Antibacterial Activity of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Loaded Lipid-chitosan Hybrid Nanoparticle against Planktonic Microorganisms.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol derived from Green Tea, is one of the sources of natural bioactive compounds which are currently being developed as medicinal ingredients. Besides other biological activities, this natural compound exhibits anti-cariogenic effects. However, EGCG has low physical-chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop and characterize lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle with EGCG and to evaluate its in vitro activity against cariogenic planktonic microorganisms. Lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle (LCHNP-EGCG) were prepared by emulsion and sonication method in one step and characterized according to diameter, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE), mucoadhesion capacity and morphology. Strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei were treated with LCHNP- EGCG, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. LCHNP-EGCG exhibited a size of 217.3 ± 5.1 nm with a low polydispersity index (0.17) and positive zeta potential indicating the presence of chitosan on the lipid nanoparticle surface (+33.7 mV). The LCHNP-EGCG showed a spherical morphology, high stability and a mucoadhesive property due to the presence of chitosan coating. In addition, the EGCG encapsulation efficiency was 96%. A reduction of almost 15-fold in the MIC and MBC against the strains was observed when EGCG was encapsulated in LCHNP, indicating the potential of EGCG encapsulation in lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles. Taking the results together, the LCHNP-EGCG could be an interesting system to use in dental care due to their nanometric size, mucoadhesive properties high antibacterial activity against relevant planktonic microorganisms.

Antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity of temporary filling materials on root canals: an in situ acid challenge.

The present study evaluated the antibiofilm and antimicrobial effects of temporary restorative materials on root canals after an intra-oral challenge. Seventy roots were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups: high-viscosity glass ionomer (HV-GIC), light-activated glass ionomer (RM-GIC), zinc-oxide cement without eugenol (ZO), zinc-oxide cement with eugenol (ZOE), and unsealed roots (negative control). For 28 days, 14 participants used intra-oral devices with five roots, and drops of sucrose were applied onto them. The amount of biofilm and the bacterial counts were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn, and by two-way ANOVA and Tukey (α = 0.05). HV-GIC and RM-GIC better inhibit biofilm, followed by ZO and ZOE. Unsealed roots had the largest biofilm accumulation (p = 0.002) and higher bacterial penetration than restored roots (p = 0.023). A low amount of Streptococcus was found in RM-GIC and ZOE-restored roots without difference from HV-GIC (p = 0.021). The low amount of Enterococcus (p = 0.003) was found in the ZOE-restored roots, without difference from GICs.

Agentes e métodos de descontaminação das escovas dentais - Uma revisão sistemática / Decontamination agents and methods of toothbrushes - A systematic review

Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática para avaliar os principais agentes e métodos de descontaminação das escovas dentais contra vírus, bactérias e fungos encontrados na literatura. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados LILACS® (Literatura científica e técnica da América Latina e Caribe/BVS ­ Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), MEDLINE® (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online / PubMed)®, EMBASE® (Elsevier), em agosto de 2020. Como critério de inclusão, foram selecionados artigos publicados entre os anos de 2010 e 2020, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, estudos de ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados, ensaios clínicos não randomizados e estudos in vitro, que avaliaram diferentes agentes e métodos de descontaminação das escovas dentais. Resultados: Foram recuperados um total de 2523 artigos, sendo qualificados para o estudo um total de 6 artigos "in vivo" e 4 "in vitro". O agente de descontaminação mais estudado e eficaz foi a clorexidina 0,12% (em forma de imersão ou spray), seguida pelo hipoclorito de sódio 1% e 2,5% (imersão), vinagre branco 50% (imersão), solução de cloreto de cetilpiridínio (imersão ou spray), micro-ondas e máquina de lavar-louças. Conclusão: Considerando as evidências de qualidade encontradas, a clorexidina 0,12% constitui o agente mais estudado e eficaz, seguido pelo hipoclorito de sódio 1 % e cloreto de cetilpiridínio, utilizados em forma de spray ou imersão, constituem soluções eficazes, de fácil acesso, que podem ser utilizadas pela população para descontaminação das escovas dentais.

