[Influence of partnership on burnout and gratification crisis in residents considering the distribution of house work and working time]. / Zum Einfluss von Partnerschaft auf Burnout und Gratifikationskrisen bei Ärzten und Ärztinnen in fachärztlicher Weiterbildung unter Berücksichtigung der Aufteilung von beruflicher Tätigkeit und Hausarbeit.

Background: Social support through the partner can have an impact on work related stress perception of physicians. So far, there is no empirical data on the association of gratification crisis and social support through the partner in physician's profession. Objectives: This study evaluates the effects of social support, in terms of distribution of house work and amount of working time within a partnership, on burnout and gratification crisis of residents. Material and Methods: Data acquisition was carried out within the multi-centric and prospective "KarMed" study in Germany at the end of the postgraduate training in 2016 (N = 433). The ERI and MBI scales were used. Results: Results yielded significant effects of distribution of house work and the amount of working time on gratification crisis and burnout. Conclusions: The satisfaction with the distribution of house work as well as working time in a partnership plays an important role for the wellbeing of residents. In terms of decreasing numbers of outpatient practices, the results of the present study underlie the relevance of work-life balance.

Final-year medical students' self-assessment of facets of competence for beginning residents.

BACKGROUND: Final-year undergraduate medical students often do not feel well prepared for their start of residency training. Self-assessment of competences is important so that medical trainees can take responsibility for their learning. In this study, we investigated how final-year medical students self-assessed their competences as they neared their transition to postgraduate training. The aim was to identify areas for improvement in undergraduate training. METHODS: In the academic year 2019/2020, a national online survey was sent to final-year undergraduate medical students via their respective medical schools. The survey included ten facets of competence (FOC) most relevant for beginning residents. The participants were asked to self-assess their competence for each FOC on a 5-point Likert scale (1: strongly disagree to 5: strongly agree). We established an order of self-assessed FOC performance by means and calculated paired t-tests. Gender differences were assessed with independent t-tests. RESULTS: A total of 1083 students from 35 medical schools completed the questionnaire. Mean age was 27.2 ± 3.1 years and 65.8% were female. Students rated their performance highest in the FOCs 'Teamwork and collegiality' and 'Empathy and openness' (97.1 and 95.0% 'strongly agree' or 'agree', respectively) and lowest in 'Verbal communication with colleagues and supervisors' and 'Scientifically and empirically grounded method of working' (22.8 and 40.2% 'strongly disagree', 'disagree', or 'neither agree nor disagree', respectively). Women rated their performance of 'Teamwork and collegiality', 'Empathy and openness', and 'Knowing and maintaining own personal bounds and possibilities' significantly higher than men did (Cohen's d > .2), while men showed higher self-assessed performance in 'Scientifically and empirically grounded method of working' than women (Cohen's d = .38). The FOCs 'Responsibility', 'Knowing and maintaining own personal bounds and possibilities', 'Structure, work planning, and priorities', 'Coping with mistakes', and 'Scientifically and empirically grounded method of working' revealed lower self-assessed performance than the order of FOC relevance established by physicians for beginning residents. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between the level of students' self-assessed FOC performance and physicians' ranking of FOC relevance revealed areas for improvement in undergraduate medical education related to health system sciences. Final-year students might benefit from additional or better training in management skills, professionalism, and evidence-based medicine. Surveys of self-assessed competences may be useful to monitor competence development during undergraduate training.

[The Impact of Parenthood, Support, and Short-Term Contracts on Work-Family Conflict of Female and Male Residents' Career]. / Der Einfluss von Elternstatus, erlebter Unterstützung und Befristung auf das Belastungserleben und die Karriereentwicklung von Ärztinnen und Ärzten am Ende der Weiterbildung.

