Solubility and thermodynamic analysis of aceclofenac in different {Carbitol + water} mixtures at various temperatures.

The solubility and thermodynamic properties of the anti-inflammatory drug aceclofenace (ACF) have been assessed in a range of {2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (Carbitol) + water} combinations at temperatures ranging from 298.2 K to 318.2 K and atmospheric pressure of 101.1 kPa. The shake flask method was employed to determine the solubility of ACF, and various models including "van't Hoff, Apelblat, Buchowski-Ksiazczak λh, Yalkowsky-Roseman, Jouyban-Acree, and Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff models" were used to validate the results. The computational models demonstrated a strong correlation with the experimental ACF solubility data, as indicated by the error values of < 3.0%. In the compositions of {Carbitol + water}, the ACF mole fraction solubility was enhanced by temperature and Carbitol mass fraction. The solubility of ACF in mole fraction was found to be lowest in pure water (1.07 × 10- 6 at 298.2 K), and highest in pure Carbitol (1.04 × 10- 1 at 318.2 K). Based on the positive values of the calculated thermodynamic parameters, the dissolution of ACF was determined to be "endothermic and entropy-driven" in all of the {Carbitol + water} solutions that were studied. It was also observed that enthalpy controls the solvation of ACF in solutions containing {Carbitol + water}. ACF-Carbitol had the strongest molecular interactions in contrast to ACF-water. Based on the results of this study, Carbitol holds significant potential for enhancing the solubility of ACF in water.

Divine noni's protective impact on Swiss albino mice's short-term memory impairment caused by cyclophosphamide: A behavioral and biochemical approach.

Cyclophosphamide (CYL) is a first-line cancer chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of cancer that has severe toxic effects. The primary mechanism by which CYL induces toxicity through free radical generation. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) fruit juice is an herbal remedy documented to have antioxidant properties. The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective effect of noni against CYL-induced memory impairment in Swiss albino mice. Treatment schedule: Group 1: Normal: Received vehicle; Group 2: CYL treatment: Received CYL (40.0 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) on day one; Group 3: NJ treatment: Received NJ (360 mg/b.w. p.o.) once daily for 14 days. Group 4: DNG treatment: DNG (360 mg/b.w. p.o.) once daily for 14 days, Group 5: NJ + CYL treatment: Received CYL (40.0 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) on day one and after half an hour of received NJ (360 mg/b.w. p.o.) once daily for 14 days. Group 6: DNG + CYL treatment: Received CYL (40.0 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) on day one and after half an hour received DNG (360 mg/b.w. p.o.) once daily for 14 days. Mice were subjected to the Morris water maze (MWM) challenge for two weeks as part of a behavioral study. Short-term memory impairment was observed in the behavioral activity of CYL-treated mice in the MWM test in the 1st week trial, and this effect was reversed in the 2nd week trial in the combination treatment group. The behavioral analysis proved that noni supplementation reduced the risk of memory impairment caused by CYL. Biochemical analysis revealed that CYL markedly increased the levels of AChE and MDA in brain tissue. Similarly, decreases in the levels of antioxidants, i.e., GSH, CAT, SOD and GST, were detected in the brain tissue of the mice exposed to CYL. Qualitative and quantitative examinations of histopathological examination of the mouse hippocampus supported the above findings. The results demonstrated that noni supplement therapy reversed the changes in the MDA, AChE, and antioxidant enzyme levels while improving the behavioral and histological alterations caused by CYL. Long-term hippocampal growth and memory are unaffected, suggesting that CYL is less harmful. According to our research, supplementing with noni in conjunction with CYL may be a helpful treatment strategy for treating memory impairment caused by CYL.

Developing novel multifunctional protective clothes for disabled individuals using bio-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes.

