Adjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for stage III gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer after gastrectomy with D2 or more extensive lymph-node dissection (ATTRACTION-5): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: In Asia, adjuvant chemotherapy after gastrectomy with D2 or more extensive lymph-node dissection is standard treatment for people with pathological stage III gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy administered in this setting. METHODS: ATTRACTION-5 was a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial conducted at 96 hospitals in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and China. Eligible patients were aged between 20 years and 80 years with histologically confirmed pathological stage IIIA-C gastric or GEJ adenocarcinoma after gastrectomy with D2 or more extensive lymph-node dissection, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of 0 or 1 and available tumour tissue for PD-L1 expression analysis. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either nivolumab plus chemotherapy or placebo plus chemotherapy via an interactive web-response system with block sizes of four. Investigational treatment, either nivolumab 360 mg or placebo, was administered intravenously for 30 min once every 3 weeks. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered as either tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil (S-1) at an initial dose of 40 mg/m2 per dose orally twice per day for 28 consecutive days, followed by 14 days off per cycle, or capecitabine plus oxaliplatin consisting of an initial dose of intravenous oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 for 2 h every 21 days and capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 per dose orally twice per day for 14 consecutive days, followed by 7 days off treatment. The primary endpoint was relapse-free survival by central assessment. The intention-to-treat population, consisting of all randomly assigned patients, was used for analysis of efficacy endpoints. The safety population, defined as patients who received at least one dose of trial drug, was used for analysis of safety endpoints. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03006705) and is closed. FINDINGS: Between Feb 1, 2017, and Aug 15, 2019, 755 patients were randomly assigned to receive either adjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy (n=377) or adjuvant placebo plus chemotherapy (n=378). 267 (71%) of 377 patients in the nivolumab group and 263 (70%) of 378 patients in the placebo group were male; 110 (29%) of 377 patients in the nivolumab group and 115 (31%) of 378 patients in the placebo group were female. 745 patients received assigned treatment (371 in the nivolumab plus chemotherapy group; 374 in the placebo plus chemotherapy group), which was the safety population. Median time from first dose to data cutoff was 49·1 months (IQR 43·1-56·7). 3-year relapse-free survival was 68·4% (95% CI 63·0-73·2) in the nivolumab plus chemotherapy group and 65·3% (59·9-70·2) in the placebo plus chemotherapy group; the hazard ratio for relapse-free survival was 0·90 (95·72% CI 0·69-1·18; p=0·44). Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 366 (99%) of 371 patients in the nivolumab plus chemotherapy group and 364 (98%) of 374 patients in the placebo plus chemotherapy group. Discontinuation due to adverse events was more frequent in the nivolumab plus chemotherapy group (34 [9%] of 371 patients) than the placebo plus chemotherapy group (13 [4%] of 374 patients). The most common treatment-related adverse events were decreased appetite, nausea, diarrhoea, neutrophil count decreased, and peripheral sensory neuropathy. INTERPRETATION: The results of this trial do not support the addition of nivolumab to postoperative adjuvant therapy for patients with untreated, locally advanced, resectable gastric or GEJ cancer. FUNDING: Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol Myers Squibb.

Histopathologic response in patients with curative resection with D2 dissection following neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced gastric and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma.

AIM: This study evaluated pathologic response rate, overall survival (OS), and postoperative complications in locally advanced gastric cancer (GC) and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma patients who underwent curative gastric resection D2 lymph node dissection with neoadjuvant treatment. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 122 patients with locally advanced GC and EGJ adenocarcinoma who had neoadjuvant treatment and curative resection with D2 dissection between January 2014 and December 2022. Patients were divided into responders and nonresponders. Grades 1a-1b were responders, while 2-3 were non-responders. Patients' clinicopathological features, pathologic response rate, survival, and postoperative complications were evaluated. We assessed complications using the Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification. Total survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier model. Overall survival was assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the study participants was 61 (N = 89 males; N = 33 females). There were 79 GC and 43 EGJ adenocarcinomas. Overall postoperative complications (CD ≥ II) were 27 %. Postoperative complications were similar in responders and non-responders (p = 0.316). YpT0N0 had a 2.5 % pathological complete response rate. Responders had better overall survival, but there was no statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Both responder and non-responder groups have similar postoperative complications. A complete pathologic response is discouraging for assessing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer, but a positive treatment response is acceptable. Pathologic response rate helps stage and predict gastric cancer prognosis. Responder groups survive slightly better.

