Use of Alleviating Maneuvers for Periocular Facial Dystonias.

IMPORTANCE: Patients with benign essential blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm are known to use botulinum toxin injections and alleviating maneuvers to help control their symptoms. The clinical correlates between the use of botulinum toxin injections and the use of alleviating maneuvers are not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of alleviating maneuvers for benign essential blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm correlates with disease severity or botulinum toxin treatment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective cross-sectional observational study (designed in September 2013) of 74 patients with benign essential blepharospasm and 56 patients with hemifacial spasm who were consecutively recruited from adnexal clinics at Moorfields Eye Hospital (January-June 2014) to complete a questionnaire and undergo a clinical review. Data analysis was performed in December 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalence and type of alleviating maneuvers used for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, dystonia severity, and dose and frequency of botulinum toxin injections. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients with blepharospasm, 39 (52.7%) used alleviating maneuvers (mean [SD] age, 70.4 [9.1] years); of the 56 patients with hemifacial spasm, 25 (44.6%) used alleviating maneuvers (mean [SD] age, 66.5 [12.7] years). The most commonly used maneuver was the touching of facial areas (35 of 64 patients [54.7%]); other maneuvers included covering the eyes (6 of 64 patients [9.4%]), singing (5 of 64 patients [7.8%]), and yawning (5 of 64 patients [7.8%]). Patients with blepharospasm who used alleviating maneuvers scored higher on the Jankovic Rating Scale (median score, 5 vs 4; Hodges-Lehmann median difference, 1 [95% CI, 0-2]; P = .01) and the Blepharospasm Disability Index severity score (median score, 11 vs 4; Hodges-Lehmann median difference, 4 [95% CI, 1-7]; P = .01) than patients with blepharospasm who did not use alleviating maneuvers. Patients with hemifacial spasm who used alleviating maneuvers scored higher on the 7-item Hemifacial Spasm Quality of Life scale (median score, 7 vs 3; Hodges-Lehmann median difference, 4 [95% CI, 1-7]; P = .01) and the SMC Severity Grading Scale (median score, 2 vs 2; Hodges-Lehmann median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-1]; P = .03) than patients with hemifacial spasm who did not use alleviating maneuver. The severity of dystonia correlated with botulinum toxin treatment for patients with blepharospasm (r = 0.23; P = .049) and patients with hemifacial spasm (r = 0.45; P = .001). There was no difference found in botulinum toxin treatment between patients who used alleviating maneuvers and those who did not, in either the blepharospasm group (150 vs 125 units; Hodges-Lehmann median difference, 20 units [95% CI, -10 to 70 units]; P = .15) or the hemifacial spasm group (58 vs 60 units; Hodges-Lehmann median difference, 0 units [95% CI, -15 to 20 units]; P = .83). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Half of the patients with periocular facial dystonias used alleviating maneuvers. Their use was associated with more severe disease but not with increased use of botulinum toxin. This may help to guide future therapies, such as advice on maneuver augmentation or tailored devices.

Ophthalmology trainees' self-assessment of cataract surgery.

AIMS: To investigate whether ophthalmology trainees are able to assess their own competence in cataract surgery and whether this judgement improves as they progress through training. METHODS: A prospective, blinded, single-centre comparative study of ophthalmology trainee surgeons was performed. 16 junior trainees (150-499 cataract operations) and 16 senior trainees (>500 cataract operations) were recruited. They performed a single videotaped cataract operation and filled in the validated Objective Structured Assessment of Cataract Surgical Skill (OSACSS) assessment form. The videotapes were anonymised, randomised and then graded by a single expert reviewer using the OSACSS assessment. Trainees' OSACSS scores were compared with Mann-Whitney tests and inter-rater agreement between the assessor and the trainees was compared using Cohen's κ coefficient. RESULTS: Senior trainees performed statistically better than junior trainees at all task-specific and global OSACSS indices, apart from draping (p=0.23) and overall score (p=0.09). Overall, trainees were better at assessing their OSACSS performance in global indices such as tissue handling, iris protection and overall speed. They were worse at assessing their performance in task-specific indices, particularly use of the phacoemulsification probe and second instrument. Comparing the two trainee groups, senior trainees had a higher level of agreement with the assessor in more OSACSS indices (15/19) than junior trainees (4/19). CONCLUSIONS: Trainees were more proficient at assessing their own competence at the global indices of cataract surgery, rather than task-specific components. Compared with junior trainees, senior trainees performed better surgically and were more proficient at assessing their own competence in cataract surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: SALH1001.

