Automated segmentation and classification of supraspinatus fatty infiltration in shoulder magnetic resonance image using a convolutional neural network.

Background: Goutallier's fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus muscle is a critical condition in degenerative shoulder disorders. Deep learning research primarily uses manual segmentation and labeling to detect this condition. Employing unsupervised training with a hybrid framework of segmentation and classification could offer an efficient solution. Aim: To develop and assess a two-step deep learning model for detecting the region of interest and categorizing the magnetic resonance image (MRI) supraspinatus muscle fatty infiltration according to Goutallier's scale. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was performed from January 1, 2019 to September 20, 2020, using 900 MRI T2-weighted images with supraspinatus muscle fatty infiltration diagnoses. A model with two sequential neural networks was implemented and trained. The first sub-model automatically detects the region of interest using a U-Net model. The second sub-model performs a binary classification using the VGG-19 architecture. The model's performance was computed as the average of five-fold cross-validation processes. Loss, accuracy, Dice coefficient (CI. 95%), AU-ROC, sensitivity, and specificity (CI. 95%) were reported. Results: Six hundred and six shoulders MRIs were analyzed. The Goutallier distribution was presented as follows: 0 (66.50%); 1 (18.81%); 2 (8.42%); 3 (3.96%); 4 (2.31%). Segmentation results demonstrate high levels of accuracy (0.9977 ± 0.0002) and Dice score (0.9441 ± 0.0031), while the classification model also results in high levels of accuracy (0.9731 ± 0.0230); sensitivity (0.9000 ± 0.0980); specificity (0.9788 ± 0.0257); and AUROC (0.9903 ± 0.0092). Conclusion: The two-step training method proposed using a deep learning model demonstrated strong performance in segmentation and classification tasks.

Handgrip Strength and Upper Limb Anthropometric Characteristics among Latin American Female Volleyball Players.

Background: In volleyball, the upper limb dimensions and grip strength greatly influence offensive and defensive movements during a match. However, the relationship between these parameters remains underexplored in elite female volleyball players. Objective: This study aimed to contrast the upper limb anthropometric characteristics and handgrip strength (HGS) of female elite volleyball players against a control group. Methods: Selected upper limb anthropometric parameters and maximal HGS of 42 female volleyball players and 40 non-athletes were measured. Results: Players exhibited higher values in almost all variables studied than non-athletes. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001) except for body mass index and elbow and wrist diameters. Players showed a moderate correlation between dominant HGS and hand parameters (length r = 0.43 and breadth r = 0.63; p < 0.05). Weak correlations were identified with height, upper arm length, elbow diameter, and hand shape index (r = 0.32 to 0.38; p < 0.05). In the non-dominant hand, a moderate correlation with handbreadth (r = 0.55, p ≤ 0.01) and weak correlations with upper arm length, wrist diameter, hand length, and hand shape index (r = 0.32 to 0.35; p ≤ 0.05) was found. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of the upper limb anthropometric parameters as predictors of HGS and their utility in athlete selection. Future research should investigate biomechanical factors influencing HGS and injury prevention.

Frequency of MRI Low Signal Intensity in the Buccal Fat of Fetuses and Speculation as to What It May Reflect.

PURPOSE: We aimed to characterize the fetal buccal fat pad (BFP) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the frequency and types of sequences on which the BFP demonstrates low signal intensity and determine any possible correlation with timing of the MRI during fetal development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all fetal MR studies was performed, and a pediatric radiologist blinded to the referring and final fetal diagnosis as well as outcome evaluated the included cases. A positive buccal fat pad sign (BFS) was recorded as present if a round, symmetric, and bilateral area was seen in the submalar region of the face with the following signal characteristics: T1 hyperintensity, low signal on echo planar imaging (EPI), low signal on true fast imaging with steady-state free precession (TRUFI), and with restriction on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). RESULTS: A total of one hundred sixty-seven (167) fetal MRI studies: one hundred fourteen (114) body (68%) and fifty-three (53) neuro (32%) scans were reviewed during the study period. The BFS was most commonly seen on EPI (63%) and TRUFI (49%) sequences. Substantial agreement between TRUFI and EPI (κ = 0.68; p < 0.01); moderate agreement between TRUFI and T1 (κ = 0.53; p < 0.01) as well as T1 and EPI (κ = 0.53; p < 0.01), and fair agreement between EPI and Diffusion (κ = 0.28; p < 0.01) was observed. The median gestational age (GA) was 24 weeks (IQR 22-30 weeks). The fetuses with a positive BFS were significantly older (mean GA of 27 weeks or higher) than those without, for each sequence. CONCLUSIONS: The focal low signal in the fetal buccal fat pad, termed the fetal BFS, is a commonly encountered normal finding in the majority of fetal MRI scans on TRUFI and EPI sequences. This finding may be related to the presence and development of brown adipose tissue in the buccal fat pad resulting in T2* effects, but further studies are needed in order to confirm this. Further work can incorporate any of the sensitive sequences demonstrating low signal in brown adipose tissue to map its distribution and development in the fetus and beyond.