Prognostic Impact of Post-operative Infectious Complications in Gastric Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial, JCOG0501.

PURPOSE: Post-operative infectious complication (IC) is a well-known negative prognostic factor, while showing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) may cancel out the negative influence of IC. This analysis compared the clinical impacts of IC according to the presence or absence of NAC in gastric cancer patients enrolled in the phase III clinical trial (JCOG0501) which compared upfront surgery (arm A) and NAC followed by surgery (arm B) in type 4 and large type 3 gastric cancer. METHODS: The subjects were 224 patients who underwent R0 resection out of 316 patients enrolled in JCOG0501. The prognoses of the patients with or without ICs in each arm were investigated by univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: There were 21 (20.0%) IC occurrences in arm A and 15 (12.6%) in arm B. In arm A, the overall survival (OS) of patients with ICs was slightly worse than those without IC (3-year OS, 57.1% in patients with ICs, 79.8% in those without ICs; adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.292 (0.655-2.546)). In arm B, patients with ICs showed a trend of better survival than those without ICs (3-year OS, 80.0% in patients with IC, 74.0% in those without IC; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.573 (0.226-1.456)). CONCLUSION: This study could not indicate the negative prognostic influence of ICs in gastric cancer patients receiving NAC, which might be canceled by NAC. To build exact evidence, further investigation with prospective and large numbers of data might be expected.

Association of D-dimer level with thrombotic events, bleeding, and mortality in Japanese patients with solid tumors: a Cancer-VTE Registry subanalysis.

BACKGROUND: The D-dimer test is a simple test frequently used in routine clinical screening for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The Cancer-VTE Registry was a large-scale, multicenter, prospective, observational study in Japanese patients with cancer. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between D-dimer level at cancer diagnosis (baseline) and the incidence of events during cancer treatment (1-year follow-up period). METHODS: This was a post hoc sub-analysis of patients from the Cancer-VTE Registry whose D-dimer levels were measured at baseline. The incidence of events during the 1-year follow-up period was evaluated stratified by baseline D-dimer level. Adjusted hazard ratios for D-dimer level and events during the follow-up period were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the total enrolled patients, baseline D-dimer level was measured in 9020 patients. The mean ± standard deviation baseline D-dimer level was 1.57 ± 3.94 µg/mL. During the follow-up period, the incidence of VTE, cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack (TIA)/systemic embolic events (SEE), bleeding, and all-cause death increased with increasing baseline D-dimer level. The incidence of all-cause death increased with increasing D-dimer level regardless of cancer stage. The adjusted hazard ratio of all-cause death was 1.03 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.03) per 1.0-µg/mL increase in baseline D-dimer level. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in D-dimer levels were associated with a higher risk of thrombotic events, such as VTE and cerebral infarction/TIA/SEE, during cancer treatment. Furthermore, higher D-dimer levels at cancer diagnosis were associated with a higher mortality rate, regardless of cancer stage.

Association between the antiadhesion membrane and small bowel obstruction after open gastrectomy: A supplemental analysis of the randomized controlled JCOG1001 trial.

Aim: Postoperative small bowel obstruction (SBO) is one of the major complications that is mainly caused by postoperative adhesion. Recently, the antiadhesion membrane has become popular for postoperative SBO prevention. However, its efficacy is yet to be confirmed in the gastric cancer surgery field. Here, we conducted the supplemental analysis of the randomized controlled trial JCOG1001 to investigate the efficacy of the antiadhesion membrane on SBO prevention in patients with open gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Methods: Of the 1204 patients enrolled in JCOG1001, 1200 patients were included. The development of SBO of Grade ≥ IIIa according to the Clavien-Dindo classification was recorded. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed using the Fine and Gray model to determine the risk factors for SBO. Results: Fifty-one patients developed SBO (median follow-up duration: 5.6 years). Total gastrectomy, combined resection, and blood loss significantly increased the risk for SBO development in the univariable analysis. Large amount of blood loss was independently associated with SBO development in the multivariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 3.089; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.562-6.109, p = 0.0012). Antiadhesion membrane did not reduce the risk for SBO (HR, 1.299; 95% CI 0.683-2.470; p = 0.4246). In the patients belonging to subgroup analyses who received distal and total gastrectomy, the antiadhesion membrane was not associated with the incidence of SBO. Conclusions: Antiadhesion membrane did not decrease SBO occurrence rate after open gastrectomy. Therefore, the use of antiadhesion membrane would not be effective for preventing SBO in gastric cancer surgery.

