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Purpose: The selection of patients for further therapy after meningioma surgery remains a challenge. Progress has been made in this setting in selecting patients that are more likely to have an aggressive disease course by using molecular tests such as gene panel sequencing and DNA methylation profiling. The aim of this study was to create a preselection tool warranting further molecular work-up. Methods: All patients undergoing surgery for resection or biopsy of a cranial meningioma from January 2013 until December 2018 at the University Hospital Zurich with available tumor histology were included. Various prospectively collected clinical, radiological, histological and immunohistochemical variables were analyzed and used to train a logistic regression model to predict tumor recurrence or progression. Regression coefficients were used to generate a scoring system grading every patient into low, intermediate, and high-risk group for tumor progression or recurrence. Results: Out of a total of 13 variables preselected for this study, previous meningioma surgery, Simpson grade, progesterone receptor staining as well as presence of necrosis and patternless growth on histopathological analysis of 378 patients were included into the final model. Discrimination showed an AUC of 0.81 (95% CI 0.73 - 0.88), the model was well-calibrated. Recurrence-free survival was significantly decreased in patients in intermediate and high-risk score groups (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: The proposed prediction model showed good discrimination and calibration. This prediction model is based on easily obtainable information and can be used as an adjunct for patient selection for further molecular work-up in a tertiary hospital setting.
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Treatment with the alkylating agent temozolomide is known to be prognostically beneficial in a subset of glioblastoma patients. Response to such chemotherapeutic treatment and the prognostic benefit have been linked to the methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). To date, it has not been entirely resolved which methylation pattern of MGMT is most relevant to predict response to temozolomide treatment and outcome. In this retrospective study, we compared the methylation patterns, analyzed by Sanger sequencing, of 27 isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma patients that survived more than 3 years (long-term survivors) with those of 24 patients who survived less than a year after initial surgery (short-term survivors). Random Forest-, Correlation-, and ROC-curve analyses were performed. The data showed that MGMT is typically methylated in long-term survivors, whereas no prominent methylation is observed in short-term survivors. The methylation status of CpGs, especially in the promoter and exon1/enhancer region correlated highly with outcome. In addition, age and temozolomide treatment were strongly associated with overall survival. Some CpGs in the enhancer region, in particular CpG 86 (bp + 154), demonstrated high values associated with overall survival in the Random Forest analysis. Our data confirm previously published prognostic factors in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma patients, including age and temozolomide treatment as well as the global MGMT methylation status. The area frequently used for decision making to administer temozolomide at the end of exon1 of MGMT, was associated with outcome. However, our data also suggest that the enhancer region, especially CpG 86 (bp + 154) is of strong prognostic value. Therefore, we propose further investigation of the enhancer region in a large prospective study in order to confirm our findings, which might result in an optimized prediction of survival in glioblastoma patients, likely linked to response to temozolomide treatment.
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Glioblastoma , Humanos , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/terapia , Pronóstico , Temozolomida/uso terapéutico , Metilación , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Metilasas de Modificación del ADN/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras del ADN/genéticaRESUMEN
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors. Although most symptomatic cases can be managed by surgery and/or radiotherapy, a relevant number of patients experience an unfavorable clinical course and additional treatment options are needed. As meningiomas are often perfused by dural branches of the external carotid artery, which is located outside the blood-brain barrier, they might be an accessible target for immunotherapy. However, the landscape of naturally presented tumor antigens in meningioma is unknown. We here provide a T-cell antigen atlas for meningioma by in-depth profiling of the naturally presented immunopeptidome using LC-MS/MS. Candidate target antigens were selected based on a comparative approach using an extensive immunopeptidome data set of normal tissues. Meningioma-exclusive antigens for HLA class I and II are described here for the first time. Top-ranking targets were further functionally characterized by showing their immunogenicity through in vitro T-cell priming assays. Thus, we provide an atlas of meningioma T-cell antigens which will be publicly available for further research. In addition, we have identified novel actionable targets that warrant further investigation as an immunotherapy option for meningioma.