Pregnancy-Related Eccrine Angiomatous Hamartoma: Case Report.

Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma is rare, slow-growing, and benign neoplasm that is diagnosed based on clinical characteristics and histological findings. It usually presents as a solitary nodule on the extremities and may arise at birth or in childhood. Although it is usually asymptomatic, in some cases it can cause pain and hyperhidrosis. From a histological perspective, it is characterized by an increase in the number of eccrine glands and a proliferation of vascular channels. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman who developed an eccrine angiomatous hamartoma in her right leg. The rapid growth of the lesion during pregnancy coupled with the challenges posed by a superficial biopsy, complicated the differential diagnosis.

Utilidad diagnóstica del CD117 en un inusual carcinoma adenoide quístico del labio superior / Diagnostic utility of CD117 in an unusual adenoid cystic carcinoma of the upper lip / Utilidade diagnóstica do CD117 num carcinoma adenoide cístico invulgar do lábio superior

RESUMEN El carcinoma adenoide quístico (CAQ) es una neoplasia maligna de glándula salival, de evolución lenta pero de agresivo comportamiento, que se presenta frecuentemente en el paladar; sin embargo, en el labio superior, donde suelen encontrarse más neoplasias benignas, su presencia es escasamente relatada. Se expone un relato de una mujer de 63 años, derivada por presentar un nódulo en el labio superior derecho, de aspecto benigno, consistencia firme, circunscrito, móvil, doloroso a la palpación, sin tiempo de evolución determinado y cuyo estudio histopatológico exhibió una proliferación de células anguladas e hipercromáticas de escaso citoplasma, organizadas en patrón cribiforme y predominantemente tubular. Se realiza un estudio inmunohistoquímico, el cual mostró positividad para SMA, p63 y CD117 con un Ki-67 del 10 % aproximadamente. Estos resultados confirman diagnóstico de CAQ con patrón tubular, destacando el rol del CD117 para el diagnóstico diferencial con adenocarcinoma polimorfo. Se deriva a la paciente para tratamiento quirúrgico y radioterapia, y luego de un año de seguimiento mantiene un buen comportamiento clínico.

ABSTRACT Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACCC) is a malignant neoplasm of the salivary gland, of slow evolution but aggressive behavior, which frequently occurs in the palate; however, in the upper lip, where more benign neoplasms are usually found, its presence is scarcely reported. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman, referred for presenting a nodule in the right upper lip, with benign appearance, firm consistency, circumscribed, mobile, painful to palpation, with no determined time of evolution and whose histopathological study showed a proliferation of angular and hyperchromatic cells with scarce cytoplasm, organized in a cribriform pattern and predominantly tubular. An immunohistochemical study was performed, which showed positivity for SMA, p63 and CD117 with a Ki-67 of approximately 10%. These results confirm the diagnosis of CAC with tubular pattern, highlighting the role of CD117 for the differential diagnosis with polymorphous adenocarcinoma. The patient was referred for surgical treatment and radiotherapy, and after one year of follow-up she maintained a good clinical behavior.

RESUMO O carcinoma adenoide cístico (CACC) é uma neoplasia maligna da glândula salivar, de evolução lenta, mas de comportamento agressivo, que ocorre frequentemente no palato; no entanto, a sua presença é raramente relatada no lábio superior, onde normalmente se encontram neoplasias mais benignas. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 63 anos que foi encaminhada por apresentar um nódulo benigno no lábio superior direito, de aspeto firme, circunscrito, móvel, doloroso à palpação, sem tempo de evolução definido. O exame histopatológico revelou uma proliferação de células angulosas e hipercromáticas com citoplasma escasso, organizadas em padrão cribriforme e predominantemente tubulares. Foi efetuado um estudo imuno-histoquímico que mostrou positividade para SMA, p63 e CD117 com um Ki-67 de aproximadamente 10 %. Estes resultados confirmam o diagnóstico de CAC com padrão tubular, realçando o papel do CD117 no diagnóstico diferencial com adenocarcinoma polimorfo. A paciente foi encaminhada para tratamento cirúrgico e radioterapia e, após um ano de seguimento, manteve bom comportamento clínico.