5-year follow-up results of a JCOG1104 (OPAS-1) phase III non-inferiority trial to compare 4 courses and 8 courses of S-1 adjuvant chemotherapy for pathological stage II gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 for 1 year (corresponding to eight courses) is the standard treatment for pathological stage II gastric cancer. The phase III trial (JCOG1104) investigating the non-inferiority of four courses of S-1 to eight courses was terminated due to futility at the first interim analysis. To confirm the primary results, we reported the results after a 5-years follow-up in JCOG1104. METHODS: Patients histologically diagnosed with stage II gastric cancer after radical gastrectomy were randomly assigned to receive S-1 for eight or four courses. In detail, 80 mg/m2/day S-1 was administered for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week rest as a single course. RESULTS: Between February 16, 2012, and March 19, 2017, 590 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to 8-course (295 patients) and 4-course (295 patients) regimens. After a 5-years follow-up, the relapse-free survival at 3 years was 92.2% for the 8-course arm and 90.1% for the 4-course arm, and that at 5 years was 87.7% for the 8-course arm and 85.6% for the 4-course arm (hazard ratio 1.265, 95% CI 0.846-1.892). The overall survival at 3 years was 94.9% for the 8-course arm, 93.2% for the 4-course arm, and that at 5 years was 89.7% for the 8-course arm, and 88.6% for the 4-course arm (HR 1.121, 95% CI 0.719-1.749). CONCLUSIONS: The survival of the four-course arm was slightly but consistently inferior to that of the eight-course arm. Eight-course S-1 should thus remain the standard adjuvant chemotherapy for pathological stage II gastric cancer.

Role of reduction gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor: Supplementary analysis of REGATTA trial.

Background: REGATTA trial failed to demonstrate the survival benefit of reduction gastrectomy in patients with advanced gastric cancer with a single non-curable factor. However, a significant interaction was found between the treatment effect and tumor location in the subset analysis. Additionally, the treatment effect appeared to be different between Japan and Korea. This supplementary analysis aimed to elucidate the effect of reduction surgery based on tumor location and country. Methods: Multivariable Cox regression analyses in each subgroup were performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HRadj), including the following variables as explanatory variables: country, age, sex, incurable factor, cT, cN, primary tumor, performance status, histological type, and macroscopic type. Results: Patients (95 in Japan and 80 in Korea) were randomized to chemotherapy alone (86 patients) or gastrectomy plus chemotherapy (89 patients). The subgroup analysis according to the country revealed a worse overall survival in gastrectomy plus chemotherapy arm in Japan (hazard ratio: 1.32, 95% confidence interval: 0.85-2.05), but not in Korea (hazard ratio: 0.85.95% confidence interval: 0.52-1.40). Overall survival was better in distal gastrectomy plus chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval: 0.42-1.13), and worse in total gastrectomy plus chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.93-1.94), which was more remarkable in Korea than in Japan. Conclusions: Primary chemotherapy is a standard of care for advanced gastric cancer; however, the survival benefits from reduction by distal gastrectomy remained controversial.

Identifying Risk Factors of Complications following Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: Comparison between Splenectomy and Spleen-Preserving Surgery - A Supplementary Analysis of JCOG0110.

