Factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 in a region of northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: There is a need to improve knowledge and understanding of the factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 so that managers and decision-makers can implement strategies to mitigate and control the severe forms of the disease. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 in the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional and analytical study with patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who died from March 2020 to January 2022. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between clinical-epidemiological characteristics and death. The odds ratios were expressed using a 95% confidence interval and a 5% significance level. RESULTS: A total of 386,567 cases of COVID-19 were registered in the period, of which 10,986 died. Risk factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 were male sex, age over 30 years, positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result, positive CT scan, and having one or more associated comorbidities. The three comorbidities linked to the highest propensity to die were diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings support the implementation of strategic actions by health care and surveillance professionals and managers towards reducing the incidence of the risk factors for mortality by COVID-19 in Maranhão.

Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study.

MAIN RESULTS: A total of 4,029 leprosy cases were notified. Mean prevalence varied between 2.0 and 11.5 cases/10,000 inhab. Spatial distribution of the cases was heterogeneous and there was a falling prevalence trend over the years studied. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: These findings point to the need to strengthen active tracing strategies and expand health actions and services targeting leprosy, with the aim of increasing detection and early treatment of cases. PERSPECTIVES: It is important to carry out epidemiological investigations on the spatial distribution and prevalence of leprosy in other health regions in the state, in order to identify other areas with greater vulnerability to leprosy. OBJECTIVE: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. METHODS: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. RESULT: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Individual and mutual effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality rates in clinical patients: a multicentre study.

Patients with comorbidities are more vulnerable to severe clinical cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 require complex health care. To analyse the association between the individual and combined effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on ARDS mortality rates among patients receiving clinical care. A multicentre study encompassing retrospective data analysis and conducted with 21,121 patients from 6,723 health services across Brazil, during the 2020-2022 time period. The sample group consisted of clinical patients of both sexes and different age groups who received clinical care and showed at least one comorbidity. The data collected were analysed using binary logistic regressions and the Chi-square test. The overall mortality rate was 38.7%, with a higher predominance among males (p < 0.001), mixed-race individuals (p < 0.001), and older adults (p < 0.001). The main comorbidity variables associated with and leading to death from ARDS were arterial hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension (p < 0.001), cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.001) and obesity (p < 0.001). Both the patients who progressed to recovery (48.4%) and to death (20.5%) presented only one comorbidity (χ2 (1,749) = 8, p < 0.001), respectively. The isolated comorbidities with the greatest impact on death outcomes were diabetes (95% CI 2.48-3.05, p < 0.001), followed by obesity (95% CI 1.85-2.41, p < 0.001) and hypertension (95% CI 1.05-1.22, p < 0.001), even after adjusting for sex and number of simultaneous comorbidities. Diabetes and obesity, as isolated conditions, had a greater influence on the number of deaths of clinical patients with ARDS compared to those with mutual diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension and obesity.

Spatiotemporal risk assessment and COVID-19 trend estimation in a federative unit in northeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide, causing a high burden of morbidity and mortality, and has affected the various health service systems in the world, demanding disease monitoring and control strategies. The objective of this study was to identify risk areas using spatiotemporal models and determine the COVID-19 time trend in a federative unit of northeastern Brazil. METHODS: An ecological study using spatial analysis techniques and time series was carried out in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. All new cases of COVID-19 registered in the state from March 2020 to August 2021 were included. Incidence rates were calculated and spatially distributed by area, while the spatiotemporal risk territories were identified using scan statistics. The COVID-19 time trend was determined using Prais-Winsten regressions. RESULTS: Four spatiotemporal clusters with high relative risks for the disease were identified in seven health regions located in the southwest/northwest, north and east of Maranhão. The COVID-19 time trend was stable during the analysed period, with higher rates in the regions of Santa Inês in the first and second waves and Balsas in the second wave. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneously distributed spatiotemporal risk areas and the stable COVID-19 time trend can assist in the management of health systems and services, facilitating the planning and implementation of actions toward the mitigation, surveillance and control of the disease.

Distribuição espacial e tendência da prevalência da hanseníase em uma regional de saúde do Nordeste brasileiro, 2008-2017: um estudo ecológico / Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study / Distribución espacial y tendencia en la prevalencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria del Nordeste de Brasil, 2008-2017: un estudio ecológico

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência da hanseníase em municípios de uma regional de saúde de um estado no Nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: estudo ecológico e de séries temporais, sobre a notificação compulsória dos municípios integrantes da Unidade Gestora Regional de Saúde de Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brasil, entre 2008 e 2017; foram determinadas as prevalências e a média para o período; realizou-se a análise espacial de área e os mapas foram gerados pelo aplicativo ArcGis 10.5; na análise de tendência, utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: foram identificados 4.029 casos da doença e as médias de prevalência variaram de 2,0 a 11,5 casos/10 mil habitantes/ano, com tendência descendente; Governador Edson Lobão apresentou a maior prevalência, 11,5 casos/10 mil hab., e Lajeado Novo a menor, 2,0 casos/10 mil hab. Conclusão: a distribuição espacial dos casos de hanseníase foi heterogênea nos municípios estudados e a tendência da prevalência, decrescente.