Retrospective analysis of 261 autopsies of penetrating cardiac injuries with emphasis on sociodemographic factors.

Penetrating cardiac injuries (PCIs) are highly lethal and several factors are related to its incidence and mortality. While most studies focus on characterizing patients who arrived at a medical facility alive and exploring the relationship between the degree of heart compromise and mortality, our study delved deeper into the topic. This study analyzed 261 autopsy reports from 2017 in Bogotá, Colombia, and characterized the factors surrounding PCI incidence and mortality while emphasizing the role of sociodemographic variables. Of these cases, 247 (94.6%) were males with a mean age of 29.19 ± 9.7 years. Weekends, holidays, and late hours had the highest incidence of PCIs. The victims' deaths occurred at the scene in 66 (25.3%) cases, and 65.1% of the victims died before receiving medical care. Upon admission, patients with vital signs were more likely to have been transported by taxi or a private vehicle. Two or more compromised cardiac chambers, increased time of transportation, trauma occurred in the city outskirts, and gunshot wounds were related to increased mortality. Our data is valuable for surgeons, health system managers, and policy analysts as we conducted a holistic assessment of the anatomical and sociodemographic factors that are closely associated with mortality following a PCI. Surgeons must recognize that PCIs can occur even when the entrance wound is outside the cardiac box. Reinforcing hospital infrastructure in the outskirts and improving the availability, accuracy, and response time of first responders may lead to improved patient mortality rates.

Frecuencia de la sintomatología del síndrome de ovario poliquístico y el síndrome premenstrual, relacionado con el estrés académico en estudiantes de medicina de una Universidad Privada del Perú

Introducción: El síndrome de ovario poliquístico y el síndrome premenstrual son prevalentes. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de la sintomatología del síndrome de ovario poliquístico y del síndrome pre menstrual y su relación con el estrés en estudiantes de medicina. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico transversal. La población de estudio fue de 322 estudiantes de medicina del primer al sexto año, elegidas por conveniencia de una universidad privada de Trujillo. Mediante un formulario de google se aplicó el cuestionario "SPM", "el inventario SISCO del Estrés académico", y "el cuestionario sobre ovario poliquístico"; previo conocimiento informado, tuvo la aprobación del Comité de Bioética de la universidad. Resultados: El SOP presentó una probabilidad alta de 5,28%, media de 46,58% y baja de 48,13%. La frecuencia del SPM en los niveles, leve, moderado y alto fueron de 47,52%, 25,47% y 4,04% respectivamente. Los niveles de estrés fueron: leve, moderado y profundo de 4,35%, 65,22% y 30,43%, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación altamente significativa entre el estrés y SPM; estrés y SOP; p= 0,000915106 y p= 1.8589E-25 respectivamente. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de SPM, la probabilidad alta de SOP y los niveles de estrés fueron altos y existe asociación significativa entre el estrés, SPM y SOP.

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome and premenstrual syndrome are prevalent. Objective: to determine the frequency of the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome and premenstrual syndrome and its relationship with stress in medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study. The study population was 322 medical students from the first to the sixth year, chosen for convenience from a private university in Trujillo. Using a google form, the "SPM" questionnaire, "the SISCO inventory of academic stress", and "the polycystic ovary questionnaire" were applied; prior informed knowledge, it had the approval of the Bioethics Committee of the university. Results: The SOP presented a high probability of 5.28%, a medium of 46.58% and a low of 48.13%.The frequency of PMS at the levels, mild, moderate and high were 47.52%, 25.47% and 4 04% respectively.The levels of stress were: mild, moderate and deep of 4.35%, 65.22% and 30.43%, respectively.A highly significant association was found between stress and SPM, stress and PCOS, p = 0.000915106 and p= 1.8589E-25 respectively. Conclusions: The frequency of PMS, the high probability of SOP and the stress levels were high and there is a significant association between stress, SPM and SOP.