INTRODUCTION: Splenectomy for proximal gastric cancer was found to offer no survival benefit in a randomized trial clarifying the role of splenectomy (JCOG0110 study). Although many studies have explored risk factors for morbidities following total gastrectomy, none have assessed the risk factors for postoperative complications in spleen-preserving total gastrectomy. METHODS: Using data from 505 patients enrolled in a previous randomized trial, risk factors for postoperative complications were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Then, the risk factors were assessed separately between splenectomy and spleen-preserving total gastrectomy. RESULTS: Postoperative complications were identified in 119 patients (23.6%) and were more common following splenectomy than following spleen-preserving surgery (30.7% and 16.1%, respectively, p < 0.01). Multivariable analysis revealed that age ≥65 years (p = 0.032), body mass index ≥25 (p = 0.003), and blood loss ≥350 (p = 0.019) were independent risk factors for postoperative complications in the entire cohort. Among them, only body mass index was a significant independent risk factor for complications in both spleen preservation (p = 0.047) and splenectomy groups (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for postoperative complications were essentially the same between splenectomy and spleen preservation. Being overweight increased the risk of postoperative complications.

Incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism in the Cancer-VTE Registry stomach cancer subcohort.

BACKGROUND: The Cancer-VTE Registry was a large-scale, multicenter, prospective registry designed to investigate real-world data on venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence and risk factors in adult Japanese patients with solid tumors. This pre-specified subgroup analysis aimed to estimate the incidence of VTE, including VTE types other than symptomatic VTE, and identify risk factors of VTE in stomach cancer from the Cancer-VTE Registry. METHODS: Stage II-IV stomach cancer patients who planned to initiate cancer therapy and underwent VTE screening within 2 months before registration were enrolled. RESULTS: Of 1,896 patients enrolled, 131 (6.9%) had VTE at baseline, but 96.2% were asymptomatic. Female sex, age ≥ 65 years, VTE history, and D-dimer > 1.2 µg/mL were independent risk factors of VTE at baseline. Notably, patients with D-dimer > 1.2 µg/mL at the time of cancer diagnosis had an approximately 20-fold risk of VTE. During follow-up, event incidences were symptomatic VTE, 0.3%; incidental VTE requiring treatment, 1.1%; composite VTE, 1.4%; bleeding, 1.6%; cerebral infarction/transient ischemic attack/systemic embolic events, 0.7%; and all-cause death, 15.0%. The incidence of all-cause death was higher in patients with VTE vs without VTE at baseline (adjusted hazard ratio 1.67; 95% confidence interval 1.21-2.32; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: VTE prevalence at the time of cancer diagnosis was not negligible and was extremely high when the patients had high D-dimer. VTE screening by D-dimer before starting cancer treatment is advisable, even for asymptomatic patients, regardless of whether the patient is undergoing surgery or chemotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN000024942.

Recurrence patterns after curative gastrectomy for pStage II/III gastric cancer: Exploratory analysis of the randomized controlled JCOG1001 trial.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal, lymph node, and hematogenous recurrence patterns are common after potentially curative surgery for gastric cancer. However, clinicopathological characteristics associated with each recurrence type have rarely been comprehensively reported among patients who received a unified treatment strategy and follow-up protocol. Understanding these recurrence patterns would help with early detection of recurrence and a personalized follow-up plan. We investigated the initial recurrence patterns after curative gastrectomy using data from the randomized clinical JCOG1001 trial. METHODS: Of 1204 patients enrolled in JCOG1001, 932 pStage II/III patients were included. Initial recurrence dates and patterns were recorded by attending physicians according to the protocol. Risk factors for hematogenous, lymph node, and peritoneal recurrence were determined by univariable and multivariable analyses using the Fine-Gray model. RESULTS: Overall, 253 patients developed recurrence. Hematogenous recurrence was the most frequent pattern (n = 115), followed by peritoneal (n = 104) and lymph node recurrence (n = 70). Differentiated type (p = 0.0028), pT4 (p = 0.0466), and pN3 (p < 0.0001) were associated with hematogenous recurrence; however, D2+ lymphadenectomy reduced it (p = 0.0161). Patients with large (≥5 cm) tumors (p = 0.0312), pT4 (p < 0.0001), pN3 (p = 0.0013), and undifferentiated histologic type (p = 0.0001) had significantly higher rates of peritoneal recurrence. Extended lymph node metastasis (pN3) was the only risk factor (p < 0.0001) for lymph node recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicopathological features differed according to the recurrence patterns. Vigilant follow-up with an understanding of recurrence patterns might be beneficial for some high-risk patients.

Five-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing bursectomy and omentectomy alone for resectable gastric cancer (JCOG1001).

