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More globally diverse perspectives are needed in genomic studies and precision medicine practices on non-Europeans. Here, we illustrate this by discussing the distribution of clinically actionable genetic variants involved in drug response in Andean highlanders and Amazonians, considering their environment, history, genetic structure, and historical biases in the perception of biological diversity of Native Americans.
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This study aimed to develop microemulsions (MEs) containing α-bisabolol for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Initially, pseudoternary phase diagrams were developed using α-bisabolol as the oil phase, Eumulgin® CO 40 as the surfactant, Polymol® HE as the co-surfactant, and distilled water as the aqueous phase. Two transparent liquid systems (TLS) containing 5% of α-bisabolol were selected and characterized (F5E25 and F5EP25). Next, skin permeation and retention assays were performed using Franz cells. The interaction of the formulation with the stratum corneum (SC) was evaluated using the FTIR technique. The cytotoxicity was evaluated in murine peritoneal macrophages. Finally, the antileishmanial activity of microemulsions was determined in promastigotes and amastigotes of L. amazonensis (strain MHOM/BR/77/LTB 0016). As a result, the selected formulations showed isotropy, nanometric size (below 25 nm), Newtonian behavior and pH ranging from 6.5 to 6.9. The MEs achieved a 2.5-fold increase in the flux and skin-permeated amount of α-bisabolol. ATR-FTIR results showed that microemulsions promoted fluidization and extraction of lipids and proteins of the stratum corneum, increasing the diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient of the drug in the skin. Additionally, F5E25 and F5EP25 showed higher activity against promastigotes (IC50 13.27 and 18.29, respectively) compared to unencapsulated α-bisabolol (IC50 53.8). Furthermore, F5E25 and F5EP25 also showed antileishmanial activity against intracellular amastigotes of L. amazonensis, with IC50 50 times lower than free α-bisabolol and high selectivity index (up to 15). Therefore, the systems obtained are favorable to topical administration, with significant antileishmanial activity against L. amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes, being a promising system for future in vivo trials.
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Introduction: Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical parasitic disease, is regarded as a major public health problem worldwide. The first-line drugs for leishmaniasis suffer from limitations related to toxicity and the development of resistance in certain parasitic strains. Therefore, the discovery of alternative treatments for leishmaniasis is imperative, and natural products represent a valuable source of potential therapeutic agents. Methods: The present study aimed at finding new potential antileishmanial agents from the aerial parts of the medicinal plant Momordica charantia. This study was based on bioassay-guided fractionation of the M. charantia extract against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The cytotoxicity of the extract, fractions, and isolated compounds were evaluated against peritoneal murine macrophages by employing the MTT assay for assessing cell metabolic activity. Results: Antileishmanial assay-guided fractionation of the M. charantia extract led to the bioactive cucurbitacin-enriched fraction and the isolation of four bioactive cucurbitacin-type triterpenoids, which exhibited significant antileishmanial activity, with IC50 values between 2.11 and 3.25 µg.mL-1 against promastigote and amastigote forms, low toxicity and selectivity indexes ranging from 8.5 to 17.2. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the fractions and cucurbitacin-type triterpenoids obtained from the aerial parts of M. charantia are promising natural leishmanicidal candidates.
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BACKGROUND: Stroke management requires a coordinated strategy, adhering to clinical pathways (CP) and value-based healthcare (VBHC) principles from onset to rehabilitation. However, the discrepancies between these pathways and actual patient experiences highlight the need for ongoing monitoring and addressing interoperability issues across multiple institutions in stroke care. To address this, the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resource (FHIR) Implementation Guide (IG) standardizes the information exchange among these systems, considering a specific context of use. OBJECTIVE: Develop an FHIR IG for stroke care rooted in established stroke CP and VBHC principles. METHOD: We represented the stroke patient journey by considering the core stroke CP, the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) dataset for stroke, and a Brazilian case study using the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). Next, we developed a data dictionary that aligns variables with existing FHIR resources and adapts profiling from the Brazilian National Health Data Network (BNHDN). RESULTS: Our BPMN model encompassed three critical phases that represent the entire patient journey from symptom onset to rehabilitation. The stroke data dictionary included 81 variables, which were expressed as questionnaires, profiles, and extensions. The FHIR IG comprised nine pages: Home, Stroke-CP, Data Dictionary, FHIR, ICHOM, Artifacts, Examples, Downloads, and Security. We developed 96 artifacts, including 7 questionnaires, 27 profiles with corresponding example instances, 3 extensions, 18 value sets, and 14 code systems pertinent to ICHOM outcome measures. CONCLUSION: The FHIR IG for stroke in this study represents a significant advancement in healthcare interoperability, streamlining the tracking of patient outcomes for quality enhancement, facilitating informed treatment choices, and enabling the development of dashboards to promote collaborative excellence in patient care.