High-accuracy detection of supraspinatus fatty infiltration in shoulder MRI using convolutional neural network algorithms.

Background: The supraspinatus muscle fatty infiltration (SMFI) is a crucial MRI shoulder finding to determine the patient's prognosis. Clinicians have used the Goutallier classification to diagnose it. Deep learning algorithms have been demonstrated to have higher accuracy than traditional methods. Aim: To train convolutional neural network models to categorize the SMFI as a binary diagnosis based on Goutallier's classification using shoulder MRIs. Methods: A retrospective study was performed. MRI and medical records from patients with SMFI diagnosis from January 1st, 2019, to September 20th, 2020, were selected. 900 T2-weighted, Y-view shoulder MRIs were evaluated. The supraspinatus fossa was automatically cropped using segmentation masks. A balancing technique was implemented. Five binary classification classes were developed into two as follows, A: 0, 1 v/s 3, 4; B: 0, 1 v/s 2, 3, 4; C: 0, 1 v/s 2; D: 0, 1, 2, v/s 3, 4; E: 2 v/s 3, 4. The VGG-19, ResNet-50, and Inception-v3 architectures were trained as backbone classifiers. An average of three 10-fold cross-validation processes were developed to evaluate model performance. AU-ROC, sensitivity, and specificity with 95% confidence intervals were used. Results: Overall, 606 shoulders MRIs were analyzed. The Goutallier distribution was presented as follows: 0 = 403; 1 = 114; 2 = 51; 3 = 24; 4 = 14. Case A, VGG-19 model demonstrated an AU-ROC of 0.991 ± 0.003 (accuracy, 0.973 ± 0.006; sensitivity, 0.947 ± 0.039; specificity, 0.975 ± 0.006). B, VGG-19, 0.961 ± 0.013 (0.925 ± 0.010; 0.847 ± 0.041; 0.939 ± 0.011). C, VGG-19, 0.935 ± 0.022 (0.900 ± 0.015; 0.750 ± 0.078; 0.914 ± 0.014). D, VGG-19, 0.977 ± 0.007 (0.942 ± 0.012; 0.925 ± 0.056; 0.942 ± 0.013). E, VGG-19, 0.861 ± 0.050 (0.779 ± 0.054; 0.706 ± 0.088; 0.831 ± 0.061). Conclusion: Convolutional neural network models demonstrated high accuracy in MRIs SMFI diagnosis.

Mortalidad perioperatoria en Tolima, perspectivas del cuarto indicador de The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery: Un análisis preliminar de la cohorte prospectiva del estudio Colombian Surgical Outcomes Study (ColSOS) / Perioperative mortality in Tolima and perspectives of the fourth indicator of The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery: A preliminary analysis of the prospective cohort of the Colombian Surgical Outcomes Study (ColSOS)

Introducción. La mortalidad perioperatoria en el mundo representa 4,2 millones de muertes anuales. El cuarto indicador de The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery permite estandarizar la mortalidad perioperatoria. En Colombia, existen aproximaciones por datos secundarios, limitando el análisis y las intervenciones aplicables a nuestra población. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la mortalidad perioperatoria a través de datos primarios que permitan sustentar políticas públicas. Métodos. Se hizo el análisis preliminar de un estudio observacional, de cohorte prospectiva, multicéntrico en 6 instituciones del departamento de Tolima. Se incluyeron los pacientes llevados a procedimientos quirúrgicos por una semana, con posterior seguimiento hasta el egreso, fallecimiento o 30 días de hospitalización. La mortalidad perioperatoria fue el desenlace primario. Resultados. Fueron incluidos 378 pacientes, con mediana de 49 años (RIC 32-66), buen estado funcional (ASA I-II 80 %) y baja complejidad quirúrgica (42 %). Las cirugías más comunes fueron por Ortopedia (25,4 %) y Cirugía plástica (23,3 %). El 29,7 % presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias, las más comunes fueron síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo e íleo postoperatorio. La mortalidad perioperatoria fue de 1,3 %. Discusión. La mortalidad perioperatoria discrepó de la reportada en otros estudios nacionales, aun cuando los pacientes tenían un bajo perfil de riesgo y baja complejidad de los procedimientos. Sin embargo, coincide con la reportada internacionalmente y nos acerca a la realidad del país. Conclusión. La determinación del cuarto indicador es de vital importancia para mejorar la atención quirúrgica en Colombia. Este es el primer acercamiento con datos primarios que nos permite tener información aplicable a nuestra población

