Bioactive fraction of Tragia involucrata Linn leaves attenuates inflammation in Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats via inhibiting NF-κB.

Tragia involucrata Linn. (T. involucrata) belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae found in the subtropical regions. Traditionally, the plant parts are used to treat inflammation, wounds and skin infection by people of the Western Ghats, India. Few studies on the acute anti-inflammatory activity of T. involucrata extracts were reported earlier. The present study aims to identify the bioactive fraction of T. involucrata and to evaluate its mechanism in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. The leaf extract was highly effective among the methanolic leaf and root extracts. The hexane (HF) and a methanolic fraction (MF) of the leaf extract of T involucrata were further identified as a bioactive fraction evaluated through protein denaturation assay. The HF and MF were further studied for their anti-inflammatory potential in a chronic inflammatory model, and their mechanism of action was explored further. Arthritis was induced by administering 0.1 ml of CFA intradermally. The treatment was started the next day with HF (100 and 250 mg/kg/day) and MF (100 and 250 mg/kg/day), while the HF and MF alone group served as the drug control, Indomethacin-treated group served as the positive control. On the 25th day, the animals were euthanized, and their body weight, paw thickness, arthritic score, spleen and thymus weight, haematological parameters, biochemical parameters, radiographs and histopathology were analyzed. Results showed that the MF-treated animals maintained dry weight, reduced paw thickness, arthritic scores, and haematological and biological parameters compared to the HF-treated and CFA-induced arthritic rats. Both radiological and histopathological analyses of the joints revealed that the MF-treated groups restored bone architecture without any erosion and normal tissue architecture with nil signs of active inflammation. Western blot analysis revealed that MF has effectively inhibited the protein expression levels of MMP-3, MMP-9, and NF-κB in the synovial tissues compared to that of CFA-induced arthritic rats. Besides, HPLC analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, including gallic acid, rutin and Quercetin, in the MF of T. involucrata, which had shown to have potent anti-inflammatory potential. Thus, it can be emphasized that T. involucrata could be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating inflammatory diseases, which needs further experimental studies to confirm its safety and efficacy.

Modulating effect of Liv.100, an ayurvedic formulation on antituberculosis drug-induced alterations in rat liver microsomes.

The influence of Liv.100 on the hepatotoxicity of antituberculosis drugs [isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) pyrazinamide (PZA)] was studied in male albino rats. INH, RMP, and PZA were proved to be the most hepatotoxic. Rats were treated with antituberculosis drugs daily for a period of 6 weeks by intragastric administration. The combined use of antituberculosis drugs elevated the levels of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome-b5. A significant increase was observed in the levels of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADH-cytochrome-b5 reductases after antitubercular drug administration. During antitubercular drug treatment a significant decrease was also observed in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase. The extent of NADPH-induced and ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxides were marked in antitubercular drug treatment, when compared with normal control animals. Oral Liv.100 co-administration, for the same period, modulated the alterations in the xenobiotic metabolizing system and microsomal lipid peroxidation in experimental animals. The results are discussed with reference to drug metabolizing enzymes, lipid peroxidation and the hepatoprotective nature of Liv.100.