BACKGROUND: Bursectomy, the total resection of the bursa omentalis, is a standard procedure in gastrectomy for resectable gastric cancer. A phase III trial (JCOG1001) comparing bursectomy and omentectomy alone was terminated early at the interim analysis. The final results of the updated analysis after a minimum follow-up of 5 years are reported here. METHODS: Patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma of the stomach (cT3-T4a) were randomized (1 : 1) during surgery to bursectomy or omentectomy-alone groups and then underwent D2 gastrectomy. The primary endpoint was overall survival, analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: A total of 1204 patients (602 bursectomy and 602 omentectomy alone) were enrolled between June 2010 and March 2015. The bursectomy group had a significantly higher incidence of Clavien-Dindo grade III-IV intra-abdominal abscess than the omentectomy-alone group (5.5 versus 2.5 per cent respectively; P = 0.008). The updated 5-year overall survival rates were 74.9 (95 per cent c.i. 71.2 to 78.2) per cent in the bursectomy group and 76.5 (72.8 to 79.7) per cent in the omentectomy-alone group; the adjusted HR for death in the bursectomy group was 1.03 (95 per cent c.i. 0.83 to 1.27) (1-sided P = 0.598). Bursectomy did not decrease peritoneal recurrence (12.1 versus 12.3 per cent respectively; P = 1.000). In a multivariable analysis, old age (above 65 years), tumour located in the lower third or posterior wall of the stomach, macroscopic type 3/5, total gastrectomy, and cT4a were independent predictors of poor overall survival, but omentectomy alone was not. CONCLUSION: In D2 gastrectomy, bursectomy is not recommended as a standard procedure for cT3-T4a gastric cancer. Registration number: UMIN000003688 (https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/).

Impact of tumor-related factors and inter-institutional heterogeneity on preoperative T staging for gastric cancer.

Background: To improve the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative T staging in gastric cancer, the authors evaluated tumor-related factors that might affect the diagnosis. Materials & methods: The authors analyzed the data of cT2-4b gastric cancer patients enrolled in the prospective, multicenter JCOG1302A study. They used contrast-enhanced computed tomography to analyze the association between tumor-related factors and the diagnostic accuracy of T3-4b staging for gastric cancer. Results: Among 876 cT3-4b tumors, the diagnostic accuracy was relatively low in the lower third of the stomach compared with those in the upper or middle. A multivariable analysis revealed that accuracy was higher in the lesser curvature or entire circumference region than in other areas (p < 0.001), in macroscopic types 3/5 than in types 0/1/2 (p = 0.003) and in the undifferentiated histological type than in the differentiated type (p = 0.011). Conclusion: The authors found tumor-related factors affecting preoperative T staging by enhanced computed tomography.

Additional chemotherapy before surgery is expected to have potentially beneficial effects on prognosis compared with chemotherapy only after surgery for advanced gastric cancer. The consideration of chemotherapy before surgery depends on preoperative diagnosis of the depth of tumor invasion in the stomach wall. Overdiagnosis of the depth of tumor invasion may lead to unnecessary administration of chemotherapy that is harmful to the patient. Tumor-related factors such as tumor location, macroscopic type and histological type may affect the diagnosis. Therefore, these factors should be considered with special care for the diagnosis, which may lead to higher accuracy in diagnosing the depth of tumor invasion in gastric cancer.

Is the ISGPS definition of pancreatic fistula applicable after gastrectomy?

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula is one of the most common and potentially fatal surgical complications after radical gastrectomy. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of extrapolating the definition of pancreatic fistula by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery to include situations surrounding gastric cancer surgery. METHODS: The clinicopathological data of 443 patients who underwent elective gastrectomy with suprapancreatic lymph node dissection (D1+, D2, or D2+ dissection) without pancreatic resection were reviewed. The relationship between postoperative pancreas-related complications (PPRC) and laboratory data, including drain fluid amylase levels on postoperative day 1 (dAmy1) and day 3 (dAmy3), were investigated. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (5.4%) developed PPRC of ≥ grade II according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Among them, 15 patients had dAmy3 levels ≥ 375 IU/L, while all 24 patients had dAmy1 levels ≥ 375 IU/L. None of the patients with dAmy1 levels < 375 IU/L developed PPRC. The area under the curve of dAmy1 and dAmy3, calculated by drawing receiver operating characteristic curves, were 0.896 and 0.791, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that both dAmy1 and dAmy3 were significant predictors of PPRC; however, dAmy1 (p < 0.001) was more strongly correlated with PPRC than dAmy3 (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: DAmy1 is more sensitive than dAmy3 as an indicator of pancreatic fistula after gastric cancer surgery.