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Neoplasias Meníngeas , Meningioma , Humanos , Meningioma/terapia , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Inmunoterapia , Linfocitos T , Neoplasias Meníngeas/terapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) exon 14 skipping mutations and MET gene amplification occur in 3-5% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting MET alterations have shown promising results in these patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the genomic profile, PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features of MET dysregulated NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 188 patients with advanced-stage NSCLC with data on MET expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC for PD-L1 expression was performed in 131 patient samples, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was performed in 109 patient samples. RESULTS: MET exon 14 skipping alterations were identified in 16 (14.7%) samples, MET amplifications with cut-off ≥4 copy number variations were identified in 11 (10.1%) samples, and an oncogenic MET mutation (MET p.D1228N) was identified in 1 (0.9%) sample. 12/15 tumors (80.0%) harboring MET exon 14 alterations and 7/11 (63.6%) MET-amplified tumors expressed PD-L1 in ≥1% of tumor cells. Tumors harboring MET exon 14 skipping alterations expressed PD-L1 more frequently than MET wild-type IHC-positive tumors (p = 0.045). Twenty-five percent of MET exon 14-altered cases and 33% of MET-amplified cases harbored potentially targetable oncogenic co-mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and EGFR. The most frequent co-occurring mutations in all MET-altered tumors were TP53, KRAS, BRAF, and CDK4. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that MET exon 14 skipping alterations and MET amplification are not mutually exclusive to other oncogenic co-mutations, and report the association of genomic MET alterations with PD-L1 expression. Since genomic MET alterations are emerging targets requiring upfront treatment, optimal understanding of the co-mutational landscape for this patient population is needed.
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Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas B-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/metabolismo , Mutación , GenómicaRESUMEN
Soluble αKlotho (sKl) is a disease-specific biomarker that is elevated in patients with acromegaly and declines after surgery for pituitary adenoma. Approximately 25% of patients do not achieve remission after surgery, therefore a risk stratification for patients early in the course of their disease may allow for the identification of patients requiring adjuvant treatment. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been assessed as biomarker for disease activity, however the value of sKl as a predictive biomarker of surgical success has not been evaluated yet. In this study, we measured serum biomarkers before and after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in 55 treatment-naïve patients. Based on biochemical findings at follow-up (7-16 years), we divided patients into three groups: (A) long-term cure (defined by normal IGF-1 and random low GH (< 1 µg/l) or a suppressed GH nadir (< 0.4/µg/l) on oral glucose testing); (B) initial remission with later disease activity; (C) persistent clinical and/or biochemical disease activity. sKl levels positively related to GH, IGF-1 levels and tumor volume. Interestingly, there was a statistically significant difference in pre- and postoperative levels of sKl between the long-term cure group and the group with persistent disease activity. This study provides first evidence that sKl may serve as an additional marker for surgical success, decreasing substantially in all patients with initial clinical remission while remaining high after surgery in patients with persistent disease activity.
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Acromegalia , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , Neoplasias Hipofisarias , Acromegalia/complicaciones , Biomarcadores , Hormona del Crecimiento , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Hipófisis/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/complicaciones , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
AIMS: Anaplastic ganglioglioma is a rare tumour, and diagnosis has been based on histological criteria. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System (CNS WHO) does not list anaplastic ganglioglioma as a distinct diagnosis due to lack of molecular data in previous publications. We retrospectively compiled a cohort of 54 histologically diagnosed anaplastic gangliogliomas to explore whether the molecular profiles of these tumours represent a separate type or resolve into other entities. METHODS: Samples were subjected to histological review, desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation profiling and next-generation sequencing. Morphological and molecular data were summarised to an integrated diagnosis. RESULTS: The majority of tumours designated as anaplastic gangliogliomas resolved into other CNS WHO diagnoses, most commonly pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (16/54), glioblastoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase protein (IDH) wild type and diffuse paediatric-type high-grade glioma, H3 wild type and IDH wild type (11 and 2/54), followed by low-grade glial or glioneuronal tumours including pilocytic astrocytoma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour and diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour (5/54), IDH mutant astrocytoma (4/54) and others (6/54). A subset of tumours (10/54) was not assignable to a CNS WHO diagnosis, and common molecular profiles pointing to a separate entity were not evident. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we show that tumours histologically diagnosed as anaplastic ganglioglioma comprise a wide spectrum of CNS WHO tumour types with different prognostic and therapeutic implications. We therefore suggest assigning this designation with caution and recommend comprehensive molecular workup.