Characterizing the lacrimal punctal region using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: Abnormalities of lacrimal punctum size and morphology probably contribute to excess tearing, with significant effects on quality-of-life for affected individuals. Our current understanding of normal punctal morphology originates from ex vivo studies, which are unlikely to capture the true nature of the living punctum. This study used enhanced depth anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) to give improved characterization and understanding of lacrimal punctal structure. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed on spectral domain OCT images collected prospectively from 40 lower puncta of 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The average external lower lid punctal diameter was 0.646 mm (SD 150 µm) on OCT imaging, measured at the largest diameter, which was in parallel to the mucocutaneous junction. Fifty-five per cent of puncta appeared closed, whilst the eyelids were open. Fluid menisci were visible within 73% of puncta. A postpunctal 'ampulla' was visible within three systems, one of which was imaged through the conjunctival surface. Ampullary dilatation occurred laterally, rather than at the medial wall. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography provides quick and non-invasive assessment of the lacrimal punctum and its neighbouring tissue layers. This assessment of punctal size and morphology has the potential for further investigation of punctal physiology, for aiding diagnosis, and for monitoring the results of treatment. The average external diameter of the punctal opening measured in this study is greater than that recorded in anatomical textbooks.

Periocular tuberculous disease: experience from a UK eye hospital.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To describe our experience of patients presenting to a tertiary referral adnexal department with orbital or periocular tuberculosis (TB) over a 10-year period. METHODS: We reviewed all patients with a diagnosis of orbital or periocular TB from 2001 to 2011 in Moorfields Eye Hospital. RESULTS: Nine patients were identified over the 10-year period. Three cases of cutaneous TB, two cases of TB dacryocystitis and four cases of diffuse orbital TB were identified. All patients lived in the UK, but were born in the African or Asian subcontinents. Three patients had known prior (and treated) pulmonary TB and all were immunocompetent.All patients presented with periocular discomfort. After tissue diagnosis, all patients were referred for triple antituberculous therapy (ATT); all patients completed their course of ATT, with resolution of all orbital and lacrimal masses. There were no recurrences at a median follow-up of 26 weeks (range 1 month-5 years). One patient, who required later evisceration, was the only case with loss of vision. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital and periocular TB can be difficult to diagnose and lead to diagnostic delays, with emphasis on clinical suspicion rather than a positive culture result; the management of such cases is not only surgical, but also medical and social. Although surgical intervention can alleviate symptoms and prevent visual loss, the use of a complete course of ATT is paramount for disease management and the patient and their family need to be counselled about the associated public health issues.

Stress-relaxation and fatigue behaviour of synthetic brow-suspension materials.

Ptosis describes a low position of the upper eyelid. When this condition is due to poor function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, responsible for raising the lid, "brow-suspension" ptosis correction is usually performed, which involves internally attaching the malpositioned eyelid to the forehead musculature using brow-suspension materials. In service, such materials are exposed to both rapid tensile loading and unloading sequences during blinking, and a more sustained tensile strain during extended periods of closure. In this study, various mechanical tests were conducted to characterise and compare some of commonly-used synthetic brow-suspension materials (Prolene(®), Supramid Extra(®) II, Silicone rods (Visitec(®) Seiff frontalis suspension set) and Mersilene(®) mesh) for their time-dependent response. At a given constant tensile strain or load, all of the brow-suspension materials exhibited stress-relaxation or creep, with Prolene(®) having a statistically different relaxation or creep ratio as compared with those of others. Uniaxial tensile cyclic tests through preconditioning and fatigue tests demonstrated drastically different time-dependent response amongst the various materials. Although the tests generated hysteresis force-strain loops for all materials, the mechanical properties such as the number of cycles required to reach the steady-state, the reduction in the peak force, and the cyclic energy dissipation varied considerably. To reach the steady-state, Prolene(®) and the silicone rod required the greatest and the least number of cycles, respectively. Furthermore, the fatigue tests at physiologically relevant conditions (15% strain controlled at 6.5 Hz) demonstrated that the reduction in the peak force during 100,000 cycles ranged from 15% to 58%, with Prolene(®) and the silicone rod exhibiting the greatest and the least value, respectively. Many factors need to be considered to select the most suitable brow-suspension material for ptosis correction. These novel data on the mechanical time-dependent performance could therefore help to guide clinicians in their decision-making process for optimal surgical outcome.