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Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), a predominant component in detergents, requires an evaluation of its toxicological potential due to its hazardous environmental levels. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicological effects of SDBS on the liver and kidney of male D. rerio. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicological effects of SDBS on the liver and kidney of male D. rerio. The fish were divided into three groups: 0.0 (control), 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L of SDBS with exposure for up to 96 hours. After exposure, histopathological, histochemical (hepatic glycogen content), and biochemical analyses (SOD and CAT enzyme analysis) were performed on both organs. The results showed significant histopathological effects, such as circulatory disturbances and progressive and regressive alterations, leading to an altered histopathological alteration index. SOD and CAT enzymes exhibited prominent changes. Thus, it became clear that the surfactant SDBS can cause serious hepatic and renal problems in D. rerio fish, even with short-term exposure, necessitating more stringent control and regulation in the disposal of this surfactant.
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The allele frequency net database (AFND, http://www.allelefrequencies.net ) is an online web-based repository that contains information on the frequencies of immune-related genes and their corresponding alleles in worldwide human populations. At present, the website contains data from 1784 population samples in more than 14 million individuals from 129 countries on the frequency of genes from different polymorphic regions including data for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. In addition, over the last four years, AFND has also incorporated genotype raw data from 85,000 individuals comprising 215 population samples from 39 countries. Moreover, more population data sets containing next generation sequencing data spanning >3 million individuals have been added. This resource has been widely used in a variety of contexts such as histocompatibility, immunology, epidemiology, pharmacogenetics, epitope prediction algorithms for population coverage in vaccine development, population genetics, among many others. In this chapter, we present an update of the most used searching mechanisms as described in a previous volume and some of the latest developments included in AFND.
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Bases de Datos Genéticas , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genética de Población , Humanos , Genética de Población/métodos , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Biología Computacional/métodos , Internet , Navegador Web , Genotipo , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento/métodosRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1330347.].
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BACKGROUND: People's involvement and participation are the essential basis of nursing care. This phenomenon can be characterised as an approach based on the integration of the person's values, beliefs, and preferences during nursing care. This process contributes to improve the quality of care, satisfaction levels, and a better experience for people. To promote the person's participation in nursing care, it is necessary to better understand their experiences about this topic. AIM: To synthesise the available evidence on people's experiences of their involvement and participation in nursing care in a hospital setting. DESIGN & SETTING: A systematic review that will be conducted according to the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. METHOD: The study selection, critical appraisal, and data extraction will be conducted by two independent reviewers. This review will consider studies with a qualitative approach, published and unpublished, in Portuguese, English and Spanish with no temporal limit, that include adults, aged 18 years or older, who have experienced an admission in a hospital; that explore people's experiences of their involvement and participation in nursing care in hospital wards settings. Findings will be presented using meta-aggregation approach and narrative format, and the final synthesised findings will be graded according to the ConQual approach. CONCLUSION: It is expected that this qualitative synthesis will inform people, health professionals and policymakers, allowing them to develop recommendations to promote the person's participation in nursing care.