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Astrocitoma , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central , Ganglioglioma , Glioma , Niño , Humanos , Ganglioglioma/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Glioma/patología , Astrocitoma/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Isocitrato DeshidrogenasaRESUMEN
A nuclear protein of testis (NUT) carcinoma, also known as NUT midline carcinoma, is a rare subtype of squamous carcinoma known for its aggressive growth behaviour. It can form anywhere in the body. Although, it usually occurs along midline structures (head, neck, lungs). The authors present the first report of intrasellar NUT carcinoma with cavernous sinus infiltration in a 47-year-old patient. MRI showed an inhomogeneous, gadolinium-enhancing lesion with intra- and suprasellar growth, invasion of the cavernous sinus without clear differentiation from normal pituitary tissue. Given the lymphoma diagnosis in the frozen section and invasion of the cavernous sinus, the patient underwent endoscopic, transnasal, and transsphenoidal subtotal resection only. Local tumour and spinal metastases showed a good response to radio-chemotherapy. Despite combined radio-chemotherapy, the patient died of pulmonary insufficiency due to rapid progression of pulmonary metastasis 6 months after the initial diagnosis.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Seno Cavernoso , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico por imagen , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Seno Cavernoso/diagnóstico por imagen , Fosa Craneal Posterior , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas Nucleares , TestículoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis of the central nervous system is a rare but increasingly prevalent disease. We present the unusual case of an immunosuppressed patient suffering from unexpected superinfected invasive aspergillosis with cerebral, pulmonal, and adrenal manifestations, mimicking a metastasized bronchial carcinoma. This report reveals the importance of including aspergillosis in the differential diagnosis of a cerebral mass lesion in the light of unspecific clinical findings. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old immunocompromised female presented to our emergency department with a single tonic-clonic seizure. Imaging showed a ring enhancing cerebral mass with perifocal edema and evidence of two smaller additional hemorrhagic cerebral lesions. In the setting of a mass lesion in the lung, and additional nodular lesions in the left adrenal gland the diagnosis of a metastasized bronchus carcinoma was suspected and the cerebral mass resected. However, histology did not reveal any evidence for a neoplastic lesion but septate hyphae consistent with aspergillus instead and microbiological cultures confirmed concomitant staphylococcal infection. CONCLUSIONS: A high index of suspicion for aspergillus infection should be maintained in the setting of immunosuppression. Clinical and radiological findings are often unspecific and even misleading. Definite confirmation usually relies on tissue diagnosis with histochemical stains. Surgical resection is crucial for establishing the diagnosis and guiding therapy with targeted antifungal medications.