A case of pulmonary leiomyosarcoma achieving long-term survival after multiple metastasectomies.

A 58-year-old man who underwent lower lobectomy of the right lung for primary pulmonary leiomyosarcoma (PPL) 4 years ago presented with epigastric pain and was diagnosed with small bowel intussusception caused by an intestinal mass. Partial resection of the small intestine was performed, and pathological examination revealed metastatic leiomyosarcoma. Masses in the left adrenal gland, subcutaneous tissue of the left upper arm, right pleura, jejunum, right trapezius muscle, and right adrenal gland were subsequently detected in the following 4 years. Resection was performed for each tumor, which was histologically confirmed as metastatic leiomyosarcoma. However, 1 month after the last surgery, multiple systemic metastases were found, thus, he is currently undergoing chemotherapy. The patient has been alive for 8 years and 4 months after the first operation for PPL. PPL is an extremely rare disease with no established treatment strategy for recurrences. Aggressive metastasectomy may be beneficial in selected cases.

The Amount and Concentration of Drain Amylase Together Predict Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula after Gastric Cancer Surgery More Accurately than the Concentration Alone.

INTRODUCTION: The drain amylase concentration (dAmy-C) is a useful marker for predicting pancreatic fistula after gastric cancer surgery. However, dAmy-C might be reduced in cases of high drainage volume. Therefore, we hypothesized that we could accurately assess the amount of amylase leaked from the pancreas by multiplying dAmy-C by the daily drainage volume. In this study, we investigated the clinical utility of the amount of drain amylase (A-dAmy: concentration × volume) for predicting pancreatic fistula. We investigated the clinical utility of the combination of dAmy-C and A-dAmy for predicting pancreatic fistula. METHODS: We investigated patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer at Yodogawa Christian Hospital between 2012 and 2020. The optimal cutoff levels of dAmy-C and A-dAmy on postoperative day 1 for predicting Clavien-Dindo (CD) grade II or higher pancreatic fistula was calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We calculate the positive predictive value and negative predictive value for predicting pancreatic fistula using these cutoff levels. RESULTS: A total of 448 patients were eligible for analysis. Twenty-two patients experienced CD grade II or higher pancreatic fistula. ROC curves identified 1,615 IU/L as the optimal cutoff level of dAmy-C, predicting pancreatic fistula. When the simple cutoff level of dAmy-C was 1,600 IU/L, the positive predictive value for was 22.8%, and the negative predictive value was 99.7%. ROC curves identified 177.52 IU as the optimal cutoff level of A-dAmy predicting pancreatic fistula. When the simple cutoff level of A-dAmy was 177 IU, the positive predictive value was 21.2%, and the negative predictive value was 99.7%. Using these two cutoff levels together, the positive predictive value was 34.4%, and the negative predictive value was 99.7%. CONCLUSION: A-dAmy could predict and exclude pancreatic fistula after gastrectomy as with dAmy-C. The combination of dAmy-C and A-dAmy predict pancreatic fistula more accurately than dAmy-C alone.

One-year incidence of venous thromboembolism, bleeding, and death in patients with solid tumors newly initiating cancer treatment: Results from the Cancer-VTE Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Although many publications have reported the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer from Western countries, to date, no prospective East Asian studies have been published, and potential racial differences remain unclear. The multicenter, prospective, observational Cancer-VTE Registry aimed to clarify the incidence of VTE and bleeding and identify risk factors in Japanese patients with solid tumors after one year of follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with colorectal, lung, stomach, pancreatic, breast, or gynecologic cancer were enrolled after VTE screening and before starting cancer treatment. The follow-up period was one year. The main outcomes were the incidences of symptomatic VTE, bleeding events (major or clinically relevant non-major), and all-cause death, evaluated according to VTE presence/absence at baseline. Multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for events. RESULTS: Among 9630 patients, the one-year cumulative incidences of symptomatic VTE, bleeding events, and all-cause death were 0.5%, 1.4%, and 12.2%, respectively. The majority of VTEs identified at baseline were asymptomatic distal deep vein thromboses; however, affected patients had higher event rates during the follow-up period. The most important independent risk factor for developing symptomatic VTE, bleeding events, and death during the follow-up period was the presence of symptomatic or asymptomatic VTE at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: These data have revealed the incidence of symptomatic VTE in Japanese patients with solid tumors during one year of follow-up. The presence of any VTE before initiating cancer treatment was an independent risk factor for symptomatic VTE, bleeding events, and death during subsequent treatment.

