usage, urethroscopy and urodynamics, if indicated. Propensity score-matching analysis was based on age, length of follow-up, previous PPI treatment, previous bladder neck stricture, androgen deprivation and pad usage. The primary endpoint was dry rate, defined as no pads post-operatively with a security pad allowed. The secondary endpoints were complications, device removal and self-perceived satisfaction with the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) scale. Results: Of the 710 included patients, 342 were matched, and the study groups were balanced for the baseline matched variables. The mean baseline 24-h pad was 4.8 in both groups (p = 0.48). The mean follow-up was 27.5 ± 18.6 months, which was also equivalent between groups (p = 0.36). The primary outcome was achieved in 73 (42.7%) radiated patients and in 115 (67.3%) non-radiated patients (p < 0.0001). The mean pad count at the last follow-up was 1.5 and 0.8, respectively (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in complications (p = 0.94), but surgical revision and device explant rates were higher (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively), and the proportion of patients highly satisfied (PGI-I = 1) was lower in the radiated group (p = 0.01). At sensitivity analysis, the study was found to be reasonably robust to hidden bias. Conclusion: ATOMS implantation significantly outperformed in patients without adjuvant radiation over radiated patients.

Routine Imaging After Bulbar Urethral Reconstruction Does Not Impact Surgical Outcomes and May Not Be Necessary.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether omitting routine post-operative imaging adversely impacts clinical outcomes after bulbar urethroplasty. Contrast imaging is commonly performed prior to catheter removal after urethroplasty but the clinical need for this is unclear. METHODS: This was a matched, case-control analysis comparing patients undergoing routine voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) prior to catheter removal after bulbar urethroplasty to patients without imaging. Patients were matched with respect to age, stricture etiology, length, and urethroplasty technique. Follow-up consisted of clinical assessment 3 weeks post-operatively for VCUG/catheter removal, cystoscopy at 3-4 months with clinical assessment annually. Outcome measures were 90-day complications (Clavien ≥2) and stricture recurrence (failure to pass a 16-Fr flexible cystoscope on follow-up). Chi-square and Kaplan-Meier analysis were conducted where appropriate. RESULTS: Hundred patients undergoing bulbar urethroplasty with VCUG prior to catheter removal were compared to 100 matched case controls without imaging. Groups did not differ with respect to failed endoscopic treatment (P = .82), prior urethroplasty (P = .09), comorbidities (P = .54), smoking (P = .42), or pre-operative bacteriuria (P = 1.00). The incidence of extravasation in the VCUG group was 2%. Overall 90-day complications were 9.5% and 15 patients developed recurrence with a median follow-up of 174 months. On chi-square analysis, 90-day complications did not differ between patients undergoing VCUG and those without (12% vs 7.0%; P = .34). On log-rank analysis, stricture recurrence did not differ between groups (P = .44). CONCLUSION: Routine imaging with VCUG after bulbar urethroplasty does not influence the risk of post-operative complications or stricture recurrence. Surgeons should consider avoiding this potentially unnecessary examination in routine clinical practice.

Refining Bacteriuria as a Risk Factor for Complications After Urethroplasty: Identifying the Culprit.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which bacteria are associated with an increased risk of 90-day complications after urethroplasty. Preoperative bacteriuria is associated with an increased risk of complications after urethroplasty. However, it remains unclear which specific micro-organisms are the primary drivers of this morbidity. METHODS: A single-institution, 2-surgeon retrospective review was performed on patients undergoing urethroplasty from 08/2003 to 06/2021. Preoperative bacteriuria was considered significant when the patient had a mixed culture with ≥108 CFU/L or an identifiable micro-organism with ≥106 CFU/L. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the results and chi-square was used to determine the association between 90-day complications (Clavien ≥2) and clinical characteristics/bacteria. RESULTS: Out of 1611 patients, 23.2% (373) had significant preoperative bacteriuria. The most common pathogens included coagulase-negative staphylococcus 18.5% (69), mixed growth 15.8% (59), Escherichia coli 10.7% (40), and Enterococcus 14.2% (53). 7.9% (128/1611) experienced a significant 90-day complication (Clavien-Dindo ≥2). Gram-negative bacilli including E coli, Pseudomonas sp, Klebsiella sp, Serratia sp, Citrobacter sp, Achromobacter sp, Stenotrophomonas sp, and Morganella sp were associated with higher rates of postoperative complications (14.2%; P = .01) as well as Enterococcus sp (15.1%; P = .03). However, gram-positive cocci (7.9%; P = .97), gram-positive bacilli (11.8%; P = .47), mixed growth (5.1%; P = .54) and Candida (16.7%; P = .27) were not. Neither escalating concentrations of bacteria (P = .44) or number of strains (P = .08) were associated with increased risk of complications. CONCLUSION: The main driver of bacteriuria-related complications after urethroplasty are gram-negative bacilli and Enterococcus sp. Patients with bacteriuria related to other micro-organisms can likely proceed with urethroplasty without increased risk of postoperative complications.

