Emerging Synthesis Strategies of 2D MOFs for Electrical Devices and Integrated Circuits.

The development of advanced electronic devices is boosting many aspects of modern technology and industry. The ever-increasing demand for advanced electrical devices and integrated circuits calls for the design of novel materials, with superior properties for the improvement of working performance. In this review, a detailed overview of the synthesis strategies of 2D metal organic frameworks (MOFs) acquiring growing attention is presented, as a basis for expansion of novel key materials in electrical devices and integrated circuits. A framework of controllable synthesis routes to be implanted in the synthesis strategies of 2D materials and MOFs is described. In short, the synthesis methods of 2D MOFs are summarized and discussed in depth followed by the illustrations of promising applications relating to various electrical devices and integrated circuits. It is concluded by outlining how 2D MOFs can be synthesized in a simpler, highly efficient, low-cost, and more environmentally friendly way which can open up their applicable opportunities as key materials in advanced electrical devices and integrated circuits, enabling their use in broad aspects of the society.

An Experimentally Verified LC-MS Protocol toward an Economical, Reliable, and Quantitative Isotopic Analysis in Nitrogen Reduction Reactions.

To substitute the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process for the synthesis of ammonia, some labile techniques, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and photothermocatalysis, have emerged and attracted intense research interest. However, the contamination of the reaction system is one of the major concerns on how to reliably and accurately evaluate the performance of these catalysts, which is why various control studies are involved. Isotopic labeling studies are one of the most reliable control strategies in nitrogen fixation experiments, to ensure that N2 is exclusively the source of the generated ammonia. As a convenient, sensitive and accurate technique distinguished with a quantitative atomic mass resolution, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been extensively employed for the detection of ammonia in aqueous electrolyte systems. However, the previous work protocols for 15 N2 isotopic analysis using LC-MS either involved hazardous procedures which could potentially damage the instrument, or lacked in their experimental verification using real samples. Herein, a safe, reproducible and economical protocol for the detection of ammonia using LC-MS is presented, exhibiting an exponentially steep progressive detectivity of 15 N abundance, well verified with a series of experimental results for nitrogen reduction reactions. This is expected to provide a prudent cost-effective and sustainable gateway into isotopic analysis.

Rare-Earth Incorporated Alloy Catalysts: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications.

To improve the performance of metallic catalysts, alloying provides an efficient methodology to design state-of-the-art materials. As emerging functional materials, rare-earth metal compounds can integrate the unique orbital structure and catalytic behavior of rare earth elements into metallic materials. Such rare-earth containing alloy catalysts proffer an opportunity to tailor electronic properties, tune charged carrier transport, and synergize surface reactivity, which are expected to significantly improve the performance and stability of catalysis. Despite its significance, there are only few reviews on rare earth containing alloys or related topics. This review summarizes the composition, synthesis, and applications of rare earth containing alloys in the field of catalysis. Subsequent to comprehensively summarizing and constructively discussing the existing work, the challenges and possibilities of future research on rare-earth metal compound materials are evaluated.

Machine Learning-Aided Crystal Facet Rational Design with Ionic Liquid Controllable Synthesis.

Crystallographic facets in a crystal carry interior properties and proffer rich functionalities in a wide range of application areas. However, rational prediction, on-demand customization, and accurate synthesis of facets and facet junctions of a crystal are enormously desirable but still challenging. Herein, a framework of machine learning (ML)-aided crystal facet design with ionic liquid controllable synthesis is developed and then demonstrated with the star-material anatase TiO2 . Aided by employing ML to acquire surface energies from facet junction datasource, the relationships between surface energy and growth conditions based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm are unveiled, enabling to develop controllable facet synthetic strategies. These strategies are successfully verified after applied for synthesizing TiO2 crystals with custom crystal facets and facet junctions under tuning ionic liquid [bmim][BF4 ] experimental conditions. Therefore, this innovative framework integrates data-intensive rational design and experimental controllable synthesis to develop and customize crystallographic facets and facet junctions. This proves the feasibility of an intelligent chemistry future to accelerate the discovery of facet-governed functional material candidates.

Simulation-guided nanofabrication of high-quality practical tungsten probes.

Micro/nanoscale tungsten probes are widely utilized in the fields of surface analysis, biological engineering, etc. amongst several others. This work performs comprehensive dynamic simulations on the influences of electric field distribution, surface tension and the bubbling situation on electrochemical etching behaviors, and then the tip dimension. Results show that the etching rate is reliant on the electric field distribution determined by the cathode dimension. The necking position lies in the meniscus rather than at the bottom of the meniscus. A bubble-free condition is mandatory to stabilize the distribution of OH- and WO4 2- ions for a smooth tungsten probe surface. Such simulation-guidance enables the nanofabrication of probes with a high aspect ratio (10 : 1), ultra-sharp tip apex (40 nm) and ultra-smooth surface. These probes have been successfully developed for high-performance application with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). The acquired decent atomic resolution images of epitaxial bilayer graphene robustly verify the feasibility of the practical level application of these nanoscale probes. Therefore, these nanoscale probes would be of great benefit to the development of advanced analytical science and nano-to-atomic scale experimental science and technology.