Objective: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. Result: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Objetivo: analisar la distribución espacial y la tendencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria de un estado del Nordeste brasileño. Métodos: estudio ecológico y de serie temporal, con notificación obligatoria de los municipios de la Unidad de Gestión Regional de Salud de Imperatriz-MA, entre 2008-2017. Se determinaron la prevalencia y la media del período y se realizó un análisis del espacio de área, los mapas se generaron en ArcGis 10.5. Para el análisis de tendencia se utilizaron regresiones de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: se identificaron 4.029 casos y las prevalencias promedio oscilaron entre 2,0 y 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes-año, con tendencia al descenso. Governador Edson Lobão presentó la mayor prevalencia 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes y Lajeado Novo la menor prevalencia 2,0 casos/10.000 habitantes. Conclusión: la distribución espacial de los casos de lepra fue heterogénea en los municipios y la tendencia de prevalencia decreciente.

Fatores associados à autoeficácia da amamentação no puerpério imediato em maternidade pública / Factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy in the immediate puerperium in a public maternity hospital / Factores asociados a la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna en el puerperio inmediato en una maternidad pública

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a associação entre variáveis sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos, gestação atual e puerpério à autoeficácia em amamentar. Método: estudo transversal, realizado no sudoeste maranhense do Brasil, entre os meses de outubro de 2020 a julho de 2021 com a participação de 240 puérperas, utilizando-se a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Realizaram-se análise descritiva, possíveis associações, modelos de regressão logística simples e múltiplos. Resultados: 83,3% apresentaram alta autoeficácia em amamentar, 46,7% tinham entre 26 e 35 anos, 81,2% eram casadas ou estavam em união estável, 94,2% amamentaram na primeira hora de vida, 37,9% receberam orientação sobre amamentação na Unidade Básica e 84,2% ofertaram somente leite materno para o recém-nascido na maternidade, sendo esses fatores associados à alta autoeficácia em amamentar (p<0,05). Conclusão: a pesquisa contribuiu para orientar os profissionais de saúde a prestar assistência de qualidade superior à gestante, puérpera e lactante, com o objetivo de aumentar a autoeficácia em amamentar, identificando, dentre tais mulheres, àquelas que necessitam de maior apoio.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the association between sociodemographic variables, obstetric history, current pregnancy, and puerperium with breastfeeding self-efficacy. Method: cross-sectional study conducted in southwestern Maranhão, Brazil, between October 2020 and July 2021 with the participation of 240 postpartum women, using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Descriptive analysis, possible associations, simple and multiple logistic regression models were performed. Results: 83.3% had high breastfeeding self-efficacy, 46.7% were between 26 and 35 years old, 81.2% were married or in a stable union, 94.2% breastfed in the first hour of life, 37.9% received orientation on breastfeeding in the Primary Health Care Unit, and 84.2% offered only breast milk to the newborn in the maternity hospital. These factors were associated with high breastfeeding self-efficacy (p<0.05). Conclusion: The research contributed to guide health professionals to provide superior quality care to pregnant and postpartum women and lactating mothers, aiming to increase breastfeeding self-efficacy, identifying, among these women, those who need more support.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas, los antecedentes obstétricos, la gestación actual y el puerperio con la autoeficacia en amamantar. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en el sudoeste maranhense de Brasil, entre los meses de octubre de 2020 a julio de 2021 con la participación de 240 puérperas, utilizando el Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, posibles asociaciones y modelos de regresión logística simple y múltiple. Resultados: El 83,3% mostró una alta autoeficacia para la lactancia materna, el 46,7% tenía entre 26 y 35 años, el 81,2% estaba casada o en unión estable, el 94,2% dio el pecho en la primera hora de vida, el 37,9% recibió orientación sobre la lactancia materna en la Unidad de Atención Primaria y el 84,2% ofreció sólo leche materna al recién nacido en la maternidad, asociándose estos factores con una alta autoeficacia para la lactancia materna (p<0,05). Conclusión: la investigación contribuyó a orientar a los profesionales de la salud a prestar asistencia de calidad superior a gestantes, puérperas y lactantes, con el objetivo de aumentar la autoeficacia en el amamantamiento, identificando, entre estas mujeres, a las que necesitan un mayor apoyo.

Deaths due to COVID-19 in a state of northeastern Brazil: spatiotemporal distribution, sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The detection of spatiotemporal clusters of deaths by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential for health systems and services, as it contributes to the allocation of resources and helps in effective decision making aimed at disease control and surveillance. Thus we aim to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution and describe sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of COVID-19-related deaths in a Brazilian state. METHODS: A descriptive and ecological study was carried out in the state of Maranhão. The study population consisted of deaths by COVID-19 in the period from 29 March to 31 July 2020. The detection of spatiotemporal clusters was performed by spatiotemporal scan analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3001 deaths were analysed with an average age of 69 y, predominantly in males, of brown ethnicity, with arterial hypertension and diabetes, diagnosed mainly by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in public laboratories. The crude mortality rates the municipalities ranged from 0.00 to 102.24 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants and three spatiotemporal clusters of high relative risk were detected, with a mortality rate ranging from 20.25 to 91.49 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants per month. The headquarters was the metropolitan region of São Luís and municipalities with better socio-economic and health development. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution and the sociodemographic and clinical and operational characteristics of deaths by COVID-19 point to the need for interventions.

Aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de tuberculose em município do nordeste brasileiro / Space and space-temporary clusters of tuberculosis in a northeast brazilian municipality

Objetivou-se detectar aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais de tuberculose em município do nordeste brasileiro prioritário para o controle da doença. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, no qual foram considerados os casos novos de tuberculose ocorridos em Imperatriz (MA), entre 2009 e 2018, coletados juntos ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Utilizou-se da técnica de estatística de varredura para a detecção dos aglomerados espaciais e espaço-temporais dos casos. Foram identificados três aglomerados espaciais de alto risco relativo (RR): aglomerado 1 (RR=2,10), aglomerado 2 (RR= 2,20) e aglomerado 3 (RR=2,70). A análise espaço-temporal evidenciou dois aglomerados de alto risco relativo, o aglomerado 1 (RR=2,80) que ocorreu entre 01/01/2009 a 31/12/2013 e o aglomerado 2 (RR= 3,40) com ocorrência entre 01/01/2009 a 31/12/2010. Tais achados apontam para a necessidade da elaboração de estratégias para o combate e controle nas áreas de risco, considerando as evidentes desigualdades socioespaciais presentes no município sob investigação.

The objective was to detect spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of tuberculosis in a municipality in northeastern Brazil that is a priority for disease control. This is an ecological study, in which new cases of tuberculosis that occurred in Imperatriz (MA), between 2009 and 2018, were collected from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Scanning statistics was used to detect the spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of the cases. Three spatial clusters of high relative risk (RR) were identified: cluster 1 (RR = 2.10), cluster 2 (RR = 2.20) and cluster 3 (RR = 2.70). The spatiotemporal analysis showed two spatiotemporal clusters of high relative risk, cluster 1 (RR = 2.80) that occurred between 01/01/2009 and 12/31/2013 and cluster 2 (RR = 3.40) occurring between 01/01/2009 and 12/31/2010. Such findings point to the need to elaborate procedures for combating and controlling risk areas, considering the evident socio-spatial inequalities present in the municipality under investigation.

Caracterização clínico-epidemiológica da comorbidade tuberculose/diabetes mellitus: revisão integrativa / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of tuberculosis / diabetes comorbidity: integrative review / Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de la comorbilidad tuberculosis / diabetes: revisión integradora

Objetivo: sintetizar as evidências científicas acerca de características sociodemográficas, indicadores epidemiológicos de morbidade e manifestações clínicas dos casos associados de tuberculose e diabetes mellitus. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura com buscas realizadas nas bases Scopus, Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online e nos portais National Library of Medicine, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Brasil e Scientific Eletronic Library Online, sendo a amostra final foi composta por dezesseis estudos. Resultados: observou-se que a alta prevalência de diabetes contribui para o aumento dos casos de tuberculose. Os pacientes com a comorbidade tendem a apresentar idade avançada, serem do sexo feminino e possuírem renda familiar mais baixa. O diabetes afeta negativamente a gravidade da tuberculose pulmonar, provocando sintomas mais graves. Conclusão: as evidências apontadas têm potencial para guiar as intervenções em saúde e possibilitam a implementação de ações de saúde mais efetivas.

Objective: to summarize the scientific evidence from sociodemographic characteristics, epidemiological indicators of morbidity, and clinical manifestations of cases of tuberculosis associated with diabetes mellitus. Method: this integrative review searched for literature in the Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online databases, and in the National Library of Medicine, Virtual Health Library Brazil and Scientific Electronic Library Online portals. The final sample comprised of sixteen studies. Results: the high prevalence of diabetes was found to contribute to the increase in tuberculosis cases. Patients with comorbidity tended to be older, female and with lower family income. Diabetes affects the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis adversely, causing more severe symptoms. Conclusion: the evidence found has the potential to guide health interventions and enable more effective health actions to be implemented.

Objetivo: resumir la evidencia científica a partir de características sociodemográficas, indicadores epidemiológicos de morbilidad y manifestaciones clínicas de los casos de tuberculosis asociados a diabetes mellitus. Método: esta revisión integradora buscó literatura en las bases de datos Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature y Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, y en los portales National Library of Medicine, Virtual Health Library Brasil y Scientific Electronic Library Online. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por dieciséis estudios. Resultados: se encontró que la alta prevalencia de diabetes contribuyó al aumento de casos de tuberculosis. Los pacientes con comorbilidad tendían a ser mayores, mujeres y con menores ingresos familiares. La diabetes afecta negativamente la gravedad de la tuberculosis pulmonar, provocando síntomas más graves. Conclusión: la evidencia encontrada tiene el potencial de orientar las intervenciones de salud y permitir la implementación de acciones de salud más efectivas.