Introduction. Perioperative mortality accounts for 4.2 million deaths annually. The fourth indicator of The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery allows standardizing perioperative mortality. In Colombia, there are approximations based on secondary data, limiting the analysis and interventions applicable to our population. The objective of this study is to describe perioperative mortality through primary data that allow supporting public policies. Methods. A preliminary analysis of an observational, prospective cohort, multicenter study was carried out at six institutions in the District of Tolima. Patients undergoing surgical procedures were included for one week, for subsequent follow-up until discharge, death, or 30 days of hospitalization. Perioperative mortality was the primary outcome and was presented as a proportion. Results. A total of 378 patients were included, with a median age of 49 years (RIC 32-66), low-risk profile (ASA I-II 80%), and low surgical complexity (42%). The most common surgeries were Orthopedic (25.4%) and Plastic Surgery (23.3%). Postoperative complications occurred in 29.7%, the most common were ARDS and postoperative ileus. Perioperative mortality was 1.3%. Discussion. Perioperative mortality differed from that reported in national studies, even when the patients had a low-risk profile and low complexity of the procedures. However, it coincides with that reported internationally and brings us closer to the reality of the country. Conclusion. The determination of the fourth indicator is of vital importance to improving surgical care in Colombia. This is the first approach with primary data that allows us to have applicable information for our population

Diffusion and Velocity Correlations of the Phase Transitions in a System of Macroscopic Rolling Spheres.

We study an air-fluidized granular monolayer composed of plastic spheres which roll on a metallic grid. The air current is adjusted so that the spheres never lose contact with the grid and so that the dynamics may be regarded as pseudo two dimensional (or two dimensional, if the effects of the sphere rolling are not taken into account). We find two surprising continuous transitions, both of them displaying two coexisting phases. Moreover, in all the cases, we found the coexisting phases display a strong energy non-equipartition. In the first transition, at a weak fluidization, a glass phase coexists with a disordered fluid-like phase. In the second transition, a hexagonal crystal coexists with the fluid phase. We analyze, for these two-phase systems, the specific diffusive properties of each phase, as well as the velocity correlations. Surprisingly, we find a glass phase at a very low packing fraction and for a wide range of granular temperatures. Both phases are also characterized by strong anticorrelated velocities upon a collision. Thus, the dynamics observed for this quasi two-dimensional system unveil phase transitions with peculiar properties, very different from the predicted behavior in well-know theories for their equilibrium counterparts.

An Atypical Cutaneous Metastasis in a Case of Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) comprises most renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases, with its incidence increasing in recent years. Metastases are most commonly found in the lungs, bones, liver, and brain. However, few patients present with cutaneous metastases, which are usually associated with poor outcomes. We present the case of a 52-year-old man with ccRCC and skin metastasis. Our aim was to highlight the variability in the presentation of cutaneous metastasis of ccRCC. Clinicians should be aware of the various manifestations and possible locations of RCC skin metastases to better identify these lesions and further guide treatment.

Conducta alimentaria, actividad física y salud mental por cuarentena COVID - 19 en adultos mayores de Trujillo

Introducción: La pandemia del COVID-19 llevó a una cuarentena en Perú buscando el mayor distanciamiento social. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la cuarentena en la conducta alimentaria, actividad física y salud mental antes y durante este periodo en adultos mayores de Trujillo. El estudio: Observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal en 350 adultos mayores, mediante encuesta virtual sobre frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, actividad física y cambios en salud mental, analizados mediante ji-cuadrado. Hallazgos: Disminuyó la ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas y comida rápida. El nivel de actividad física disminuyó significativamente. Se incrementaron sentimientos de soledad, depresión, ansiedad, entre otros. Se encontró percepción de aumento de peso y del tamaño de cintura. Conclusiones: La cuarentena por COVID-19 en adultos mayores disminuyó la actividad física, afectó salud mental y dio percepción de aumento de peso y cintura, sin afectar la conducta alimentaria.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a quarantine in Peru seeking the greatest social distancing. Objective: To determine the effect of quarantine on eating behavior, physical activity and mental health before and during this period in older adults in Trujillo. Study: Observational, descriptive, longitudinal in 350 older adults, by means of virtual survey on frequency of food consumption, physical activity and changes in mental health, analyzed by chi-square. Findings: The intake of alcoholic beverages and fast food decreased. The level of physical activity decreased significantly. Feelings of loneliness, depression, anxiety, among others, increased. Perception of weight gain and waist size increase was found. Conclusions: COVID-19 quarantine in older adults decreased physical activity, affected mental health and gave perception of weight and waist size increase, without affecting eating behavior.