Health-related Quality of Life in Patients With Urethral Stenosis After Radiation Treatment for Prostate Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient-reported quality of life (PRQoL) in patients presenting with membranous urethral stenosis after prostate radiotherapy. Urethral stenosis is an under-reported complication after prostate radiotherapy with a particular deficiency in PRQoL. METHODS: Patients presenting with urethral stenosis after radiotherapy were retrospectively reviewed from 2004 to 2022. PRQoL was assessed via patient survey using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite for Clinical Practice (EPIC-CP). RESULTS: Two hundred thirty patients were identified at a mean age of 67.7years and mean time to stricture diagnosis of 63.6months' postradiotherapy. Of 87 patients completing the survey, 29.9% recalled being aware of urethral stenosis as a potential complication and 51.7% had documentation of urethral stenosis as a potential complication. 33.5% of patients underwent urethroplasty, 59.6% repeat endoscopic treatment and 6.1% an indwelling catheter. 64.4% of patients reported urinary dysfunction as a "moderate" or "big" problem, 66.7% reported frequent or total incontinence, 64.4% required daily pad use and 50.6% reported incontinence as either a "moderate" or "big" problem. 85.0% reported poor or absent orgasmic dysfunction and 88.5% reported erections insufficient for sexual activity. Additionally, 47.1% of patients reported rectal pain and 31.0% reported dysuria. Depressive symptoms and fatigue were reported by 41.4% and 60.9% of patients respectively. CONCLUSION: Urethral stenosis after radiotherapy is a clinically complex entity with a broad scope of associated symptoms including high rates of patient-reported incontinence, voiding dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, pain, bowel dysfunction and depression. This multifocal nature combined with often insidious presentation and patient unawareness creates a uniquely challenging condition to treat.

Outcomes of Urethroplasty for Synchronous Anterior Urethral Stricture Utilizing the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons Length, Segment and Etiology Anterior Urethral Stricture Classification System.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics, management, and functional outcomes of patients with synchronous urethral stricture disease (SUSD) utilizing a multi-institutional cohort. METHODS: Data were collected and assessed from a prospectively maintained, multi-institutional database. Patients who underwent anterior urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease (USD) were included and stratified by the presence or absence of SUSD. USD location and etiology were classified according to the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons Length, Segment and Etiology Anterior Urethral Stricture Classification System. Anterior urethroplasty techniques were recorded for both strictures. Functional failure was compared between groups. RESULTS: One thousand nine hundred eighty-three patients were identified, of whom, 137/1983 (6.9%) had SUSD. The mean primary stricture length for patients with SUSD was 3.5 and 2.6 cm for the secondary stricture. Twelve anterior urethroplasty technique combinations were utilized in treating the 27 different combinations of SUSD. Functional failure was noted in 18/137 (13.1%) patients with SUSD vs 192/1846 (10.4%) patients with solitary USD, P = .3. SUSD was not associated with increased odds of functional failure. S classifications: S1b, P = .003, S2a, P = .001, S2b, P = .01 and S2c, P = .02 and E classifications: E3a, P = .004 and E6, P = .03, were associated with increased odds of functional failure. CONCLUSION: Repair of SUSD in a single setting does not increase the risk of functional failure compared to patients with solitary USD. Increasing S classification, S1b through S2c and E classifications E3a and E6 were associated with increased functional failure. This reinforces the importance of the Trauma and Urologic Reconstruction Network of Surgeons Length, Segment and Etiology Anterior Urethral Stricture Classification System as a necessary tool in large-scale multi-institutional analysis when assessing highly heterogenous patient populations.