BACKGROUND: Work factors and work-family interference play an important role in physicians leaving clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine residents' work-family conflict and family-work conflict in association with parental status, perceived support, and short-term contracts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data acquisition was carried out within the multi-centric and prospective "KarMed" study in Germany at the end of the postgraduate training in 2016 (N=433). The Work-Family Conflict and Family-Work Conflict scales were used. Further independent variables were gender, parental status, short-term contracts, and perceived support from partner. Results Female physicians with children interrupted postgraduate training five times more often then female physicians without children and 18 times more often than male physicians with children. Female as well as male physicians with children showed greater family-work conflicts, and female physicians without children scored higher on work-family conflict. Male physicians did not show significant results on work-family conflict. Neither short-term contracts nor perceived support from the partner had a significant influence on work-family or family work conflict. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to reduce work-family conflicts and their associated factors in female resident physicians.

On the attractiveness of working as a GP and rural doctor including admission pathways to medical school - results of a German nationwide online survey among medical students in their "Practical Year".

Background: One of the aims of the German student selection network (Studierendenauswahl-Verbund, stav) is to review existing procedures for selecting medical students and to relate their effectiveness to students' career aspirations as well as to their further careers. Against the background of changes in the selection procedures and the introduction of the rural doctor quota (Landarztquote), the study conducted here aims at contributing to the current discussion on the future of GP (general practitioners) care, especially in rural areas. Methods: In 2019 and 2020, the stav conducted a German nationwide online survey among medical students towards the end of their "Practical Year" (Praktisches Jahr, final-year medical students in practical training). The associations between selection parameters and students' interest in later working as a GP as well as students' preference to later work in a place with a low population density were investigated. Furthermore, socio-demographic variables and variables related to medical studies were taken into account. Statistical comparisons were carried out using Chi2- and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: A total of 1,055 students in their Practical Year (65.4% female, 27 years) completed the survey. As their final professional position, 12.1% aspired to own a GP practice or work as employed GP after completing medical specialist training in general medicine (interested students: 9.9%) or general internal medicine (interested students: 9.5%). Compared to their fellow students, those interested in working as a GP had been more often admitted to medical school via the waiting time quota and had more often already completed vocational training in a medical-related field. 39.1% of those interested in working as a GP wanted to work in a place with a low population density. Coming from a place with a low population density as well as completing the medical internship (Famulatur) for GP care in such a place turned out to be positive influencing factors. Discussion: The observed associations between waiting time quota and interest in working as a GP as well as between origin from a place with a low population density and preferring to later work in such a place go hand in hand with changes in the access regulations for medical studies, which concern both the waiting time quota (abolition of the latter) and a regulation of the number of rural doctors (rural doctor quota). In order to evaluate the current changes in the access regulations for medical studies, longitudinal studies are desirable that cover the time from the application to study up to the medical specialist examination and further career.

[Analysis of career and life satisfaction of women residents with children during their postgraduate training compared to male colleagues: A longitudinal analysis as part of the KarMed study]. / Berufsverlaufs- und Lebenszufriedenheit von Ärztinnen in fachärztlicher Weiterbildung mit Kindern im Vergleich zu ihren männlichen Kollegen ­ Eine longitudinale Untersuchung im Rahmen der KarMed-Studie.

OBJECTIVE: Former results of the KarMed study revealed a significant decrease in the career satisfaction of female physicians with children in the course of their postgraduate training compared to male physicians with children. Yet, female physicians with children showed the highest scores on satisfaction with life at the fourth year of postgraduate training. The present study evaluates whether the different courses of career satisfaction and life satisfaction of female physicians compared to male physicians are caused by parental status. METHODS: Data were collected in the course of the KarMed study (2008-2016). A cross-lagged panel design was used to analyze data from T2 to T5. RESULTS: The results indicate an inverse association of career satisfaction with life satisfaction. Women physicians with a low level of career satisfaction were more likely to have children than those with a higher career satisfaction. Furthermore, we found a causal effect of parental status on career satisfaction in male physicians. For female physicians, yet not for male physicians, life satisfaction predicts the parental status. CONCLUSIONS: The structural improvement in postgraduate training needs to be adjusted in terms of parental status. Prospective studies should take medical leave during pregnancy as well as parental leave of male medical residents into account.