Therapeutic dietary approach to children with autistic spectrum disorder / Abordaje dietético terapéutico de niños con trastorno del espectro autista

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric disease, characterized by deficits in social communication, presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. This review aims to address the different nutrients that can be included in the diet of patients with ASD in order to reduce the different signs and symptoms present in this disorder. Different bibliographic sources were reviewed, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Embase, and SciELO, using the keywords "Probiotics", "Vitamin B", Vitamin C", "Gluten", "Omega-3" and "Autism Spectrum Disorder". It was found that probiotics and gluten improve gastrointestinal symptoms and, in addition, like vitamins B6, B9, B12 and C, as well as omega 3, help improve neurobehavioral symptoms, language and social behavior of children with ASD.

El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es una enfermedad neuropsiquiátrica, caracterizada por déficits en la comunicación social y la presencia de intereses restringidos y conductas repetitivas. La presente revisión tiene por objetivo abordar los diferentes nutrientes que pueden incluirse en la dieta de los pacientes con TEA con el fin de disminuir los diferentes signos y síntomas presentes en este trastorno. Se revisaron diferentes fuentes bibliográficas como PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Embase, y SciELO, empleando las palabras claves "Probióticos", "Vitamina B", Vitamina C", "Gluten", "Omega 3" y "Trastorno del Espectro Autista". Se encontró que los probióticos y el gluten mejoran los síntomas gastrointestinales y, además, al igual que las vitaminas B6, B9, B12 y C, así como el omega 3, ayudan al mejoramiento de síntomas neuroconductuales, lenguaje y conducta social del niño con TEA.

Salivary characteristics in burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Compare through case-control studies, the salivary characteristics of patients with and without BMS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Searches in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and BIREME were conducted for the identification of case-controls studies reported. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Thirty-three studies were included, of which 26 articles evaluated OSB, 17 SRF, and 7 SE. Nineteen organic biomarkers showed higher levels in BMS patients, the two most indicated being α-amylase and cortisol. Ten organic biomarkers, including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6, showed lower levels in BMS patients. Regarding salivary flow rate (SFR), five articles indicated that BMS patients have less unstimulated SFR (uSRF)Two articles indicate that stimulated SFR (sSRF) is lower in BMS patients nevertheless, but eight did not show differences. Sialochemical analysis revealed that sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and calcium (Ca), showed higher levels in BMS patients according to three studies, but two studies did not establish any differences. Two study established that BMS patients have lower Mg salivary levels. CONCLUSIONS: Qualitative salivary characteristics suggest that BMS has neuropathic, inflammatory, emotional, immune, and hormonal involvements. BMS can be associated with changes in salivary biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, is related to anxiety and degree of pain.

Relación entre la frecuencia y horario de alimentación con el sobrepeso y obesidad en adultos trujillanos / Relationship between the meal frequency and timing with overweight and obesity in trujillan adults