Prospective assessment of the incidence and associations of postvoid dribbling after urethroplasty Impact of surgical technique.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence and associations of postvoid dribbling (PVD) after urethroplasty remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of urethroplasty on PVD and factors associated with de novo PVD. METHODS: From 2011-2018, patients were offered enrollment in a prospective study assessing PVD after urethroplasty. PVD was assessed preoperatively and six months post-surgery with the question, "After urinating, do you have post-urination dribbling or leakage of urine?" Choices included, "Never" (1), "Occasionally" (2), "Sometimes" (3), "Most of the time" (4), or "All of the time" (5). A response of 3-5 was considered clinically significant. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and postoperative PVD, while logistic regression was used to determine the association between new-onset PVD and clinical variables. RESULTS: A total of 384 patients completed the study, with 46.9% (180) reporting PVD preoperatively compared to 39.8% (153) postoperatively (p=0.01); 18.0% (67) of patients experienced de novo PVD, 57.0% (219) no change, and 25.0% (96) reported improvement. On multivariable logistic regression, patients undergoing anastomotic urethroplasty were less likely to report de novo PVD (odds ratio [OR] 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-0.83, p=0.02). No other factor was associated with de novo PVD, including age (p=0.59), stricture length (p=0.71), location (p=0.50), etiology (p=0.59), failed endoscopic treatment (p=0.18), previous urethroplasty (p=0.55), or recurrence (p=0.78). De novo PVD was not associated with patient dissatisfaction (10.1% vs. 7.6%, p=0.49). CONCLUSIONS: PVD is common in patients with urethral stricture. While there is an overall improvement after urethroplasty, 18.0% of patients will experience de novo PVD, with a reduced incidence in those undergoing anastomotic urethroplasty.

Comparative evaluation of 90-day patient outcomes and healthcare encounters following extended day surgery urethroplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Most centers have shifted to an extended day surgery (XDS ) model for urethroplasty. Our study characterizes outcomes and unplanned healthcare encounters of patients undergoing XDS urethroplasty compared to case-matched inpatient controls. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, two-surgeon, single-center study of patients undergoing XDS urethroplasty (discharge <24 hrs) from November 2020 to November 2021. Patients were case-control matched based on age, stricture length, location, and etiology to patients who had previously undergone inpatient urethroplasty. Data was analyzed using descriptive and univariable statistics. Multivariable analysis by Cox proportional hazard regression was used to identify associations with postoperative complications. RESULTS: Ninety patients (mean age=53.8 years) underwent XDS urethroplasty during the study period. Mean stricture length was 4.4 cm (standard deviation [SD ] 2.4). Rates of postoperative complications were similar between XDS (17%, n=15) and admitted patients (21%, n=19), and XDS was not associated with increased risk on univariable analysis (odds ratio [OR ] 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-1.3, p=0.36). When stratifying by location, penile stricture (OR 4.21, 95% CI 1.3-13.8, p=0.02) and lichen sclerosus (OR 2.91, 95% CI 0.79-9.9, p=0.08) were associated with increased risk of postoperative complication. On multivariable analysis, only penile stricture was identified as significant (OR 4.78, 95% CI 1.2-19.4, p=0.03). Forty-eight percent (n=43) of patients had unplanned healthcare encounters postoperatively, with similar numbers of phone calls (n=37) and emergency department visits (n=36) between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that XDS urethroplasty is not associated with increased rates of complications relative to inpatient admission. This data supports using an XDS pathway for resource-efficient treatment of urethral strictures in a universal healthcare setting.

Delineating Which Patient-reported Symptoms Are Associated with Satisfaction After Urethroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which patient-reported symptoms are associated with satisfaction after urethroplasty. METHODS: From 2011 to 2018, patients were offered enrollment in a prospective study assessing patient-reported outcomes after urethroplasty. Outcomes were assessed preoperatively and 6-months postoperatively including patient satisfaction, voiding function (International Prostate Symptom Score), erectile function (International Index of Erectile Function 5) and ejaculatory function (ejaculatory component of brief sexual function inventory). Additionally, penile curvature/appearance, genitourinary pain, postvoid dribbling, and standing voiding function were also evaluated using either 3 or 5 point Likert scales. Stricture recurrence was defined as the inability to easily pass a 16Fr flexible videocystoscope. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to examine the associations between outcomes and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 387 patients completed the study with a mean age of 49.5 years and a mean stricture length of 4.5 cm. Location was bulbar (59.4%), penile (19.6%), posterior (13.7%) and pan-urethral (7.2%). At 6-months, 96.1% of patients were stricture-free, 81.6% reported being satisfied with surgery and 8% were unsatisfied. On multivariable binary logistic regression, improvement in International Prostate Symptom Score (odds ratio [OR]: 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.2, P = .04), new erectile dysfunction (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2-0.9, P = .04), new penile curvature (OR: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.9, P = .03) and improved standing voiding function (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5, P = .004) were associated with patient satisfaction. Cystoscopic success (P = .60), change in pain score (P = .14), postvoid dribbling (P = .69), change in penile length (P = .44), and ejaculatory dysfunction (P = .51) were not. CONCLUSION: Improved voiding function, patient-reported penile curvature, new erectile dysfunction and improved standing voiding are independently associated with patient satisfaction after urethroplasty and should be incorporated into any patient-centered approach to urethral stricture management.