Prediction of the peritoneal recurrence via the macroscopic diagnosis of the serosal invasion in patients with gastric cancer: Supplementary analysis of JCOG0110.

BACKGROUND: Indications for adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer are determined based on the pathological diagnosis. However, macroscopic diagnoses have been reported as predictors of peritoneal recurrence and survival. This study investigated the predictability of peritoneal recurrence and survival based on macroscopically (sT) and pathologically (pT) diagnosed serosal invasion to identify more sensitive predictors of peritoneal recurrence. METHODS: This study included 396 patients who underwent R0 resection without adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 in the JCOG0110 study. Tumor depth limited to the subserosa (SS) was defined as serosal invasion negative (T-), while tumors with serosal invasion (SE, SI) were defined as serosal invasion positive (T+). The predictability of peritoneal recurrence based on sT and pT was evaluated using the Fine and Gray model. Cox regression analyses were performed for overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) with sT or pT as covariates. FINDINGS: A total of 150 patients (37.9%) were sT+ and 82 (26.3%) were pT+. Sixty-two patients (15.7%) were sT+/pT+, 88 (22.2%) were sT+/pT-, 20 (5.1%) were sT-/pT+, and 226 (57.1%) were sT-/pT-. Both sT and pT were found to be independent predictors of peritoneal recurrence, OS, and RFS. The 5-year RFS rates of sT+/pT+, sT+/pT-, sT-/pT+, and sT-/pT-patients were 45.2%, 63.6%, 55.0%, and 81.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Intraoperatively diagnosed macroscopic serosal invasion showed a similar predictive value for peritoneal recurrence as pathologically diagnosed serosal invasion. The establishment of a novel staging system incorporating macroscopic serosal invasion is recommended.

Negative impact of intraoperative blood loss on long-term outcome after curative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer: exploratory analysis of the JCOG1001 phase III trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent retrospective studies have shown that increased intraoperative blood loss (IBL) during curative gastrectomy for patients with advanced gastric cancer is a negative prognostic indicator for recurrence. However, there are no reliable reports assessing this with a large-scale prospective cohort. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of IBL on long-term outcomes using data from the JCOG1001 phase III trial, which was designed to determine if bursectomy led to improved survival vs. nonbursectomy in patients with cT3/4a gastric cancer. METHODS: This study included 1203 of the 1204 patients enrolled in the JCOG1001. From the tertiles of IBL (196 ml, 400 ml), we divided the patients into three groups: IBL < 200 ml representing small blood loss (SBL, n = 404), 200 ml ≤ IBL < 400 ml representing medium blood loss (MBL, n = 393), and IBL ≥ 400 ml representing large blood loss (LBL, n = 406). The impact of IBL on relapse-free survival (RFS) was evaluated with univariable comparisons and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Three-year RFS after SBL, MBL, and LBL was 81.7%, 74.8%, and 70.6%, respectively. Multivariable analysis identified IBL, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, pT, pN, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy as independent predictors of RFS. Compared with SBL as a reference, the hazard ratios of MBL and LBL were 1.461 (P = 0.012) and 1.520 (P = 0.009), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis of data from a large-scale prospective study, an IBL of ≥ 200 ml after curative surgery for patients with cT3/4a gastric cancer was an independent predictor of reduced RFS.

Association of renal function with the safety and efficacy of cisplatin plus S-1 therapy and docetaxel plus cisplatin plus S-1 therapy in patients with advanced gastric cancer: an exploratory analysis of JCOG1013.