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan un rápido crecimiento en el mundo, con un mayor riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. Las estrategias nutricionales son de gran interés para el control y pérdida de peso, como la influencia de la frecuencia y el horario de alimentación. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la frecuencia y horario de alimentación con el sobrepeso y obesidad en población adulta trujillana de 30 a 70 años. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo. Se incluyó una muestra de 160 participantes, entre 30 y 70 años; los datos se recolectaron mediante una encuesta virtual. Los participantes se clasificaron en un grupo de peso normal establecido por IMC entre 18.5-24.9 y un grupo de sobrepeso-obesidad establecido por IMC mayor o igual a 25. Se utilizó un cuestionario validado por expertos para evaluar la frecuencia y horario de alimentación. Resultados: De los 160 participantes, el 61.88% fue de sexo femenino, el 40% tuvo una edad entre 30-39 años. El grupo de peso normal se conformó por 60 participantes; y el de sobrepeso-obesidad, por 100 participantes. En el análisis estadístico, se evidenció una diferencia significativa entre el nivel de actividad física bajo-moderado (p=0.019), la frecuencia de alimentación no presentó diferencia significativa (p=0.477) y dentro del horario de alimentación, el consumo de cena posterior a las 8:00 pm presentó diferencia significativa (p=0.021), así como el consumo de intermedios posterior a las 5:00 pm (p=0.016),  Conclusión: Consumir alimentos durante la noche en un horario posterior a las 8:00 pm se asocia significativamente a riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad; mientras que en la frecuencia de alimentación no se presenta.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are rapidly growing in the world, with a higher risk of chronic diseases. Nutritional strategies are of great interest for weight loss and control, such as the influence of meal frequency and timing. Objective: To determine the relationship between the meal frequency and timing with overweight and obesity in the adult population of Trujillo between 30 and 70 years old. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. A sample of 160 participants, between 30 and 70 years old, is included; the data was collected through a virtual survey. Participants were classified into a normal weight group established by a BMI between 18.5-24.9 and an overweight-obese group established by a BMI greater than or equal to 25. An expert-validated questionnaire was produced to assess the meal frequency and timing. Results: Of the 160 participants, 61.88% were female, 40% were between 30-39 years old. The normal weight group was made up of 60 participants; and overweight-obesity, per 100 participants. In the statistical analysis, a significant difference was evidenced between the level of low-moderate physical activity (p = 0.019), the meal frequency did not present a significant difference (p = 0.477) and within the meal timing, the consumption of subsequent dinner at 8:00 pm showed a significant difference (p = 0.021), as well as the consumption of intermediates after 5:00 pm (p = 0.016), Conclusion: Consuming food during the night in a time after 8:00 pm is significantly associated with the risk of overweight and obesity; while in the meal frequency it does not appear.

Emotional Processing Profile in Patients with First Episode Schizophrenia: The Influence of Neurocognition.

This study sought to investigate the influence of neurocognition on the emotional processing profiles of patients with first-episode schizophrenia, using the 4-branch Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) (Perceiving Emotions; Facilitating Emotions; Understanding Emotions and Managing Emotions). A sample of 78 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and a group of 90 non-psychiatric control subjects were included in this work. The initial results showed that patients had lower scores than controls for the "Understanding Emotions" and "Managing Emotions" MSCEIT branches. However, after controlling for neurocognition, the only deficits were found on the "Managing Emotions" branch of the MSCEIT. This branch can be considered as measuring a more sophisticated level of emotional processing, which may constitute a deficit in itself. In conclusion, patients with first-episode schizophrenia present deficits in social cognition at the highest level that seem to be independent from neurocognition. These findings support the inclusion of the "Managing Emotions" branch of the MSCEIT as part of the MCCB.

Survey of Cooperative Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: From a Holistic and Systemic Vision.

The design of cooperative advanced driver assistance systems (C-ADAS) involves a holistic and systemic vision that considers the bidirectional interaction among three main elements: the driver, the vehicle, and the surrounding environment. The evolution of these systems reflects this need. In this work, we present a survey of C-ADAS and describe a conceptual architecture that includes the driver, vehicle, and environment and their bidirectional interactions. We address the remote operation of this C-ADAS based on the Internet of vehicles (IoV) paradigm, as well as the involved enabling technologies. We describe the state of the art and the research challenges present in the development of C-ADAS. Finally, to quantify the performance of C-ADAS, we describe the principal evaluation mechanisms and performance metrics employed in these systems.

Comparison of Salivary Electrolytes Profile in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: to determine salivary electrolyte concentration of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. A related systematic review was performed. METHODS: Observational study. Unstimulated saliva from 18 patients with OSCC, 18 with OPMD, and 18 without oral lesions was collected. A biochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the salivary concentrations of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe). Kruskal-Wallis test was performed, and p < 0.05 was interpreted as statistically significant. The literature search for the systematic review retrieved 9 studies that associated salivary electrolyte levels with presence and progression of OSCC. RESULTS: A highly significant increase was found in the salivary Mg levels in the OPMD group (5.41 µg/mL) in comparison with the OSCC (3.71µg/mL) and control group (3.51 µg/mL) (p = 0.041). No differences were observed in other salivary levels elements. The results of the systematic review revealed that one article indicated a decrease, and three papers reported an increase in salivary Na levels in patients with OPMD and OSCC. Two articles indicated a decrease in salivary K levels in OSCC, and the other two reported high Mg levels in OPMD and OSCC. CONCLUSION: High salivary Mg levels can be a potential biomarker indicating the presence of OPMD, however, the evidence is still contradictory and more studies are required.