A novel kind of protective apparel for handicapped persons has been created with bio-based electrospun nanofibrous (NFs) membranes. Hydrophobic membranes with fine polylactic acid (PLA) NFs had a smooth, bead-less structure with an average diameter of 950 nm. The hydrophilic layer has a similar pattern but a smaller fiber diameter dispersion and an average diameter of 750 nm. The silica nanoparticle-modified super-hydrophobic top layer (contact angle, ~153°) repels water and keeps the user dry. Super-hydrophilic silver nanoparticles in the fabric's bottom layer react with perspiration to kill microorganisms. The fabric's porosity (avg. 1.2-1.5 µm) allows for breathability, while silica nanoparticles boost infrared radiation reflection, keeping users cool on hot days. The dual-layer textile has 4.9 MPa ultimate tensile strength and 68 % elongation compared to the membrane's super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic layers. Wearing protective clothes reduced hand temperature by 25 % in direct sunlight and 13 % in a sun simulator with 1 Sun. This fabric will work well for adult diapers, outdoor clothing, and disability accessories. Overall, the protective textiles may improve the quality of life for disabled and elderly people by providing usable textile items adapted to their needs.

Comparing the Greenness and Validation Metrics of Traditional and Eco-Friendly Stability-Indicating HPTLC Methods for Ertugliflozin Determination.

The literature does not provide any "high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC)" techniques for the determination of a novel antidiabetic medicine, ertugliflozin (ERZ). Additionally, there are not many environmentally friendly analytical methods for ERZ measurement in the literature. A rapid, sensitive, and eco-friendly reversed-phase-HPTLC (RP-HPTLC) method was designed and validated in an attempt to analyze ERZ in marketed pharmaceutical tablets more precisely, accurately, and sustainably over the traditional normal-phase HPTLC (NP-HPTLC) method. The stationary phases used in the NP- and RP-HPTLC procedures were silica gel 60 NP-18F254S and 60 RP-18F254S plates, respectively. For NP-HPTLC, a chloroform/methanol (85:15 v/v) mobile phase was used. However, ethanol-water (80:20 v/v) was the preferred method for RP-HPTLC. Four distinct methodologies, including the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), ChlorTox, and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approaches, were used to evaluate the greenness of both procedures. For both approaches, ERZ detection was carried out at 199 nm. Using the NP- and RP-HPTLC techniques, the ERZ measurement was linear in the 50-600 and 25-1200 ng/band ranges. The RP-HPTLC method was found to be more robust, accurate, precise, linear, sensitive, and eco-friendly compared to the NP-HPTLC approach. The results of four greenness tools demonstrated that the RP strategy was greener than the NP strategy and all other reported HPLC techniques. The fact that both techniques can assess ERZ when its degradation products are present implies that they both have characteristics that point to stability-indicating features. 87.41 and 99.28%, respectively, were the assay results for ERZ in commercial tablets when utilizing the NP and RP procedures. Based on several validation and greenness metrics, it was determined that the RP-HPTLC approach was better than the NP-HPTLC method. As a result, it is possible to determine ERZ in pharmaceutical products using the RP-HPTLC approach.

A Simple, Sensitive, and Greener HPLC-DAD Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of Two Novel Orexin Receptor Antagonists.

The orexin receptor antagonist (ORA) is one of the new psychopharmacological agents used in the treatment of insomnia. There are currently no documented greener high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) methods for the analysis of ORA antagonists, lemborexant (LMB) and suvorexant (SUV) simultaneously. Therefore, in this study, a simple, sensitive, and greener HPLC-DAD method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of LMB and SUV in bulk and laboratory-prepared mixture. The developed method was validated for numerous validation parameters and evaluated for greenness. The C18 Waters Spherisorb CN (4.6 × 250 mm2; 5 µm) column was used for the chromatographic separation. The mobile phase composition was ethanol: 10 mM KH2PO4 buffer in a ratio of (60:40 v/v). The DAD detection was performed at 253 nm using a Waters DAD detector. The greenness was evaluated using the analytical Eco-Scale (AES), ChlorTox, and analytical GREEnness (AGREE) techniques. The calibration curves showed excellent linearity for LMB and SUV between the concentration range of 125-5000 ng/mL and 250-10,000 ng/mL, respectively. In addition, the proposed HPLC-DAD method was accurate, precise, robust, highly sensitive, and greener. AES, ChlorTox, and AGREE scales were predicted by the HPLC-DAD method to be 91, 1.14 g, and 0.79, respectively, showing an excellent greenness profile. The greener HPLC-DAD method was successfully used to analyze both medicines quantitatively in bulk and laboratory-prepared synthetic mixtures. The findings of this study indicated that the proposed HPLC-DAD method may be consistently applied to evaluate LMB and SUV in bulk and dosage forms.