Dynamic contour tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer performance in a developing world setting: intraocular pressure measurement acquisition and precision.

PURPOSE: To examine tonometer usability and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement precision in a general ophthalmology clinic in the developing world. METHODS: A total of 100 eyes of 100 participants attending a charity ophthalmology walk-in clinic in Ghana, West Africa, had IOP measurements made with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) and the dynamic contour tonometer (DCT) in a randomized order by 2 clinicians. Both clinicians had extensive experience in using the GAT but were relatively inexperienced in using the DCT. The repeatability coefficient was calculated to determine intraobserver variability. Reproducibility of interobserver IOP measurements was calculated using Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: IOP could not be measured in 3% of eyes using the GAT and in 16% of eyes using the DCT. The repeatability coefficient for the GAT and DCT were 2.5 and 3.0 mm Hg, respectively. The DCT repeatability coefficient was 2.3 mm Hg when only "good quality" measurements were considered. The interobserver mean difference (limits of agreement) were -0.8 mm Hg (±3.9 mm Hg) for the GAT and 0.3 mm Hg (±3.3 mm Hg) for the DCT. DCT IOP measurements were unobtainable in eyes with corneal surface irregularities or excessive eye or lid movements. CONCLUSIONS: The DCT shows good measurement precision with comparable repeatability and superior reproducibility compared with the GAT. The DCT score is useful in its objectivity and improving repeatability. However, patient and ocular surface factors may impede DCT measurements, impacting upon its general usability in a high volume, walk-in community clinic.

Maxillary mucocele with orbital floor remodelling.

A 79-year-old man presents with signs of an orbital mass. A CT scan revealed a large maxillary mucocele eroding through the orbital floor. Surgical drainage of the mucocele and conservative postoperative care, returned all ophthalmic signs to normal and bony remodelling of the orbital floor was demonstrated. Maxillary mucoceles should be assessed by both ENT and Ophthalmic surgeons. Postoperative remodelling of the orbital floor can be illustrated with serial CT Scans.

Retinal vascular tortuosity in a patient with weill-marchesani syndrome.

Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a rare connective tissue disorder with characteristic phenotypic skeletal and ocular manifestations. A 28-year-old myopic female presented with an 8-month history of bilateral blurred vision. On examination, she was noted to be of short stature with brachydactyly. On ocular examination, she was found to be spherophakic with bilateral inferiorly subluxated lenses. Serum and urine homocysteine were normal and a syphilis screen was negative. A diagnosis of Weill-Marchesani syndrome was made. Fundoscopy revealed bilateral tortuous retinal vessels. We report the first illustrated case of retinal vascular tortuosity as an ocular manifestation of Weill-Marchesani syndrome.

Retro-orbital oedema and transient blindness following endoscopic oesophagogastroduodenoscopy: a case report.

This case report looks at the association of an endoscopic oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and the onset of retro-orbital oedema in a young female. A literature search was performed in order to find any common factors between an endoscopic investigation and retroorbital oedema. An association between increased vascular permeability secondary to alcohol abuse and retroorbital oedema has been made. The case also describes the clinical signs of retro-orbital oedema and other possible causes. A link has been made between acute reversible retroorbital oedema following endoscopic oesophagogastroduodenoscopy.