Índice de masa corporal en estudiantes de medicina: Relación con estrés, hábitos alimenticios y actividad física / Body mass index in medicine students: Relationship with stress, eating habits and physical activity

Introducción: Los cambios en los estilos de vida predisponen a los estudiantes universitarios a enfrentar constantes situaciones de estrés y a modicar sus hábitos alimenticios y actividad física, con posibles alteraciones en el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Objetivo: Evaluar la relación que existe entre el IMC con el estrés, actividad física y hábitos alimenticiosenestudiantesdemedicina.Métodos:Estudioobservacionaldescriptivotransversal.Muestra conformada por 306 estudiantes de medicina de primero a sexto año: 153 con normopeso, 121 con sobrepeso y 32 con obesidad, edad promedio 22 años. Se consideró el IMC y se aplicaron los cuestionarios: (EPGE) para Universitarios (en estudiantes universitarios peruanos), Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (CIAF) y el Cuestionario de Frecuencia de alimentos modicada de Reyes (CFAMR) , mediante el software de Google Forms. Resultados: La proporción de normopeso fue 50 %, sobrepeso 39,5 % y obesos 10,5 %. Según los hábitos alimenticios, las personas con IMC aumentado tuvieron signicativamente mayor consumo de bebidas gaseosas (p=0,030), carne (p=0,017) y alcohol (p=0,005), mayor frecuencia de desayuno (p=0,037) y menor consumo de legumbres (p=0,049). Los niveles de distrés fueron menores en los obesos (p=0,055); no hubo diferencia signicativa en la actividad física. Conclusiones: La elevación del (IMC) en estudiantes de medicina se asoció a hábitos alimenticios inadecuados. Los niveles bajos de distrés y de actividad física fueron más frecuentes en obesos, aunque sin diferencia signicativa

Introduction: The Changes in lifestyles predispose university students to face constant stressful situations and to modify their eating habits and physical activity, with possible alterations in the body mass index. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between body mass index and stress, physical activity and eating habits in medical students. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. 306 medical students participated from first to sixth year: 153 with normal weight, 121 with overweight and 32 with obesity, average age 21,95 years. The body mass index was considered and the questionnaires were applied: Global Perception of Stress Scale for University Students (Adapted in Peruvian university students), International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the modified Reyes Food Frequency Questionnaire, using Google software Forms. Results: The proportion of normal weight was 50%, overweight 39,50% and obese 10,50%. According to eating habits, people with body mass index significantly increased their consumption of soft drinks (p = 0,030), meat (p = 0,017) and alcohol (p = 0,005), more frequent breakfast (p = 0,037) and less consumption of legumes (p = 0,049). The levels of distress were lower in the obese (p = 0,055); there was no significant difference in physical activity. Conclusions: The elevation of the body mass index in medical students was associated with inadequate eating habits. Low levels of distress and physical activity were more frequent in obese people, although without significant difference.

Impact of Negative Symptoms on Functioning and Quality of Life in First Psychotic Episodes of Schizophrenia.

Negative symptoms are not considered a unitary construct encompassing two different domains, diminished expression, and avolition-apathy. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between each domain and psychosocial functioning and quality of life in people with a first psychotic episode of schizophrenia. In total, 61 outpatients were assessed with the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS), The Functioning Assesment Short Test (FAST) and The Quality of Life Scale (QLS). The mean global score for CAINS was 21.5 (SD: 15.6), with a CAINS Avolition-Apathy (MAP) score of 17.0 (SD: 11.8), and CAINS Diminished Expression (EXP) score of 4.5 (SD: 5.0). The mean FAST score was 31.9 (SD: 18.9), and 41.1 (SD: 17.9) for QLS. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant (F(4,53) = 15.65, p < 0.001) relationship between MAP and EXP CAINS' score and FAST score. CAINS-MAP was more predictive of FAST scores (ß = 0.44, p = 0.001) than CAINS-EXP (ß = 0.37, p = 0.007). Linear regression analysis for QLS revealed a significant model (F(4,56) = 29.29, p < 0.001). The standardized regression weight for the CAINS-MAP was around three times greater (ß = -0.63, p < 0.001) than for CAINS-EXP (ß = -0.24, p = 0.024). The two different domains are associated differently with functionality and quality of life.