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Aspergilosis/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Sistema Nervioso Central/diagnóstico , Sobreinfección/diagnóstico , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aspergilosis/inmunología , Aspergilosis/patología , Aspergillus/aislamiento & purificación , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Sistema Nervioso Central/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Fúngicas del Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Infecciones Fúngicas del Sistema Nervioso Central/patología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Persona de Mediana Edad , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Sobreinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Sobreinfección/inmunología , Sobreinfección/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Brain tumors, whether primary or secondary, have limited therapeutic options despite advances in understanding driver gene mutations and heterogeneity within tumor cells. The cellular and molecular composition of brain tumor stroma, an important modifier of tumor growth, has been less investigated to date. Only few studies have focused on the vasculature of human brain tumors despite the fact that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents the major obstacle for efficient drug delivery. METHODS: In this study, we employed RNA sequencing to characterize transcriptional alterations of endothelial cells (EC) isolated from primary and secondary human brain tumors. We used an immunoprecipitation approach to enrich for EC from normal brain, glioblastoma (GBM), and lung cancer brain metastasis (BM). RESULTS: Analysis of the endothelial transcriptome showed deregulation of genes implicated in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the vasculature of GBM and BM. Deregulation of genes defining the BBB dysfunction module was found in both tumor types. We identified deregulated expression of genes in vessel-associated fibroblasts in GBM. CONCLUSION: We characterize alterations in BBB genes in GBM and BM vasculature and identify proteins that might be exploited for developing drug delivery platforms. In addition, our analysis on vessel-associated fibroblasts in GBM shows that the cellular composition of brain tumor stroma merits further investigation.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Barrera Hematoencefálica , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Células Endoteliales , Glioblastoma/genética , Humanos , TranscriptomaAsunto(s)
Adenoma , Estesioneuroblastoma Olfatorio , Neoplasias Nasales , Neoplasias Hipofisarias , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Estesioneuroblastoma Olfatorio/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Cavidad Nasal/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Nasales/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hipofisarias/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Brain malignancies can either originate from within the CNS (gliomas) or invade from other locations in the body (metastases). A highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) influences brain tumor outgrowth. Whether the TME is predominantly shaped by the CNS micromilieu or by the malignancy itself is unknown, as is the diversity, origin, and function of CNS tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Here, we have mapped the leukocyte landscape of brain tumors using high-dimensional single-cell profiling (CyTOF). The heterogeneous composition of tissue-resident and invading immune cells within the TME alone permitted a clear distinction between gliomas and brain metastases (BrM). The glioma TME presented predominantly with tissue-resident, reactive microglia, whereas tissue-invading leukocytes accumulated in BrM. Tissue-invading TAMs showed a distinctive signature trajectory, revealing tumor-driven instruction along with contrasting lymphocyte activation and exhaustion. Defining the specific immunological signature of brain tumors can facilitate the rational design of targeted immunotherapy strategies.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/inmunología , Leucocitos/inmunología , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Femenino , Glioma/patología , Humanos , Inmunoterapia , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Leucocitos/fisiología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Microglía/patología , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/patologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to derive reference values of 18F-fluoro-ethyl-L-tyrosine positron emission tomography (18F-FET-PET) uptake in normal brain and head structures to allow for differentiation from tumor tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the datasets of 70 patients (median age 53 years, range 15-79), whose dynamic 18F-FET-PET was acquired between January 2016 and October 2017. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), target-to-background standardized uptake value ratio (TBR), and time activity curve (TAC) of the 18F-FET-PET were assessed in tumor tissue and in eight normal anatomic structures and compared using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Correlation analyses were performed using Pearson or Spearman coefficients, and comparisons between several variables with Pearson's chi-squared tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests as well as the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. RESULTS: All analyzed structures showed an 18F-FET uptake higher than background (threshold: TBR > 1.5). The venous sinuses and cranial muscles exhibited a TBR of 2.03±0.46 (confidence interval (CI) 1.92-2.14), higher than the uptake of caudate nucleus, pineal gland, putamen, and thalamus (TBR 1.42±0.17, CI 1.38-1.47). SUVmax, TBR, and TAC showed no difference in the analyzed structures between subjects with high-grade gliomas and subjects with low-grade gliomas, except the SUVmax of the pineal gland (t-tests of the pineal gland: SUVmax: p = 0.022; TBR: p = 0.411). No significant differences were found for gender and age. CONCLUSION: Normal brain tissue demonstrates increased 18F-FET uptake compared to background tissue. Two distinct clusters have been identified, comprising venous structures and gray matter with a reference uptake of up to SUVmax of 2.99 and 2.33, respectively.