Aim: To carry out a systematic review of articles found in the literature in order to evaluate the main agents and methods for decontaminating toothbrushes against viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Methods: A search was performed in LILACS® (Scientific and Technical Literature of Latin America and the Caribbean/VHL ­ Virtual Health Library), MEDLINE® (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online /PubMed)®, and EMBASE® databases (Elsevier), in August 2020. As inclusion criteria, articles published between 2010 and 2020, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, studies of randomized controlled clinical trials, non-randomized clinical trials, and in vitro studies were selected, which evaluated different agents and methods for decontaminating toothbrushes. Results: A total of 2,523 articles were retrieved, with a total of 6 in vivo and 4 in vitro articles deemed to be eligible for the study. The most studied and effective decontamination agent was 0.12% chlorhexidine (in immersion or spray form), followed by 1% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (immersion), 50% white vinegar (immersion), solution of cetylpyridinium chloride (dip or spray), microwave, and dishwasher. Conclusion: Considering the quality evidence found, 0.12% chlorhexidine is the most studied and effective agent, followed by 1% sodium hypochlorite and cetylpyridinium chloride, used in spray or immersion form; these are effective, easily accessible solutions that can be used by the population to decontaminate toothbrushes.

Gentamicin encapsulated within a biopolymer for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infected skin ulcers.

Skin wound infection requires carefully long-term treatment with an immense financial burden to healthcare systems worldwide. Various strategies such as drug delivery systems using polymer matrix from natural source have been used to enhance wound healing. Natural rubber latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis has shown angiogenic and tissue repair properties. Gentamicin sulfate (GS) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic which inhibits the growth of a wide variety of microorganisms and, because of this, it has also been applied topically for treatment of local infections. The aim of this study was to develop a GS release system using NRL as matrix for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infected skin ulcers treatment, without changing drug antibiotic properties. The matrix did not change the GS antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli strains. Moreover, the NRL-GS biomembrane did not exhibit hemolytic activity, being non-toxic to red blood cells. The eluates of NRL-GS biomembranes and GS solutions did not significantly reduce the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans worms for 24 h at any of the tested concentrations. Thus, these results emphasize that the NRL-GS biomembrane proved to be a promising biomaterial for future studies on the development of dressings for topical uses, inexpensive and practicable, keeping drug antibiotic properties against pathogens and to reduce the side effects.

Influence of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in carious lesion. Randomized split-mouth clinical trial in primary molars.

BACKGROUND: The literature presents many studies regarding photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (aPDT). However, the great variety of protocols to be used can directly influence its effectiveness in reducing microorganisms. The aim of this randomized split-mouth clinical study was to evaluate the effect of aPDT in the reduction of Streptococcus mutans and their effect on restorations performed. METHODS: Twenty children between 6 and 8 years old with active caries and dentin cavitation, located on the occlusal surface of homologous primary molars were included. The selective removal of carious tissue was performed in both molars, than one was subsequently restored and the other received aPDT treatment on the affected dentin with low intensity laser (InGaAlP) associated to 0.005% methylene blue photosensitizer before restoration. Dentin collections were performed only in the tooth submitted to aPDT in three moments: before and after selective caries removal and after application of aPDT. The restorations were analyzed after polishing and after 6 months using United States Public Health Service (USPHS) method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction on the amount of microorganisms after selective caries removal (p = 0.04) and also after the application of aPDT (p = 0.01). The reduction of S. mutans CFU was of 76.4% after caries removal, but associated with aPDT was 92.6%. After 6 months of clinical evaluation, no difference between groups was found for retention, marginal adaptation, color, marginal discoloration, and secondary caries. CONCLUSIONS: aPDT can be used as an additional treatment against cariogenic microorganisms after selective caries removal without compromising composite resin restorations.

Transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children.

This study evaluated the transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children. Thirty women (mean age = 36.1+/-6.0 years) who were mothers of at least one child aged 7 to 16 years were enrolled. In order to investigate mother-child transmission of Aa, the children were also evaluated when their mothers were colonized by the bacterium. Subgingival plaque samples of each woman were collected from 3 sites (mean probing depth of 7.3+/-1.2 mm and mean clinical attachment level of 7.9+/-1.5 mm) and pooled in reduced transport fluid (RTF). These samples were processed, inoculated onto TSBV-agar selective medium and incubated at 37 degrees C in microaerophilic atmosphere for 5 days. Aa was identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining, catalase and oxidase reactions. Aa was found in 8 out of 30 women. Therefore, 8 children from these women (mean age= 12 +/- 3.7 years) were evaluated, but Aa was found only in 2 of them. Aa strains of the two mother-child pairs were evaluated by arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), although it was not found similarity between the amplitypes of each pair. No Aa transmission was found between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children.

Transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children

This study evaluated the transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children. Thirty women (mean age = 36.1±6.0 years) who were mothers of at least one child aged 7 to 16 years were enrolled. In order to investigate mother-child transmission of Aa, the children were also evaluated when their mothers were colonized by the bacterium. Subgingival plaque samples of each woman were collected from 3 sites (mean probing depth of 7.3±1.2 mm and mean clinical attachment level of 7.9±1.5 mm) and pooled in reduced transport fluid (RTF). These samples were processed, inoculated onto TSBV-agar selective medium and incubated at 37°C in microaerophilic atmosphere for 5 days. Aa was identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining, catalase and oxidase reactions. Aa was found in 8 out of 30 women. Therefore, 8 children from these women (mean age= 12 ± 3.7 years) were evaluated, but Aa was found only in 2 of them. Aa strains of the two mother-child pairs were evaluated by arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), although it was not found similarity between the amplitypes of each pair. No Aa transmission was found between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children.

Este estudo avaliou a transmissão de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) entre mulheres com periodontite crônica severa e seus filhos. A amostra constituiu-se de 30 mulheres com idade média de 36,1 ± 6,0 anos, mães de filhos com idade entre 7 e 16 anos. Apenas crianças cujas mães haviam sido colonizadas por Aa foram incluídas. Amostras de placa dentária subgengival foram colhidas de três sítios com profundidade de sonagem média de 7,3 ± 1,2 mm e perda de inserção clínica média de 7,9 ±1,5 mm e agrupadas em fluido de transporte reduzido (RTF). Estas amostras foram processadas e semeadas em meio seletivo ágar TSBV e incubados a 37ºC em atmosfera de microaerofilia por 5 dias. Aa foi identificado baseado na morfologia colonial, coloração de Gram e testes da catalase e oxidase. Aa foi detectado em 8 das 30 mulheres . Assim, 8 filhos destas mulheres, com idade média de 12 ± 3,7 anos foram investigados, mas Aa foi detectado em apenas 2 deles. Cepas de Aa dos 2 pares de mães e filhos foram submetidos a análise pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase usando primers arbitrários (AP-PCR), mas os amplitipos de cada par não demonstraram similaridade. Portanto, não foi encontrada transmissão de Aa entre mulheres brasileiras com periodontite crônica severa e seus filhos.

Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the effect of Carisolv gel on periodontally compromised human root surfaces.

The aim of this study was to analyze, under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the morphologic characteristics of root surfaces after application of Carisolv gel in association with scaling and root planing (SRP). Sixty periodontally compromised extracted human teeth were randomly assigned to 6 groups: 1) SRP alone; 2) passive topical application of Carisolv + SRP; 3) active topical application of Carisolv + SRP; 4) multiple applications of Carisolv + SRP; 5) SRP + 24% EDTA; 6) topical application of Carisolv + SRP + 24% EDTA. Carisolv gel was applied to root surfaces for 30 s, followed by scaling and root planing, consisting of 50 strokes with Gracey curettes in an apical-coronal direction, parallel to the long axis of the tooth. The only exception was group 4, in which the roots were instrumented until a smooth, hard and glass-like surface was achieved. All specimens were further analyzed by SEM. The results showed that the treatment with Carisolv caused significant changes in root surface morphology of periodontally compromised teeth only when the chemical agent was actively applied (burnishing technique). Carisolv failed to remove the smear layer completely, especially with a single application, independently of the method of application. Multiple applications of Carisolv were necessary to achieve a smear layer reduction comparable to that obtained with 24% EDTA conditioning.

Efficacy of Carisolv as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing on subgingival calculus removal.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subgingival application of Carisolv gel as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) on calculus removal compared to conventional instrumentation. Forty-five teeth requiring extraction due to severe periodontal disease were randomized to the following treatments: 1) SRP alone; 2) placebo gel + SRP; 3) Carisolv gel + SRP. Either test or placebo gel was applied subgingivally for 1 min and then the root were instrumented until a smooth and calculus-free surface was achieved. Instrumentation time and the number of strokes required were recorded. After extraction, the efficacy of root surface instrumentation was measured by percentage of remaining calculus. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatment groups regarding either time required for instrumentation or the percentage of residual calculus. The subgingival application of Carisolv gel prior to SRP did not provide any additional benefit to root instrumentation compared to scaling and root planing alone.

Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the effect of CarisolvTM gel on periodontally compromised human root surfaces