Assessment of the impact of social media addiction on psychosocial behaviour like depression, stress, and anxiety in working professionals.

OBJECTIVE: Social media (SM), with its addictive nature and the accompanying psychosocial challenges such as stress, anxiety, and depression, is the primary factor exacerbating mental health problems and adversely impacting individuals' wellbeing. Our study's goal was to determine how SM affects employees' psychosocial behaviours and assess the various factors that contributed to the employee's excessive use of SM. METHODS: A cross-sectional correlational analysis was conducted. Using a relevant questionnaire on employees, the study was assessed to establish the relationship or association between SM addiction and psychosocial disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress. 200 people with a minimum age of 24 were enrolled in the study. The questionnaire contained the social networking addiction scale (SNAS) and the depression, anxiety, and stress-21 (DASS-21) scales; the data were statistically assessed. RESULTS: The association between SM addiction and psychosocial behaviours has been examined using statistical tools including descriptive statistics and the Chi-square analysis. SM addiction has a strong, statistically significant correlation with depression (p = 0.001), stress (p = 0.001), and anxiety (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study discovered a connection between SM use and depression, stress, and anxiety among working employees, raising questions regarding worries about overuse and addiction to SM. Various factors influencing excessive usage included revealed that employees also majorly over used SM for entertainment, boredom avoidance, constant knowledge sharing, and relationship-building.

Effect of cyclodextrin-complexed lyophilized nanosuspension of Nigella sativa seeds oleoresin on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression in mice.

Depression is a prevalent global health concern necessitating alternative approaches to conventional antidepressant medications due to its associated adverse effects. Nigella sativa (NS) is recognized for its potential as an antidepressant, offering a promising solution with fewer side effects. This study investigated the antidepressant efficacy of cyclodextrin-complexed lyophilized nanosuspension of NS oleoresin (NSOR) in a murine model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. This study sought to evaluate and contrast the antidepressant potential of the nano-NSOR with that of the NS ethanolic extract (NSEE). The prepared nano-NSOR was characterized physicochemically and evaluated for in vitro drug release and in vivo antidepressant activity. The particle size of nano-NSOR was determined to be 164.6 nm. In vitro drug release studies suggested the higher drug release from nano-NSOR (90.15 % after 72 h) compared to the native NSOR (59.55 % after 72 h). Furthermore, nano-NSOR exhibited a more pronounced antidepressant effect than NSEE in the context of CUMS-induced depression. This study highlights a potential alternative for managing depression, addressing the need for improved antidepressant treatments with reduced side effects. These results suggest that nano-NSOR ameliorates CUMS-induced depression by modulating neurotransmitter levels, reducing inflammation, and enhancing neuroprotection.

Noni enhances the anticancer activity of cyclophosphamide and suppresses myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in tumor-bearing mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Morinda citrifolia fruit juice (noni) is an herbal remedy documented to have antioxidant properties. It has been suggested that prevention of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and the antioxidant activity of NJ may contribute to the cancer preventive effect. In the present study, the antitumor activity of noni was investigated in the presence of cyclophosphamide (CYL) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: In vitro breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-468) were used to measure the percentage of inhibition and the IC50. The in vivo antitumor activity of noni was studied by monitoring the mean survival time (MST), percentage increase in life span (%ILS), viable and non-viable cell count, tumor volume, body weight, and hematological and serum biochemical parameters in mice. Treatment with noni and CYL exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity toward breast cancer cells. RESULTS: Individual treatment of noni and CYL exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines, while in combination therapy of noni and CYL, noni enhances cytotoxic effect of CYL at 48 h than that at 24 h. Similar result was found in in vivo studies, the results of which revealed that alone treatment of CYL and noni suppressed tumor growth. However, combination treatment with CYL and noni presented better tumor inhibition than that of alone treatment of CYL and noni. On the contrary, CYL alone drastically attenuated hematological parameters, i.e., RBC, WBC, and Hb compared to normal and control groups, and this change was reversed and normalized by noni when given as combination therapy with CYL. Moreover, the levels of serum biochemical markers, i.e., AST, ALP, and ALT, were significantly increased in the control and CYL-treated groups than those in the normal group. In the combination treatment of noni and CYL, the above biochemical marker levels significantly decreased compared to CYL alone-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested that CYL treatment can cause serious myelotoxicity and hepatic injury in cancer patients. In conclusion, the combined use of noni with CYL potentially enhances the antitumor activity of CYL and suppresses myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by CYL in tumor-bearing mice.