Prospective Assessment of Genital Pain in Patients With Urethral Stricture: Incidence, Associations, and Impact of Urethroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of genital pain in patients with urethral stricture and examine the impact of urethroplasty. Genital pain is a common and challenging urological condition and potentially associated with urethral stricture. METHODS: From 2011-2019, patients were offered enrollment in a prospective single-center study assessing patient-reported genital pain pre- and 6-months posturethroplasty. Genital pain was assessed with the question, "Do you experience genital (scrotum or penis) pain?" answered on a five-point scale ["Never" (1), "Occasionally" (2), "Sometimes" (3), "Most of the Time" (4) or "All of the Time" (5)]. Responses of 3, 4, or 5 were considered clinically significant. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare pre- and postoperative states and logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between genital pain and clinical variables. RESULTS: Of the 387 patients completing enrollment, 36.4% (141/387) reported genital pain preoperatively. Patients with panurethral stricture reported higher rates (57.1%) of pain (Odds Ratio 2.93, 95%CI 1.32-6.50; P = .008). Posturethroplasty, pain scores improved with an incidence of 14.2% (P < .0001). In patients reporting preoperative pain, 88.7% (125/141) experienced improvement, 8.5% were unchanged and 2.8% reported worsening pain. On logistic regression, patients with penile strictures (O.R. 0.24, 95%CI 0.06-0.91; P = .04), hypospadias (O.R. 0.14, 95%CI 0.02-0.88; P = .04), and staged reconstruction (O.R. 0.22, 95%CI 0.05-0.90; P = .04) were less likely to report improvement. CONCLUSION: Genital pain is common in patients with urethral stricture and improves in the majority of patients undergoing urethroplasty but less so in patients with penile strictures, hypospadias and staged reconstruction.

The evolution of urethral stricture and urethroplasty practice over 15 years: A single-center, single-surgeon, 1319 urethroplasty analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The management of urethral stricture has evolved over the last several decades. We sought to analyze urethral stricture and urethroplasty trends at a tertiary referral center over a 15-year period. METHODS: Patients undergoing urethroplasty by a single surgeon from August 2003 to July 2018 were analyzed. Patient demographics, urethroplasty techniques, and outcomes were collected in a prospectively maintained database and were categorized into three five-year tertiles based on date of surgery. These tertiles were subsequently retrospectively analyzed for trends and changes in practice. RESULTS: A total of 1319 urethroplasties were completed over the study period. During the first five years (T1), 299 urethroplasties were performed, with 431 and 589 performed in T2 and T3, respectively. Mean overall patient age was 46.8 years, which increased significantly over time (p<0.001). Idiopathic strictures were most common (n=516, 39.1%) and unchanged over time, while proportionately radiation-induced strictures increased (n=9, 3.0% [T1], n=22, 5.1% [T2], n=51, 8.7% [T3]; p=0.001) as did iatrogenic and lichen sclerosus strictures. Mean stricture length (4.7 cm [T1], 4.8 cm [T2], 4.0 cm [T3]; p<0.001) and the mean number of prior endoscopic procedures (3.4 [T1], 3.9 [T2], and 2.5 [T3]; p<0.001] decreased over time. Single-stage urethroplasty with buccal mucosa was the most common technique performed (n=656, 49.7%) that increased in prevalence (p=0.009), while both flap and staged techniques decreased (p=0.008, p=0.004, respectively). Overall success rate was 90.1% (n=1106), which improved significantly with time (n=248, 86.7% [T1], n=359, 90.0% [T2], n=499, 93.4% [T3]; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that patients and treatment of urethral stricture evolved over 15 years in practice, with an increase in patient age, radiation, and iatrogenic and lichen sclerosus strictures, while demonstrating a decrease in stricture length and the number of prior endoscopic procedures performed. Increased use of single-stage urethroplasty using buccal mucosa was observed, which may have contributed to an increase in urethroplasty success over time.

Defining Success after Anterior Urethroplasty: An Argument for a Universal Definition and Surveillance Protocol.