A utilização do CarisolvTM tem sido proposta como um método auxiliar à raspagem e ao alisamento radicular (RAR), a fim de facilitar a descontaminação da superfície da raiz. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), as características das superfícies radiculares, após a aplicação do CarisolvTM em associação à RAR. Sessenta dentes humanos extraídos devido à doença periodontal foram divididos em 6 grupos: 1) RAR ; 2) CarisolvTM (aplicação passiva) + RAR; 3) CarisolvTM (aplicação ativa) + RAR; 4) CarisolvTM (aplicações múltiplas) + RAR; 5) RAR + EDTA a 24%; 6) CarisolvTM + RAR + EDTA a 24%. CarisolvTM foi aplicado às superfícies radiculares por 30 s, seguido de raspagem e alisamento radicular, que consistiu de 50 movimentos com curetas de Gracey no sentido corono-apical, co o instrumento paralelo ao longo eixo do dente. A única exceção foi o grupo 4, no qual as raízes foram instrumentadas até obter uma superfície lisa, dura e com aspecto vítreo. Os espécimens tratados foram preparados e examinados em MEV. Os resultados demonstraram que a associação do CarisolvTM aos procedimentos periodontais mecânicos proporcionou modificações significativas na superfície radicular quando comparada à raspagem e ao alisamento radicular, apenas quando o CarisolvTM foi aplicado de forma ativa. A aplicação do CarisolvTM uma única vez, apresentou um efeito limitado na capacidade de remoção de smear layer, sendo que aplicações sucessivas apresentaram resultados comparáveis àqueles obtidos após a aplicação do EDTA.

Efficacy of Carisolv™ as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing on subgingival calculus removal

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subgingival application of Carisolv™ gel as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing (SRP) on calculus removal compared to conventional instrumentation. Forty-five teeth requiring extraction due to severe periodontal disease were randomized to the following treatments: 1) SRP alone; 2) placebo gel + SRP; 3) Carisolv™ gel + SRP. Either test or placebo gel was applied subgingivally for 1 min and then the root were instrumented until a smooth and calculus-free surface was achieved. Instrumentation time and the number of strokes required were recorded. After extraction, the efficacy of root surface instrumentation was measured by percentage of remaining calculus. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatment groups regarding either time required for instrumentation or the percentage of residual calculus. The subgingival application of Carisolv™ gel prior to SRP did not provide any additional benefit to root instrumentation compared to scaling and root planing alone.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da aplicação subgengival do gel Carisolv™ em associação aos procedimentos de raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) na remoção do cálculo dental aderido à superfície radicular, quando comparado à terapia periodontal mecânica convencional. Foram utilizados 45 dentes indicados para a exodontia devido à doença periodontal avançada, os quais foram divididos em três grupos de tratamento: 1) RAR apenas; 2) placebo + RAR; 3) Carisolv™ + RAR. O tempo despendido e o número de movimentos realizados para a instrumentação das superfícies radiculares foram avaliados durante o tratamento. Em seguida, os dentes foram extraídos e avaliados quanto ao percentual de cálculo residual, por meio de um sistema computadorizado de análise de imagens. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05) entre os grupos com relação ao tempo requerido para os diferentes tratamentos, assim como quanto ao percentual de cálculo residual. Os resultados indicaram que a aplicação do Carisolv™ não promoveu benefícios adicionais àqueles obtidos com a terapia mecânica convencional na remoção do cálculo subgengival.

Estudo comparativo da prevalência de periodontopatógenos suspeitos entre mães e filhos / Comparative study of the prevalence of suspected periodontopathogens in mothers and sons

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a prevalência de periodontopatógenos suspeitos entre mulheres com periodontite crônica severa e seus filhos. Participaram deste estudo 20 mães com idade média de 36,6 ± 6,7 anos e um filho de cada uma delas com idade média de 11,8 ± 3,4 anos. A avaliação microbiológica foi realizada através de cultura bacteriana de amostras de placa dentária subgengival de três sítios, de cada indivíduo, com maior severidade de destruição periodontal. As médias de profundidade de sondagem e do nível de inserção clínico dos sítios selecionados das mães foram 6,9 mm ± 0,8 mm e 7,8 mm ± 1,2 mm respectivamente, enquanto nos filhos essas medidas foram de 2,5 mm ± 0,8 mm e 2,4 mm ± 0,4 mm respectivamente. Foram avaliadas as prevalências de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella sp., Fusobacterium sp., Peptostreptococcus micros, Capnocytophaga sp., Campylobacter sp. e Eikenella corrodens. Não foi verificada associação estatisticamente significante para a presença dos periodontopatógenos suspeitos nas mães e em filhos

Avaliaçäo clínica e microbiológica dos efeitos da irrigaçäo de gel de metronidazol a 20 por cento sobre a raspagem e alisamento radicular em pacientes com doença periodontal crônica / Clinical and microbiological avaluation in the effects of subgingival irrigation with a 20 per cent metronidazole gel over scaling and root planing in patients with periodontal disease