An insight into the role of experimental parameters in advanced oxidation process applied for pharmaceutical degradation.

The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an efficient method to treat recalcitrance pollutants such as pharmaceutical compounds. The essential physicochemical factors in AOP experiments significantly influence the efficiency, speed, cost, and safety of byproducts of the treatment process. In this review, we collected recent articles that investigated the elimination of pharmaceutical compounds by various AOP systems in a water medium, and then we provide an overview of AOP systems, the formation mechanisms of active radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their detection methods. Then, we discussed the role of the main physicochemical parameters (pH, chemical interference, temperature, catalyst, pollutant concentration, and oxidant concentration) in a critical way. We gained insight into the most frequent scenarios for the proper and improper physicochemical parameters for the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds. Also, we mentioned the main factors that restrict the application of AOP systems in a commercial way. We demonstrated that a proper adjustment of AOP experimental parameters resulted in promoting the treatment performance, decreasing the treatment cost and the treatment operation time, increasing the safeness of the system products, and improving the reaction stoichiometric efficiency. The outcomes of this review will be beneficial for future AOP applicants to improve the pharmaceutical compound treatment by providing a deeper understanding of the role of the parameters. In addition, the proper application of physicochemical parameters in AOP systems acts to track the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

In-vitro evaluation of Indigofera heterantha extracts for antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic activities.

BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant bacterial strains cause several serious infections that can be fatal, such as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae (often referred to as ESKAPE pathogens). Since ancient times, several indigenous medical systems in India have utilized diverse medicinal plants (approximately 80,000 species) as conventional treatments for a variety of illnesses. A member of the Fabaceae family, also referred to as "Himalayan indigo," Indigofera heterantha Wall, is well known for its therapeutic properties. METHODS: The present study investigated the antibacterial, antifungal and antihelmintic properties of the roots, bark, leaves, and flowers of I. heterantha from the Kashmir Himalayas. The effectiveness of the extracts against bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. Three of the tested organisms for bacteria were ESKAPE pathogens, as they are responsible for creating fatal bacterial infections. The antifungal potency of I. heterantha aqueous and methanolic extracts was evaluated using the Agar Well Diffusion Assay. The antihelmintic activity was carried out on an adult Pheretima posthuma Indian earth worm, which shares physiological and anatomical similarities with human intestinal roundworm parasites. RESULTS: The methanolic extracts of root and bark have shown prominent activity against all bacterial strains, whereas aqueous extracts of flower, root, and leaves have shown promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous extract demonstrated good activity against S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 200 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm, while the methanolic extract displayed comparable activity against the fungal strains. The remaining two strains, P. crysogenum and A. fumigatus, were only moderately active in response to the extracts. All the extracts have shown anthelmintic activity except aqueous flower. CONCLUSION: These results will pave the way for the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive constituents that may act as hits for further development as potential antibacterial agents against drug-resistant microbial and helminthic infections.

Utilization of Waste Eggshell Powder as an Excipient for Vitamin D3 Tablet Preparation.