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Amblyomma ticks are vectors of both Rickettsia rickettsii and R. parkeri in the Americas, where capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are the main hosts in urban areas, thus contributing to the transmission of spotted fever. Herein, we studied: (i) the seasonal dynamics and abundance of ticks in areas where capybaras live, (ii) the effect of environmental variables on tick abundance, and (iii) the presence of Rickettsia-infected ticks. Between September 2021 and September 2022, we sampled ticks using cloth-dragging at 194 sites on the shore of Lake Paranoá in Brasília, Brazil. We measured environmental data (season, vegetation type, canopy density, temperature, humidity, and presence or vestige of capybara) at each site. Nymphs and adults were morphologically identified to the species level, and a selected tick sample including larvae was subjected to genotypic identification. We investigated Rickettsia-infected ticks by PCR (gltA, htrA, ompB, and ompA genes) and associations between tick abundance and environmental variables using Generalized Linear Models. A total of 30,334 ticks (96% larvae) were captured. Ticks were identified as Amblyomma, with A. sculptum comprising 97% of the adult/nymphs. Genotype identification of a larval sample confirmed that 95% belonged to A. dubitatum. Seasonal variables showed significant effects on tick abundance. Most larvae and nymphs were captured during the early dry season, while the adults were more abundant during the wet season. Vegetation variables and the presence of capybaras showed no association with tick abundance. Rickettsia parkeri group and R. bellii were identified in A. dubitatum, while A. sculptum presented R. bellii. We conclude that: (i) Amblyomma ticks are widely distributed in Lake Paranoá throughout the year, especially larvae at the dry season, (ii) the abundance of Amblyomma ticks is explained more by climatic factors than by vegetation or presence of capybaras, and (iii) A. dubitatum ticks are potential vectors of R. parkeri in Brasília.
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Amblyomma , Rickettsia , Estaciones del Año , Animales , Rickettsia/genética , Rickettsia/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Amblyomma/microbiología , Ninfa/microbiología , Larva/microbiología , Infecciones por Rickettsia/transmisión , Infecciones por Rickettsia/microbiología , Vectores Arácnidos/microbiología , Roedores/microbiología , Roedores/parasitología , AmbienteRESUMEN
Obesity and overweight are multifactorial diseases affecting more than one-third of the world's population. Physical inactivity contributes to a positive energy balance and the onset of obesity. Exercise combined with a balanced diet is an effective non-pharmacological strategy to improve obesity-related disorders. Gallic acid (GA), is a natural endogenous polyphenol found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and wines, with beneficial effects on energetic homeostasis. The present study aims to investigate the effects of exercise training on obese mice supplemented with GA. Animal experimentation was performed with male Swiss mice divided into five groups: ST (standard control), HFD (obese control), HFD + GA (GA supplement), HFD + Trained (training), and HFD + GA + Trained (GA and training). The groups are treated for eight weeks with 200 mg/kg/body weight of the feed compound and, if applicable, physical training. The main findings of the present study show that GA supplementation improves liver fat, body weight, adiposity, and plasma insulin levels. In addition, animals treated with the GA and a physical training program demonstrate reduced levels of anxiety. Gene expression analyses show that Sesn2 is activated via PGC-1α independent of the GATOR2 protein, which is activated by GA in the context of physical activity. These data are corroborated by molecular docking analysis, demonstrating the interaction of GA with GATOR2. The present study contributes to understanding the metabolic effects of GA and physical training and demonstrates a new hepatic mechanism of action via Sestrin 2 and PGC-1α.
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Ácido Gálico , Hígado , Ratones Obesos , Obesidad , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Animales , Ratones , Ácido Gálico/farmacología , Masculino , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad/metabolismo , Obesidad/genética , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/metabolismo , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/genética , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , SestrinasRESUMEN
Understanding how organisms are coping with major changes imposed by urban intensification is a complex task. In fact, our understanding of the impacts of urbanization on biodiversity is scarce in the global south compared to the north. In this study, we evaluated how bird communities are affected by impact of urban intensification in a tropical city. Thus, we assessed whether increased urban intensification 1) jeopardizes bird diversity (taking into account taxonomic-TD, phylogenetic-PD, and functional-FD dimensions), 2) drives changes in bird community composition and enables the detection of indicator species of such impact, and 3) leads to changes in bird functional traits linked to reproduction, resource acquisition, and survival. We found that urban intensification has a direct impact on the bird community, reducing all three types of diversity. Communities in areas of greater urban intensity are represented by fewer species, and these species are PD and FD less distinct. In addition, we detected at least ten species of areas of lower urban intensity that proved to be more sensitive to urban intensification. With regard to bird traits, we found no significant responses from reproductive, habitat use and feeding variables. Body weight and tail length were the only variables with significant results, with higher urbanization intensity areas selecting for species with lower weights and longer tails. Given the global biodiversity loss we are observing, this information can guide urban managers and planners in designing urban landscapes to maintain biodiversity in cities.