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/normas , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Transporte Biológico , Encéfalo/citología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valores de Referencia , Tirosina/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The HIT-2000-BIS4 trial aimed to avoid highly detrimental craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in children < 4 years of age with nonmetastatic medulloblastoma by systemic chemotherapy, intraventricular methotrexate, and risk-adapted local radiotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2001-2011, 87 patients received systemic chemotherapy and intraventricular methotrexate. Until 2006, CSI was reserved for nonresponse or progression. After 2006, local radiotherapy was introduced for nonresponders or patients with classic medulloblastoma (CMB) or large-cell/anaplastic medulloblastoma (LCA). DNA methylation profiles of infantile sonic hedgehog-activated medulloblastoma (SHH-INF) were subdivided into iSHH-I and iSHH-II subtypes in the HIT-2000-BIS4 cohort and a validation cohort (n = 71) from the HIT group and Russia. RESULTS: Five years after diagnosis, patients with desmoplastic medulloblastoma (DMB) or medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBEN; n = 42) had 93% progression-free survival (5y-PFS), 100% overall survival (5y-OS), and 93% CSI-free (5y-CSI-free) survival. Patients with CMB/LCA (n = 45) had 37% 5y-PFS, 62% 5y-OS, and 39% 5y-CSI-free survival. Local radiotherapy did not improve survival in patients with CMB/LCA. All DMB/MBEN assessed by DNA methylation profiling belonged to the SHH-INF subgroup. Group 3 patients (5y-PFS, 36%; n = 14) relapsed more frequently than the SHH-INF group (5y-PFS, 93%; n = 28) or group 4 patients (5y-PFS, 83%; n = 6; P < .001). SHH-INF split into iSHH-I and iSHH-II subtypes in HIT-2000-BIS4 and the validation cohort, without prognostic impact (5y-PFS: iSHH-I, 73%, v iSHH-II, 83%; P = .25; n = 99). Intelligence quotient (IQ) was significantly lower in patients after CSI (mean IQ, 90 [no radiotherapy], v 74 [CSI]; P = .012). CONCLUSION: Systemic chemotherapy and intraventricular methotrexate led to favorable survival in both iSHH subtypes of SHH-activated DMB/MBEN with acceptable neurotoxicity. Survival in patients with non-wingless (WNT)/non-SHH disease with CMB/LCA was not improved by local radiotherapy. Patients with group 4 disease had more favorable survival rates than those with group 3 medulloblastoma.
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Neoplasias Cerebelosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Meduloblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cerebelosas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Cerebelosas/radioterapia , Preescolar , Irradiación Craneana/efectos adversos , Metilación de ADN , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Meduloblastoma/mortalidad , Meduloblastoma/radioterapia , Metotrexato/administración & dosificación , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate whether F-fluoroethyltyrosine (FET) PET can discriminate progression from pseudoprogression of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing immunotherapy and radiotherapy to the brain. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of F-FET PET scans in cases with documented progression of brain metastases on MRI in a cohort of 53 patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving immune-checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy of brain metastases at the University Hospital of Zürich from June 2015 until January 2019. Response to radiotherapy was assessed by MRI. In case of equivocal findings and/or radiological progression in clinically asymptomatic patients, further assessment with F-FET PET was performed. RESULTS: From the cohort of 53 patients, the restaging MRI showed in 30 patients (56.6%) progression of at least 1 treated metastasis. Thereof, F-FET PET was performed in 11 patients, based on the absence of neurological symptoms or presence of systemic response and physicians' decision. F-FET PET correctly identified pseudoprogression in 9 of 11 patients (81.8%). In patients who did not undergo F-FET PET, 5 of 19 (26.3%) were diagnosed with pseudoprogression. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoprogression of brain metastases occurred in 50% of patients diagnosed with progression on MRI. F-FET PET may help differentiate pseudoprogression from real progression in order to avoid discontinuation of effective therapy or unneeded interventions.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundario , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Anciano , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite recent studies, the effect of chemotherapy on programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression remains controversial. In this study, we investigated whether PD-L1 expression is affected by platinum-based chemotherapy. Furthermore, we evaluated correlation of PD-L1 expression with oncogenic driver alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated changes in PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis in resected specimens and in biopsies at non-small cell lung cancer recurrence in patients receiving or not adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection. Four IHC score groups were defined: TC0 < 1%, T ≥ 1% and < 5%, TC2 ≥ 5% and < 50%, and TC3 ≥ 50%. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients with adenocarcinoma were included. Twenty (56%) patients underwent adjuvant chemotherapy, and 16 (44%) patients did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. PD-L1 expression was present in 10 (28%) of 36 initial tumor specimens. From patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, 7 (35%) of 20 tumor biopsies showed significant upregulation in PD-L1 expression at recurrence. In contrast, from patients with no adjuvant therapy, only 2 (12.5%) of 16 showed a change in PD-L1 expression. Six (17%) of 36 patients were PD-L1-negative in the primary tumor and turned positive at recurrence. KRAS mutation was present in 70% of patients expressing PD-L1. CONCLUSION: PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer can change from primary to recurrence, implicating the need for re-biopsy at recurrence. Moreover, chemotherapy might increase expression of PD-L1, supporting a combinatorial therapy with chemotherapy and anti-PD(L)1 treatment.
