Incidentally detected ectopic maxillary tooth in an asymptomatic adult male: A rare case scenario.

Ectopic teeth, growing in abnormal locations like the maxillary sinus, are rare occurrences, with uncertain causes including trauma, infection, and developmental abnormalities. They often appear in the second or third decade of life, sometimes without symptoms. They are often missed as symptoms can mimic chronic sinusitis but may include sinonasal issues like obstruction and facial pain. Complications ranging from recurrence to potential blindness or carcinoma have been reported. Diagnosis involves radiographic imaging, with CT scans providing precise localization. Following accurate diagnosis, treatment typically involves surgical removal, with endoscopic procedures gaining popularity due to reduced risks. Follow-up for asymptomatic cases can be conducted through periodic radiographs. We report a case of maxillary ectopic tooth as an incidental finding in an asymptomatic patient presenting to the emergency department with head trauma.

Correlation of narrow-band imaging findings using the Ni and European Laryngeal Society classification systems during in-office flexible laryngoscopy with histopathology.

OBJECTIVE: This study used the European Laryngeal Society (2016) and Ni (2011 and 2019) classifications for narrow-band imaging and correlated the findings with histopathology. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was conducted by retrieving data of patients who underwent micro-laryngoscopy for suspicious glottic lesions. The narrow-band imaging findings were classified using both classification systems. Retrieved histopathology report findings were correlated with narrow-band imaging data. RESULTS: Using the European Laryngeal Society and Ni classifications, 37 (69.8 per cent) and 35 (66 per cent) patients, respectively, were suspected to have malignant lesions. Upon histopathology, 37 (69.8 per cent) lesions were malignant. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy using the European Laryngeal Society classification were 91.9 per cent, 81.3 per cent, 91.9 per cent, 81.3 per cent and 88.7 per cent, and using the Ni classification were 91.9 per cent, 93.8 per cent, 97.1 per cent, 83.3 per cent and 92.5 per cent, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Ni classification had better specificity and accuracy. The European Laryngeal Society classification is simple to use and may serve as a useful screening tool. For optimum results, both European Laryngeal Society and Ni classifications may be used together, in that order.

Glottic Neurofibroma: An Unusual Case Report.

Solitary neurofibromas of the larynx occur sporadically and usually tend to involve the aryepiglottic folds. Non-plexiform variants of neurofibromas involving the glottis are extremely rare and may have defined margins versus plexiform subtype which are often unencapsulated and associated with Von Recklinghausen's disease. We report an unusual case of isolated glottic neurofibroma in an elderly male with gradually progressive hoarseness of voice with stroboscopy findings of a right unilateral, bulky subepithelial lesion mimicking a vocal fold cyst. He underwent laser-assisted trans-oral microlaryngeal surgery and excision of lesion in-toto by micro-flap technique following which histopathological examination reported a neurofibromatous lesion. On performing immunohistochemistry the S-100 protein was positive which confirmed the diagnosis. The patient has been recommended regular follow-up to watch for recurrence.

A Prospective Study to Correlate Difficult Intubation with Difficult Laryngeal Exposure for Microlaryngeal Surgery using Various Grading Scales of Difficult Intubation.

Adequate visualization of the vocal folds is essential for optimal phonosurgery. Pre-operative knowledge of a difficult laryngeal exposure (DLE) can alert the surgeon regarding the need for alternative measures. Our study is based on the hypothesis that a patient who has difficult intubation (DI) is likely to have DLE, thus scales anticipating DI should also anticipate DLE. Our aims were to correlate patients of actual DI on table with patients who had DLE, secondly to assess the ability of grading scales of DI to predict DLE and finally to obtain a cut-off value of neck circumference and length for predicting DLE. This is a prospective, observational study wherein four grading scales; Modified Mallampati Classification (MMC), 3-3-2, Upper lip bite test (ULBT) and Neck Mobility (NM) were used for anticipating DI and correlated with DLE during MLS. Occurrence of actual DI and DLE was correlated. Neck circumference and neck length was correlated with incidence of DLE. Out of 42 patients, 22 were anticipated to have DI (52.38%). Actual incidence of DI was 6 (14.28%) and DLE was 10 (23.80%). Correlation between actual DI and DLE was statistically significant. Of the 4 grading scales, ULBT was significant in predicting DLE. Neck circumference more than 37.5 cm and neck length less than 15.3 cm was significant in anticipating DLE. There is a significant correlation between DI and DLE. A positive ULBT, neck circumference more than 37.5 cms and neck length less than 15.3 cms are independently suggestive of a DLE.