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Biodiversidad , Aves , Ciudades , Urbanización , Animales , Aves/fisiología , Ecosistema , Clima Tropical , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Fatigue is an important and distressing symptom for many people living with chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. Many non-pharmacological interventions have been investigated in recent years and some have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing fatigue and fatigue impact, however, there is limited guidance for clinicians to follow regarding the most appropriate management options. The objective of this scoping review is to understand and map the extent of evidence in relation to the factors that relate to the outcome of non-pharmacological interventions on MSK condition-related fatigue across the lifespan. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review will include evidence relating to people of all ages living with chronic MSK conditions who have been offered a non-pharmacological intervention with either the intention or effect of reducing fatigue and its impact. Databases including AMED, PsycINFO, CINAHLPlus, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus will be searched for peer-reviewed primary research studies published after 1 January 2007 in English language. These findings will be used to identify factors associated with successful interventions and to map gaps in knowledge. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was not required for this review. Findings will be disseminated by journal publications, conference presentations and by communicating with relevant healthcare and charity organisations.
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Fatiga , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas , Proyectos de Investigación , Literatura de Revisión como Asunto , Humanos , Enfermedad Crónica , Fatiga/terapia , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/terapiaRESUMEN
Sperm competition and male mating rate are two non-mutually exclusive key evolutionary pressures selecting for larger testes within and across animal taxa. A few studies have tried to test the role of mating rate in the absence of sperm competition. Under the mating rate hypothesis, particular phenotypes of a given population that are expected to gain more mates (e.g., more ornamented males) are expected to make higher investments in testes size (a proxy for sperm production). We test this prediction in Polistes simillimus, a neotropical paper wasp in which females are single mated (no sperm competition) and males can mate with multiple partners. Testes size was predicted by body size (positive association), sexual ornamentation (negative association), and their interaction (among small males, testes size was positively related to ornamentation, but the opposite pattern was observed among large males). We propose that small-bodied well-ornamented males may face the highest risk of sperm depletion. Small-bodied males make relatively higher investment in testes size when highly ornamented. This strategy might be less profitable to large males, as they have overall larger testes. Our results provide strong evidence for the mating rate hypothesis.
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Tamaño Corporal , Testículo , Avispas , Animales , Masculino , Testículo/anatomía & histología , Avispas/fisiología , Avispas/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Conducta Sexual Animal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
In Peru, 29 292 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2022. Although tuberculosis treatments are effective, 3.4%-13% are associated with significant adverse drug reactions, with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) considered the most predominant. Among the first-line antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid is the main drug responsible for the appearance of DILI. In liver, isoniazid (INH) is metabolized by N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Limited information exists on genetic risk factors associated with the presence of DILI to antituberculosis drugs in Latin America, and even less is known about these factors in the native and mestizo Peruvian population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NAT2 and CYP2E1 genotypes in native and mestizo population. An analytical cross-sectional analysis was performed using genetic data from mestizo population in Lima and native participants from south of Peru. NAT2 metabolizer was determined as fast, intermediate and slow, and CYP2E1 genotypes were classified as c1/c1, c1/c2 and c2/c2, from molecular tests and bioinformatic analyses. Of the 472 participants, 36 and 6 NAT2 haplotypes were identified in the mestizo and native population, respectively. In mestizo population, the most frequent NAT2*5B and NAT2*7B haplotypes were associated with DILI risk; while in natives, NAT2*5G and NAT2*13A haplotypes were associated with decreased risk of DILI. For CYP2E1, c1/c1 and c1/c2 genotypes are the most frequent in natives and mestizos, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium of NAT2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was estimated, detecting a block between all SNPs natives. In addition, a block between rs1801280 and rs1799929 for NAT2 was detected in mestizos. Despite the limitations of a secondary study, it was possible to report associations between NAT2 and CYP2E alleles with Peruvian native and mestizo by prevalence ratios. The results of this study will help the development of new therapeutic strategies for a Tuberculosis efficient control between populations.