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Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Quimioterapia Adyuvante/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos de Platino/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Preoperative embolization of radiographically suspected meningiomas is often performed to facilitate tumor resection. Its effects on the subsequent disease course of meningioma patients have not been studied in detail and randomized trials are lacking. The purpose of this study was to explore associations of preoperative meningioma embolization with postoperative outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing resection of an intracranial meningioma at the University Hospital Zurich 2000-2013 (N = 741) were reviewed for the inclusion of pre-operative embolization in the management strategy. Annotations included demographics, radiographic, surgical, histological and hematological parameters, cardiovascular risk factors, pre- and postoperative neurological function and gene methylation-based classification. Binary regression and Cox proportional hazards models were applied to determine factors associated with outcome. RESULTS: Pre-operative embolization was performed in 337 patients (42%). Cardiovascular events after surgery comprised mostly deep vein thrombosis (N = 39) and pulmonary embolisms (N = 64). On multivariate analyses of post-operative cardiovascular adverse events controlling for established risk factors, there were associations with embolization (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.37-4.00), and with female gender (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.17-4.08). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) of embolized patients was less favorable among patients with WHO grade II or grade III meningiomas (median RFS: 4.3 vs. 7.0 years, P = 0.029) or in patients with intermediate or malignant gene methylation subtype meningiomas (median RFS: 2.0 vs. 8.2 years, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Pre-operative meningioma embolization may cause adverse outcomes. Randomized trials to determine benefit-risk ratios are warranted to clarify the role of pre-operative embolization for the treatment of meningioma patients.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Embolización Terapéutica/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Meníngeas/terapia , Meningioma/terapia , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/epidemiología , Cuidados Preoperatorios/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Meníngeas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Meníngeas/epidemiología , Meningioma/complicaciones , Meningioma/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Resistance to proteolytic digestion has long been considered a defining trait of prions in tissues of organisms suffering from transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Detection of proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPSc) still represents the diagnostic gold standard for prion diseases in humans, sheep and cattle. However, it has become increasingly apparent that the accumulation of PrPSc does not always accompany prion infections: high titers of prion infectivity can be reached also in the absence of protease resistant PrPSc. Here, we describe a structural basis for the phenomenon of protease-sensitive prion infectivity. We studied the effect on proteinase K (PK) resistance of the amino acid substitution Y169F, which removes a single oxygen atom from the ß2-α2 loop of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). When infected with RML or the 263K strain of prions, transgenic mice lacking wild-type (wt) PrPC but expressing MoPrP169F generated prion infectivity at levels comparable to wt mice. The newly generated MoPrP169F prions were biologically indistinguishable from those recovered from prion-infected wt mice, and elicited similar pathologies in vivo. Surprisingly, MoPrP169F prions showed greatly reduced PK resistance and density gradient analyses showed a significant reduction in high-density aggregates. Passage of MoPrP169F prions into mice expressing wt MoPrP led to full recovery of protease resistance, indicating that no strain shift had taken place. We conclude that a subtle structural variation in the ß2-α2 loop of PrPC affects the sensitivity of PrPSc to protease but does not impact prion replication and infectivity. With these findings a specific structural feature of PrPC can be linked to a physicochemical property of the corresponding PrPSc.