O estudo avaliou o efeito de irrigaçöes com gel de Metronidazol a 20 por cento como coadjuvante à raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) em pacientes com doença periodontal. Foram inclusos neste estudo cego seis pacientes com no mínimo três sítios em dentes unirradiculares com Profundidade de Sondagem entre 5-7 mm e BANA-positivos. Após RAR, os 32 sítios foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um dos grupos: grupo-1; RAR, grupo-2; RAR + irrigaçäo com gel placebo; grupo 3 - RAR + irrigaçäo com gel de metronidazol a 20 por cento. As irrigaçöes foram realizadas após a RAR inicial, 7, 14 e 21 dias após. Os parâmetros clínicos de Indice de Placa, Indice Gengival, Profundidade de Sondagem, Nível de Inserçäo Clínica e Sangramento à Sondagem foram realizados antes do tratamento, 60 e 90 dias após, e a avaliaçäo microbiológica foi realizada com o Teste BANA antes do tratamento e 90 dias após. Os resultados demonstraram uma reduçäo nos parâmetros clínicos sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre os três grupos, com exceçäo da Profundidade de Sondagem, na qual o grupo 3 promoveu uma reduçäo estatisticamente significante em relaçäo aos grupos 1 e 2 aos 60 e 90 dias. Os grupos 2 e 3 promoveram uma reduçäo estatisticamente maior nos sítios BANA-positivos que o grupo 1. Esses resultados sugerem que a associaçäo de irrigaçäo com gel de Metronidazol a 20 por cento à RAR demonstrou efeitos clínicos e microbiológicos semelhantes à terapia de RAR isolada

Relationship between the presence or absence of gingival bleeding and the enzymatic BANA test

When periodontal disease started to be considered a bacterial infection mainly mediated by subgingival plaque, the basic problem faced by periodontists was the indentification and/or quantification of periodontopathogenic bacteria. However, clinical methods continue to be of great value for the diagnosis of periodontal disease. In the present study we show a significant correlation between an index widely used in clinical practice, the Gingival Index of Lõe (1967), based on the presence or absence of bleeding on probing, and the methodology of the BANA test for the detection of the specific enzymatic activity of microorganisms involved in periodontal disease. More sensitive and specific clinical parameters, taken together with other microbiological methods, will be useful in daily clinical practice even before periodontal treatment.

Candida albicans: avaliação da ação antimicrobiana in vitro de anti-sépticos bucais sobre as cepas isoladas de próteses totais superiores / Candida albicans: antimicrobic action in vitro the mouthwashes

Procurou-se verificar a ação in vitro de diferentes anti-sépticos bucais sobre as cepas de Candida albicans isoladas de próteses totais superiores. O teste de sensibilidade revelou que os anti-sépticos: Periogard, Malvona e Cepacol foram ativos para as cepas de levedura isoladas, ou seja, apresentam 100 por cento de atividade, enquanto o Listerine foi ativo somente em 10 (58,8 por cento) das amostras testadas

Uso de calor seco na esterilização (forno de Pasteur) / Utilization of dry heat in sterilization (Pasteur's oven)

Foi avaliada a eficiência de esterilização, por métodos microbiológicos de 6 tipos de Fornos de Pasteur (estufas) disponíveis no mercado nacional, a fim de desenvolver uma técnica exeqüivel a nível de consultório odontológico, que não danificasse os instrumentos. Foram determinados, além do tempo requerido para esterilização, a temperatura real e a temperatura indicada pelo termometro da estufa. No presente estudo, os autores ressaltam a necessidade da observância dos tempos de pré-aquecimento dos instrumentos e do tempo de esterilização, que foi de 30 e 45 minutos. O ciclo de esterilização foi de 60 e 75 minutos

Ocorrência de Staphylococcus aureus na saliva, orofaringe e fossas nasais de indivíduos sadios / Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in saliva, throat and nose in healthy individuals

Resumo: Staphylococcus aureus foi pesquisado na saliva, orofaringe e fossas nasais, de 318 indivíduos sadios, acadêmicos de Odontologia. A semeadura direta e após enriquecimento dos diferentes materiais, no meio ágar hipercloretado - gema de ovo permitiu evidenciar 266 (83,6 (por cento)) portadores de S. qureus. Desses, 255 (95,9(por cento)) foram detectados pela semeadura direta, e os 11 restantes 4,1(por cento) exclusivamente salivares, a partir da semeadura no meio de enriquecimento. Os portadores salivares 236 (74,2 (por cento)), foram em maior número que os portadores orofaríngeanos 166 (52,2 (por cento)) e nasais 124 (39 (por cento)). Das 259 cepas submetidas à fagotipagem, 237 (91,5 (por cento))delas foram fagotipáveis e a maioria das cepas, independentemente da sua origem, acumularam-se nos grupos bacteriofágicos I e II. A colonizaçäo dos três nichos no mesmo portador tende a ser feita por cepas pertencentes aos mesmos fagótipos (au)