Keeping in mind the health scenario in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with respect to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency and its significant role in calcium homeostasis and human metabolism, this research is exploring the combination of eggshell (as a source of calcium) and VD3 as a very economical solution for this problem. Eggshells from local restaurant were collected, washed, ground, sieved, and characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The results of FTIR, SEM, DSC, XRD, and BET indicate that eggshell powder (ESP) was properly processed. Directly compressed tablets containing 2.5 mg of VD3 (equivalent to 50,000 IU), that are based on the use of ESP as tablet filler, were manufactured based on mixing Avicel PH 101 with ESP in different ratios (9:1, 1:1, and 1:9) in addition to the use of both Avicel PH 101 and ESP alone as tablet filler. Tablets properties were evaluated according to USP30-NF25 pharmacopoeia tests in terms of weight variation test, drug content uniformity, tablet hardness, tablet friability, tablet disintegration, and in vitro dissolution profile. The VD3 contents were found to be 98.77-102.35% in all formulations. After 90 min of study, all formulations showed in vitro drug release content in the range of 99.29-101.05%. All of the tested parameters of ESP tablets were similar to those of commercial Avicel PH 101. All of the tested properties of tablets with ESP as a filler were found to be within the acceptable limits of the pharmacopeia recommendations. Therefore, ESP could be exploited for its use as a filler in direct compression tablets.

Solubility and Thermodynamics Data of Cabozantinib Malate in Various Aqueous Solutions of Dimethyl Sulfoxide at Different Temperatures.

Cabozantinib malate (CBZM), a new anticancer medication, has been studied for its solubility and thermodynamic properties in a variety of {dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + water (H2O)} mixtures at 298.2-318.2 K and 101.1 kPa. Using the shake flask technique, the solubility of CBZM was assessed and the results were correlated to the van't Hoff, Apelblat, Buchowski-Ksiazczak λh, Yalkowsky-Roseman, Jouyban-Acree, and Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff models. There was a significant correlation between the experimental CBZM solubility data and all computational models, as evidenced by the error values for all computational models being less than 5.0%. Temperature and DMSO mass percentage improved the CBZM mole fraction solubility in the cosolvent solutions of {DMSO + H2O}. At 318.2 K, pure DMSO had the highest mole fraction solubility of CBZM (4.38 × 10-2), whereas pure H2O had the lowest mole fraction solubility (2.24 × 10-7 at 298.2 K). The positive values of computed thermodynamic parameters indicated that the dissolution of CBZM was endothermic and entropy-driven in all of the {DMSO + H2O} solutions investigated. It was found that the CBZM solvation in {DMSO + H2O} solutions is governed by enthalpy. When compared to CBZM-H2O, CBZM-DMSO showed the highest molecular interactions. The findings of this investigation demonstrated that DMSO has a great deal of potential for CBZM solubilization in H2O.

Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Capsaicin Nanoemulsion in Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Depression in Mice.

Depression is a low-energy condition that has an impact on a person's thoughts, actions, propensities, emotional state, and sense of wellbeing. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 5% of adults are depressed. Individuals who are depressed are commonly prescribed antidepressants, and sometimes, individuals may have other psychiatric conditions that share overlapping symptoms with depression. These cooccurring conditions can complicate the diagnostic process, leading to a misdiagnosis and the prescription of antidepressants. Capsaicin (CAP) is a known antidepressant. Hence, this study aimed to assess the antidepressant activity of CAP nanoemulsion in nicotine (NC) withdrawal-induced depression in mice. Mice treated with CAP (3 mg/kg) showed reduced immobility in the forced swimming test (FST), tail-suspension test (TST), and open field test (OFT). During the OFT, the animals treated with nanoemulsion (CAP 3 mg/kg) spent less time in the corners than the control animals. Biochemical parameters, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), were observed in reduced quantities in the NC withdrawal model (NWM), where they were slightly increased in the high-dose nanoemulsion (CAP 3 mg/kg) compared to the low-dose nanoemulsion (CAP 1 mg/kg). These results suggest that CAP caused antidepressant activity in the NWM via the nanoemulsion.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Polyherbal Mouthwash.