PURPOSE: A successful urethroplasty has been defined in different ways across studies. This variety in the literature makes it difficult to compare success rates and techniques across studies. We aim to evaluate the success of anterior urethroplasty based on different definitions of success in a single cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from a multi-institutional, prospectively maintained database. We included men undergoing first-time, single-stage, anterior urethroplasty between 2006 and 2020. Exclusion criteria included lack of followup, hypospadias, extended meatotomy, perineal urethrostomy, posterior urethroplasty and staged repairs. We compared 5 different ways to define a "failed" urethroplasty: 1) stricture retreatment, 2) anatomical recurrence on cystoscopy, 3) peak flow rate <15 ml/second, 4) weak stream on questionnaire and 5) failure by any of these measures. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for each of the definitions. We also compared outcomes by stricture length, location and etiology. RESULTS: A total of 712 men met inclusion criteria, including completion of all types of followup. The 1- and 5-year estimated probabilities of success were "retreatment," 94% and 75%; "cystoscopy," 88% and 71%; "uroflow," 84% and 58%; "questionnaire," 67% and 37%; and "any failure," 57% and 23%. This pattern was inconsistent across stricture length, location and etiology. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated probability of success after first-time, anterior urethroplasty is highly dependent on the way success is defined. The variability in definitions in the literature has limited our ability to compare urethroplasty outcomes across studies.

Development of New Comorbidities in Patients Awaiting Urinary Incontinence Surgery Following Radical Prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence and factors associated with the development of new comorbidities in men undergoing anti-incontinence surgery after prostate cancer (PCa) surgery. Post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) may deter men from engaging in physical activities and increase the risk of developing comorbidities after prostatectomy. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgery for PPI from 2006 to 2019 were identified. A retrospective review was performed to document patient characteristics noted at the time of PCa surgery and compare these with parameters recorded at the time of anti-incontinence surgery. RESULTS: A total of 229 patients were included. Mean age was 68.8 years at time of incontinence surgery. Median duration of incontinence was 3.5 ± 4.6 years. There was a significant increase in CCI comorbidities between PCa surgery and PPI surgery (2.7 ± 1.5 vs 4.1 ± 1.9, P < .0001). Almost half of patients (45.2%) developed a new comorbidity while awaiting incontinence surgery including an increase in the incidence of diabetes (21.9% vs 12.7%; p<0.0001), hypertension (56.2% vs 36.7%; P < .0001), coronary artery disease (14.6% vs 8.9%; P = .008) and arrhythmia (11.0% vs 3.8%; P = .008). On multivariable analysis, duration of incontinence was significantly associated with development of new comorbidities (O.R. 1.2, P = .01) while age (P = .20) and incontinence severity (P = 1.0) were not. There was no change in weight (P = .34), obesity (P = 1.0) or BMI (P = .18) between PCa surgery and PPI surgery. CONCLUSION: Patients with PPI appear at risk of developing new comorbidities while awaiting anti-incontinence surgery. Strategies which expedite return of continence for example, early surgical intervention, may facilitate resumption of physical activity and minimize the risk of future comorbidity.

Urethroscopic Findings following Urethroplasty Predict the Need for Secondary Intervention in the Long Term: A Multi-Institutional Study from Trauma and Urologic Reconstructive Network of Surgeons.

PURPOSE: Postoperative surveillance urethroscopy has been shown to be an effective tool to predict reoperation within 1 year after urethroplasty. We aimed to evaluate early surveillance urethroscopy findings and long-term outcomes among urethroplasty patients in order to define the value of surveillance urethroscopy to predict failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 304 patients with at least 4 years of followup after urethroplasty performed at 10 institutions across the United States and Canada. All patients were surveilled using a flexible 17Fr cystoscope and were categorized into 3 groups: 1) normal lumen, 2) large-caliber stricture (≥17Fr) defined as the ability of the cystoscope to easily pass the narrowing and 3) small-caliber stricture (<17Fr) that the cystoscope could not be passed. Failure was stricture recurrence requiring a secondary intervention. RESULTS: The median followup time was 64.4 months (range 55.3-80.6) and the time to initial surveillance urethroscopy was 3.7 months (range 3.1-4.8) following urethroplasty. Secondary interventions were performed in 29 of 194 (15%) with normal lumens, 11 of 60 (18.3%) with ≥17Fr strictures and 32 of 50 (64%) with <17Fr strictures (p <0.001). The 1-, 3- and 9-year cumulative probability of intervention was 0.01, 0.06 and 0.23 for normal, 0.05, 0.17 and 0.18 for ≥17Fr, and 0.32, 0.50 and 0.73 for <17Fr lumen groups, respectively. Patient-reported outcome measures performed poorly to differentiate the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early cystoscopic visualization of scar recurrence that narrows the lumen to <17Fr following urethroplasty is a significant long-term predictor for patients who will eventually undergo a secondary intervention.