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Antituberculosos , Arilamina N-Acetiltransferasa , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Isoniazida , Tuberculosis , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Antituberculosos/efectos adversos , Arilamina N-Acetiltransferasa/genética , Biomarcadores , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/genética , Estudios Transversales , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Genotipo , Indígenas Sudamericanos/etnología , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Isoniazida/efectos adversos , Isoniazida/uso terapéutico , Perú , Farmacogenética , Tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Grupos RacialesRESUMEN
The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that females enhance their fitness by being choosy and mating with high-quality males, while males should compete to mate with as many females as possible. In many species, males enhance their fitness by defending females and/or resources used by females. That is, males directly defend access to mating opportunities. However, paternity analyses have repeatedly shown that females in most species mate polyandrously, which contradicts traditional expectations that male defensive behaviours lead to monandry. Here, in an extensive meta-analysis, encompassing 109 species and 1026 effect sizes from across the animal kingdom, we tested if the occurrence of defensive behaviours modulates sexual selection on females and males. If so, we can illuminate the extent to which males really succeed in defending access to mating and fertilisation opportunities. We used four different indices of the opportunity for sexual selection that comprise pre-mating and/or post-mating episodes of selection. We found, for both sexes, that the occurrence of defensive behaviours does not modulate the potential strength of sexual selection. This implies that male defensive behaviours do not predict the true intensity of sexual selection. While the most extreme levels of sexual selection on males are in species with male defensive behaviours, which indicates that males do sometimes succeed in restricting females' re-mating ability (e.g. elephant seals, Mirounga leonina), estimates of the opportunity for sexual selection vary greatly across species, regardless of whether or not defensive behaviours occur. Indeed, widespread polyandry shows that females are usually not restricted by male defensive behaviours. In addition, our results indicate that post-mating episodes of selection, such as cryptic female choice and sperm competition, might be important factors modulating the opportunity for sexual selection. We discuss: (i) why male defensive behaviours fail to lower the opportunity for sexual selection among females or fail to elevate it for males; (ii) how post-mating events might influence sexual selection; and (iii) the role of females as active participants in sexual selection. We also highlight that inadequate data reporting in the literature prevented us from extracting effect sizes from many studies that had presumably collected the relevant data.
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Conducta Sexual Animal , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Preferencia en el Apareamiento Animal/fisiología , Conducta Sexual Animal/fisiología , Selección SexualRESUMEN
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) are important inflammatory mediators in the development of cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) regulate the expression of these cytokines, making host genetics a key factor in the prognosis of COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the associations of the TNF -308G/A and IFNG +874T/A polymorphisms with COVID-19. We analyzed the frequencies of the two polymorphisms in the control groups (CG: TNF -308G/A, n = 497; IFNG +874T/A, n = 397), a group of patients with COVID-19 (CoV, n = 222) and among the subgroups of patients with nonsevere (n = 150) and severe (n = 72) COVID-19. We found no significant difference between the genotypic and allelic frequencies of TNF -308G/A in the groups analyzed; however, both the frequencies of the high expression genotype (TT) (CoV: 13.51% vs. CG: 6.30%; p = 0.003) and the *T allele (CoV: 33.56% vs. CG: 24. 81%; p = 0.001) of the IFNG +874T/A polymorphism were higher in the COVID-19 group than in the control group, with no differences between the subgroups of patients with nonsevere and severe COVID-19. The *T allele of IFNG +874T/A (rs2430561) is associated with susceptibility to symptomatic COVID-19. These SNPs provided valuables clues about the potential mechanism involved in the susceptibility to developing symptomatic COVID-19.