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Endopeptidasa K/metabolismo , Proteínas PrPSc/metabolismo , Enfermedades por Prión/transmisión , Priones/patogenicidad , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Mutación/genética , Proteínas PrPSc/química , Proteínas PrPSc/genética , Enfermedades por Prión/patología , Conformación Proteica , ProteolisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A population-based analysis of patients with glioma diagnosed between 1980 and 1994 in the Canton of Zurich in Switzerland confirmed the overall poor prognosis of glioblastoma. To explore changes in outcome, registry data were reevaluated for patients diagnosed between 2005 and 2009. METHODS: Patients with glioblastoma who were diagnosed between 2005 and 2009 were identified by the Zurich and Zug Cancer Registry. The prognostic significance of epidemiological and clinical data, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)(R132H) mutation status, and O6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: A total of 264 patients with glioblastoma were identified, for an annual incidence of 3.9 compared with the previous incidence of 3.7. The mean age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 59.5 years in the current cohort compared with 61.3 years previously. The overall survival (OS) rate was 46.4% at 1 year, 22.5% at 2 years, and 14.4% at 3 years in the current study compared with 17.7% at 1 year, 3.3% at 2 years, and 1.2% at 3 years as reported previously. The median OS for all patients with glioblastoma was 11.5 months compared with 4.9 months in the former patient population. The median OS was 1.9 months for best supportive care, 6.2 months for radiotherapy alone, 6.7 months for temozolomide alone, and 17.0 months for radiotherapy plus temozolomide. Multivariate analysis revealed age, Karnofsky performance score, extent of tumor resection, first-line treatment, year of diagnosis, and MGMT promoter methylation status were associated with survival in patients with IDH1(R132H) -nonmutant glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS: The OS of patients newly diagnosed with glioblastoma in the Canton of Zurich in Switzerland markedly improved from 1980 through 1994 to 2005 through 2009. Cancer 2016;122:2206-15. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Asunto(s)
Glioblastoma/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Metilación de ADN , Femenino , Glioblastoma/etiología , Glioblastoma/historia , Glioblastoma/mortalidad , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , O(6)-Metilguanina-ADN Metiltransferasa/genética , Pronóstico , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Sistema de Registros , Suiza/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) system has become a prime target for antiangiogenic treatment, its biological role in glioblastoma beyond angiogenesis has remained controversial. METHODS: Using neutralizing antibodies to VEGF or placental growth factor (PlGF) or the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, cediranib, or lentiviral gene silencing, we delineated autocrine signaling in glioma cell lines. The in vivo effects of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 depletion were evaluated in orthotopic glioma xenograft models. RESULTS: VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 modulated glioma cell clonogenicity, viability, and invasiveness in vitro in an autocrine, cell-line-specific manner. VEGFR1 silencing promoted mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling, whereas VEGFR2 silencing resulted in cell-type dependent activation of the protein kinase B (PKB)/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways. These responses may represent specific escape mechanisms from VEGFR inhibition. The survival of orthotopic glioma-bearing mice was prolonged upon VEGFR1 silencing in the LNT-229, LN-308, and U87MG models and upon VEGFR2 silencing in LN-308 and U87MG. Disruption of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 signaling was associated with decreased tumor size, increased tumor necrosis, or loss of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) immunoreactivity. Neutralizing VEGF and PlGF by specific antibodies was superior to either antibody treatment alone in the VEGFR1-dependent LNT-229 model. CONCLUSIONS: Differential dependence on autocrine signaling through VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 suggests a need for biomarker-stratified VEGF(R)-based therapeutic approaches to glioblastoma.