A nanoemulsion-based polyherbal mouthwash (PHFX) of Curcuma longa hydroalcoholic extract was developed and evaluated for its antibacterial effects against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral pathogens in comparison to standard chlorhexidine acetate (CHD-A) (positive control). Various nanoemulsion-based mouthwashes of C. longa extract were produced using an aqueous phase titration approach via construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams. The developed nanoemulsion-based PHFX was studied for thermodynamic stability tests. Selected formulations (PHFX1-PHFX5) were characterized physicochemically for droplet diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), refractive index (RI), transmittance, and pH. The drug release studies were performed using the dialysis method. Based on the minimum droplet diameter (26.34 nm), least PDI (0.132), optimal RI (1.337), maximum %T (99.13), optimal pH (6.45), and maximum cumulative drug release (98.2%), formulation PHFX1 (containing 0.5% w/w of C. longa extract, 1.5% w/w of clove oil, 7.0% w/w of Tween-80, 7.0% w/w of Transcutol-HP, and 84.0% w/w of water) was selected for antimicrobial studies in comparison to standard CHD-A. The antibacterial effects and minimum inhibitory concentration were studied against various Gram-positive oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative oral pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibacterial effects of PHFX1 were found to be significant over standard CHD-A against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral pathogens. The antimicrobial studies showed that the formulation PHFX1 was effective against all oral pathogens even at 3- to 4-fold lower working concentrations. These findings indicated the potential of nanoemulsion-based mouthwash in the treatment of a variety of oral pathogen infections.

Solubility and Thermodynamic Analysis of Isotretinoin in Different (DMSO + Water) Mixtures.

The solubility and solution thermodynamics of isotretinoin (ITN) (3) in numerous {dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (1) + water (H2O) (2)} combinations were studied at 298.2-318.2 K under fixed atmospheric pressure of 101.1 kPa. A shake flask methodology was used to determine ITN solubility, and correlations were made using the "van't Hoff, Apelblat, Buchowski-Ksiazczak λh, Yalkowsky-Roseman, Jouyban-Acree, and Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff models". In mixtures of {(DMSO (1) + H2O (2)}, the solubility of ITN in mole fractions was enhanced with the temperature and DMSO mass fraction. The mole fraction solubility of ITN was highest in neat DMSO (1.02 × 10-1 at 318.2 K) and lowest in pure H2O (3.14 × 10-7 at 298.2 K). The output of computational models revealed good relationships between the solubility data from the experiments. The dissolution of ITN was "endothermic and entropy-driven" in all of the {(DMSO (1) + H2O (2)} mixtures examined, according to the positive values of measured thermodynamic parameters. Enthalpy was discovered to be the driving force behind ITN solvation in {(DMSO (1) + H2O (2)} combinations. ITN-DMSO displayed the highest molecular interactions when compared to ITN-H2O. The outcomes of this study suggest that DMSO has a great potential for solubilizing ITN in H2O.

Eco-Friendly High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method for the Determination of Tenoxicam in Commercial Formulations.

There is a dearth of information in the literature regarding environmentally benign high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods to determine tenoxicam (TNX). Therefore, designing and validating an HPTLC method to detect TNX in commercial tablets and capsules was the goal of this investigation. The green mobile phase utilized was the combination of ethanol/water/ammonia solution (50:45:5 v/v/v). The TNX was quantified at a wavelength of 375 nm. The proposed method's greenness profile was established using the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approach. The proposed methodology for determining TNX was linear in the range of 25-1400 ng/band. The proposed methodology for measuring TNX was accurate (% recoveries = 98.24-101.48), precise (% RSD = 0.87-1.02), robust (% RSD = 0.87-0.94), sensitive (LOD = 0.98 ng/band and LOQ = 2.94 ng/band), and environmentally friendly. The AGREE scale for the present methodology was derived to be 0.75, indicating an outstanding greenness profile. TNX was found to be highly stable under acidic, base, and thermal stress conditions. However, it completely decomposed under oxidative stress conditions. Commercial tablets and capsules were found to have 98.46 and 101.24% TNX, respectively. This finding supports the validity of the current methodology for measuring TNX in commercial formulations. The outcomes of this work showed that the proposed eco-friendly HPTLC methodology can be used for the routine analysis of TNX in commercial formulations.