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COVID-19 , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , Interferón gamma , SARS-CoV-2 , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Alelos , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/virología , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/genética , Frecuencia de los Genes , Interferón gamma/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMEN
Working memory capacity (WMC) has been measured with a plethora of cognitive tasks. Several preeminent automated batteries of working memory (WM) tasks have been developed recently. However, despite all their advantages, most batteries were programmed in paid platforms and/or only included a single WM paradigm. To address these issues, we developed the OpenWMB, an automated battery comprising seven tasks from three distinct paradigms (complex spans, updating tasks, and binding tasks) that tap into several functional aspects of WM (simultaneous storage and processing, updating, and binding). The battery runs on open-source software (OpenSesame) and is freely available online in a ready-to-download format. The OpenWMB possesses flexible features and includes a data processing script (that converts data into a format ready for statistical analysis). The instrument is available in Portuguese and English. However, we only assessed the psychometric properties of the former version. The Portuguese version presented good internal consistency and considerable internal and predictive validity: all tasks loaded into a single factor. Additionally, the WMC estimate was strongly correlated with a fluid intelligence factor. This study also tried to contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the best method to assess WMC. We computed a permutation analysis to compare the amount of variance shared between a fluid intelligence factor and (1) each WM task, (2) homogenous WMC factors (based on multiple tasks from the same paradigm), and (3) heterogeneous WMC factors (derived from triplets of tasks from different paradigms). Our results suggested that heterogeneous factors provided the best estimates of WMC.
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BACKGROUND/AIM: This study assessed the epidemiology of luxation injuries with or without dental fractures in patients attending the outpatient clinic of a Brazilian dental school over the past decade. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed clinical records from a specialized center for dental trauma care in Brazil, focusing on patients who experienced at least one traumatic dental injury (TDI) in a permanent tooth between 2012 and 2022. The extracted data included sex, age, etiology, time between trauma occurrence and the search for initial care, TDI classification, and the need for endodontic treatment. The statistical analysis involved Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The 366 analyzed clinical records included 166 patients (350 teeth) with luxation injuries. Men (n = 102) showed a higher prevalence of luxation injuries than women (n = 64). Extrusive luxation prevailed (n = 99 patients and 208 teeth). Patients with luxation injuries sought care promptly after dental trauma incidents (p = .02) and demonstrated a higher incidence of endodontic treatment (p < .0001) than those without luxation injuries. Lateral luxation was notably associated with traffic accidents (p < .0001). The combination of luxation injuries and tooth fractures did not correlate with a higher need for endodontic treatment (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Age and trauma etiology seemed to have influenced the epidemiological profile of luxation injuries. Additionally, these injuries affected the time to seek initial care and the need for endodontic treatment.
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Genome-wide association studies have been useful in identifying genetic risk factors for various phenotypes. These studies rely on imputation and many existing panels are largely composed of individuals of European ancestry, resulting in lower levels of imputation quality in underrepresented populations. We aim to analyze how the composition of imputation reference panels affects imputation quality in four target Latin American cohorts. We compared imputation quality for chromosomes 7 and X when altering the imputation reference panel by: 1) increasing the number of Latin American individuals; 2) excluding either Latin American, African, or European individuals, or 3) increasing the Indigenous American (IA) admixture proportions of included Latin Americans. We found that increasing the number of Latin Americans in the reference panel improved imputation quality in the four populations; however, there were differences between chromosomes 7 and X in some cohorts. Excluding Latin Americans from analysis resulted in worse imputation quality in every cohort, while differential effects were seen when excluding Europeans and Africans between and within cohorts and between chromosomes 7 and X. Finally, increasing IA-like admixture proportions in the reference panel increased imputation quality at different levels in different populations. The difference in results between populations and chromosomes suggests that existing and future reference panels containing Latin American individuals are likely to perform differently in different Latin American populations.
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Bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus has a major economic impact on the dairy sector. With the crucial need for new therapies, anti-virulence strategies have gained attention as alternatives to antibiotics. Here we aimed to identify novel compounds that inhibit the production/activity of hemolysins, a virulence factor of S. aureus associated with mastitis severity. We screened Bacillus strains obtained from diverse sources for compounds showing anti-hemolytic activity. Our results demonstrate that lipopeptides produced by Bacillus spp. completely prevented the hemolytic activity of S. aureus at certain concentrations. Following purification, both iturins, fengycins, and surfactins were able to reduce hemolysis caused by S. aureus, with iturins showing the highest anti-hemolytic activity (up to 76% reduction). The lipopeptides showed an effect at the post-translational level. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated that these compounds can bind to hemolysin, possibly interfering with enzyme action. Lastly, molecular dynamics analysis indicated general stability of important residues for hemolysin activity as well as the presence of hydrogen bonds between iturins and these residues, with longevous interactions. Our data reveals, for the first time, an anti-hemolytic activity of lipopeptides and highlights the potential application of iturins as an anti-virulence therapy to control bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.