[Reflections on the attractiveness of General Internal Medicine and its Sub-Specialties in German Postgraduate Medical Education]. / Eine Abstimmung mit den Füßen gegen die Spezialisierung in der Inneren Medizin? ­ Zur Attraktivität der internistischen Fachrichtungen im Verlauf der ärztlichen Weiterbildung.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the number of physicians who chose internal medicine for their postgraduate training, their development over the 6-year period of training and whether there were changes in their preferences regarding future work sector and working hours, with a focus on gender-specific differences. METHODOLOGY: Annual postal surveys were conducted of a cohort of undergraduate students (N=1.012) in their final year of study 2008/09, and during the six years of their postgraduate training. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS: The study showed that internal medicine was a sought-after medical discipline, which recruited up to 25% of medical graduates. However, over the course of the six years of postgraduate training, the attractiveness shifted from the specialized sub-disciplines of internal medicine to general internal medicine, especially among male physicians. General internal medicine was particularly attractive to female physicians who intended to work part-time after completion of their specialization. CONCLUSIONS: Internal medicine in Germany is still the most frequently chosen field of specialization. However, the proportion of physicians intending to work ina hospital after specialization is decreasing. This fact, together with the decreasing attractiveness of sub-disciplines in this field, must be taken into account when planning the staff in hospitals.

Burnout is associated with work-family conflict and gratification crisis among German resident physicians.

BACKGROUND: Studies investigating the longitudinal predictive value of burnout on both effort-reward imbalance (within the working place) and work-family conflict (between work and private life) in residents are lacking. Former cross-sectional studies showed an association of effort-reward imbalance and work family conflict with an elevated burnout risk in physicians. METHODS: Data acquisition was carried out within the multi-centric, longitudinal, and prospective "KarMed" study in Germany from 2009 until 2016. Yearly surveys including validated scales: the Maslach Burnout Inventory with its three subscales (emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, depersonalisation), the Work-Family Conflict Scale, and the Effort-Reward Imbalance Inventory. Further independent variables were gender and parental status.The analyses were based on general linear models and general linear mixed models with repeated measures designs. RESULTS: Significant time-fixed effects were found for all three subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, with gender effects on the subscales emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. The parental status had no significant effect on burnout. All estimated means for burnout during 6 years of post-graduate training were higher when work-family conflict and gratification crisis were taken into account. Personal accomplishment increased continuously over time as well showing neither gender differences nor influences by the parental status. CONCLUSIONS: Personal accomplishments might act as a buffer compensating to some extent for the physicians' stress experience. Given that burnout may be associated with poor patient care, there is a need to reduce burnout rates and their associated factors in resident physicians.

[Longitudinal evaluation of female and male medical residents' career satisfaction]. / Longitudinale Untersuchung der Berufsverlaufszufriedenheit von Ärztinnen und Ärzten in der Facharztweiterbildung.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of longitudinal data of German medical residents' career satisfaction and its dependency on perceived delays in obtaining the degree as a medical specialist, as well as postgraduate training quality, controlled for gender, parental status, and specialty choice. METHODS: Data was collected within the KarMed study. The first data collection (T0) was conducted in 2008/2009 at the end of the practical year. Hierarchical linear models and path analysis were used to analyse longitudinal associations after three and five years (T3 to T5). RESULTS: A positive residents' career satisfaction had a small causal effect on the training quality. A delay in obtaining the degree as a medical specialist had a small negative effect on residents' career satisfaction. A high residents' career satisfaction was negatively associated with a delay in training. Gender predicted the career satisfaction of physicians with children. The career satisfaction of female physicians with children decreased significantly in the course of their postgraduate training compared to male physicians with children. The speciality choice had no significant impact on residents' career satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Residents who were satisfied with their job subjectively rated the quality of postgraduate training conditions more positively. The anticipated delays in obtaining the degree as a medical specialist and the residents' career satisfaction were reciprocally related. The improvement of career satisfaction in female physicians with children needs special attention in the future.