BACKGROUND: Although cisplatin and 5-chloro-2,4-dihydropyrimidine (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase inhibitor contained in S-1) are excreted into the urine, it remains unknown how creatinine clearance (CrCl) affects the safety and efficacy of cisplatin plus S-1 and docetaxel plus cisplatin plus S-1 in patients with advanced gastric cancer. METHODS: Among the 741 participants in JCOG1013 comparing cisplatin plus S-1 with docetaxel plus cisplatin plus S-1, 723 with serum creatinine levels ≤1.2 mg/dL were categorized into A1 (CrCl ≥ 80 mL/min), A2 (60 ≤ CrCl <80) and A3 (CrCl < 60) in the cisplatin plus S-1 arm and similarly B1, B2 and B3 in the docetaxel plus cisplatin plus S-1 arm. The initial dose modification by CrCl was pre-specified in the docetaxel plus cisplatin plus S-1 arm but not in the cisplatin plus S-1 arm. RESULTS: The numbers of patients categorized as A1/A2/A3 and B1/B2/B3 were 169/136/57 and 170/138/53, respectively. In the cisplatin plus S-1 arm, a lower CrCl was associated with higher incidences of grade 4 leukopenia (P = 0.006), neutropenia (P = 0.002), and grade 3/4 anorexia (P = 0.004) and febrile neutropenia (P = 0.049), whereas there was no association in the docetaxel plus cisplatin plus S-1 arm. No significant differences were observed according to CrCl in the overall survival [median: 15.4/15.5/15.4 months in A1/A2/A3 (P = 0.886) and 15.3/13.7/13.7 months in B1/B2/B3 (P = 0.719)], progression-free survival [median: 7.1/6.8/6.2 months in A1/A2/A3 (P = 0.884) and 7.5/7.2/7.8 months in B1/B2/B3 (P = 0.851)] and response rates [58.9/57.8/46.9% in A1/A2/A3 (P = 0.311) and 62.0/61.5/51.5% in B1/B2/B3 (P = 0.362)]. CONCLUSIONS: Renal impairment was associated with severe adverse events in cisplatin plus S-1 therapy but not with the efficacy in cisplatin plus S-1 and docetaxel plus cisplatin plus S-1 therapy.

Clinical implications of using both fluoropyrimidine and paclitaxel in patients with severe peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer: A post hoc study of JCOG1108/WJOG7312G.

BACKGROUND: In the JCOG1108/WJOG7312G trial, a combination (FLTAX) of 5-fluorouracil (FU) /leucovorin (FL) and paclitaxel (PTX) did not show superiority in overall survival (OS) to FL in untreated patients with severe peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer (GC-SPM), some of whom received second-line chemotherapy with PTX after FL. This post hoc study aimed to investigate the clinical implications of using both FU and PTX either sequentially or in combination for patients with GC-SPM. METHODS: A total of 94 patients were enrolled and categorized into the following three subgroups: patients treated with (1) FL followed by PTX (FL/PTX, N = 25), (2) FL followed by best supportive care (BSC) (FL/BSC, N = 21), and (3) FLTAX (N = 48). OS was compared between the subgroups. By comparing baseline factors between the FL/PTX and FL/BSC subgroups, factors preventing the sequential use of PTX (SUP) were explored using logistic regression model. The efficacy of FL and FLTAX was compared according to the presence of risk factors preventing SUP. RESULTS: The FL/PTX subgroup showed better and equivalent OS compared to the FL/BSC (median 7.8 vs. 2.0 months, p < 0.01) and FLTAX (median 7.8 vs. 8.0, p = 0.49) subgroups, respectively. Glasgow Prognostic Score 2 and initially unresectable disease were identified as risk factors preventing SUP. Absence of both risks predicted SUP with a sensitivity of 13% and a specificity of 100%, whereas absence of any risks predicted SUP with a sensitivity of 67% and a specificity of 62%. FLTAX showed better OS than FL in patients with one or two of these risks but worse OS in those with none. CONCLUSIONS: Although sequential use of FU and PTX showed equivalent survival to FLTAX in patients with GC-SPM, FLTAX might be preferable given the difficulty in selecting patients likely to receive sequential use at the initiation of first-line chemotherapy.