Quantification of Suvorexant in Human Urine Using a Validated HPTLC Bioanalytical Method.

Suvorexant (SUV) is a new sedative/hypnotic medicine that is recommended to treat insomnia. It is an important medicine from a forensic point of view due to its sedative/hypnotic and depressant effects. To the best of our knowledge, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) bioanalytical methods have not been published to measure SUV in human urine and pharmaceutical samples. Accordingly, this study was designed and validated a sensitive and rapid bioanalytical HPTLC method to determine SUV in human urine samples for the very first time. The densitometric measurement of SUV and the internal standard (IS; sildenafil) was performed on glass-coated silica gel normal-phase-60F254S TLC plates using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (97.5:2.5 v/v) as the eluent system. Both the SUV and IS were detected at a wavelength of 254 nm. Both analytes were extracted using the protein precipitation technique utilizing methanol as the solvent. For the IS and SUV, the Rf values were 0.09 and 0.45, respectively. The proposed bioanalytical method for SUV was linear in the 50-1600 ng/band range. The current bioanalytical technique was linear, precise (% RSD = 3.28-4.20), accurate (% recovery = 97.58-103.80), robust (% recovery = 95.31-102.34 and % RSD = 2.81-3.15), rapid, and sensitive (LOD = 3.73 ng/band and LOQ = 11.20 ng/band). These findings suggested that the current bioanalytical method can be regularly used to determine SUV in wide varieties of urine samples.

Environmentally friendly stability-indicating HPLC method for the determination of isotretinoin in commercial products and solubility samples.

In this study, an environmentally friendly "high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)" assay to quantify isotretinoin (ITN) in commercial products and solubility samples is designed and verified. A Nucleodur reverse-phase C18 column was used as the stationary phase to identify ITN. The ecologically friendly mobile phase was composed of ethyl acetate and ethanol (50:50 v/v), and it was delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. ITN was measured at 354 nm in wavelength. The current HPLC method had a determination coefficient of 0.9994 and was linear in the 0.2-80 µg/g range. The current protocol for ITN measurement was also rapid (retention time = 2.78 min), accurate (%recoveries = 98.60-101.52), precise (% uncertainties = 0.71-0.98), and sensitive. According to the AGREE methodology, the current procedure received an outstanding greenness profile with an AGREE score of 0.76. By determining ITN in commercial products and solubility samples, the applicability of the current approach was proven. ITN was discovered to be present in 98.43% and 100.84%, respectively, of commercial capsule brands A and B. The ITN's solubility in numerous eco-friendly solvents was successfully measured. Under different stress conditions, the current approach was able to distinguish between its degradation products, demonstrating its stability-indicating characteristics. These findings indicated that ITN in procured capsules and solubility samples might be regularly tested by the suggested approach.

Insight into Structure Activity Relationship of DPP-4 Inhibitors for Development of Antidiabetic Agents.

This article sheds light on the various scaffolds that can be used in the designing and development of novel synthetic compounds to create DPP-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review highlights a variety of scaffolds with high DPP-4 inhibition activity, such as pyrazolopyrimidine, tetrahydro pyridopyrimidine, uracil-based benzoic acid and esters, triazole-based, fluorophenyl-based, glycinamide, glycolamide, ß-carbonyl 1,2,4-triazole, and quinazoline motifs. The article further explains that the potential of the compounds can be increased by substituting atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. Docking of existing drugs like sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and vildagliptin was done using Maestro 12.5, and the interaction with specific residues was studied to gain a better understanding of the active sites of DPP-4. The structural activities of the various scaffolds against DPP-4 were further illustrated by their inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Additionally, various synthesis schemes were developed to make several commercially available DPP4 inhibitors such as vildagliptin, sitagliptin and omarigliptin. In conclusion, the use of halogenated scaffolds for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors is likely to be an area of increasing interest in the future.