Effect of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate on the outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a prospective, block-balanced, open-label, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The global effort to cure COVID-19 is still ongoing. Thus, a prospective, block-balanced, open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate how Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate affects hospitalized COVID-19 patients' outcomes. METHODS: The intervention and control groups of 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were randomly allocated. Along with normal medication, the intervention group received 25 mg of tenofovir orally daily for seven days. The control group got normal therapy, including remdesivir and corticosteroids. ICU hospitalization duration, laboratory data, fever, dyspnea, arterial blood oxygen saturation with and without an oxygen face mask, mechanical ventilation, and mortality were the outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty of 236 eligible patients between September 2020 and February 2021 were enrolled. The intervention group had a mean age (±SD) of 61.33 (±13.09) years and the control group 60.03 (±18.03). Sixteen (53.3%) intervention patients and 15 (50.0%) control patients were males. The intervention group had fewer mechanical ventilation and ICU days. Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate did not improve fever, dyspnea, oxygen saturation with or without a face mask or nasal cannula, or laboratory data including WBC, ESR, CRP, AST, ALT, AlkP, total and direct bilirubin, in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION: According to this pilot trial, Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate, along with conventional treatment, significantly reduced mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in COVID-19 patients. Further thorough research is necessary to verify this conclusion.

The association between healthy eating index-2015 with anthropometric, cardiometabolic and hepatic indices among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders are common problems among participants with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the association between these problems and the healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015) remains unknown. Although the HEI-2015 originated from American dietary guidelines, its comprehensive evaluation of diet quality provides valuable insights for various populations, including Iranians. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association between anthropometric, hepatic, and cardio-metabolic indices with HEI-2015 scores in participants with NAFLD. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, which included adults aged 35 to 70 years between 2016 and 2018. A total of 664 participant with NAFLD (452 females and 212 males) were included in the analysis. The HEI-2015 was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Various indices, including the body shape index (ABSI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), cardiometabolic index (CMI), lipoprotein combine index (LCI), AST/ALT ratio, ALD/NAFLD index, and hepatic steatosis index (HSI), were calculated. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in anthropometric, cardio-metabolic, and hepatic indices across the quartiles of HEI-2015. However, among participants with NAFLD, men had significantly higher AIP and LCI levels, while women had significantly higher BMI, ABSI, VAI, LAP, and CMI levels. Additionally, women with NAFLD exhibited higher AST/ALT and HSI levels but lower ALD/NAFLD levels compared to men with NAFLD. Linear regression analysis among men with NAFLD revealed a significant negative correlation between HEI-2015 score and HSI in both the unadjusted model (ß=-0.131, SE = 0.058, p = 0.024) and the adjusted model for energy intake (ß=-0.129, SE = 0.058, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated a correlation between lower HEI-2015 scores and an increased risk of steatosis in men with NAFLD. Moreover, our findings highlighted gender-related differences in NAFLD and cardio-metabolic disorders.

Evaluation the frequencies of HLA alleles in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients in Iran: A molecular HLA typing study.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was first reported in December 2019 and it has spread globally ever since. The HLA system is crucial in directing anti-viral immunity and recent studies are investigating the possible involvement of the HLA genes on the severity of immune inflammation in different phases of COVID-19. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, peripheral blood-extracted genomic DNAs of 109 COVID-19 patients and 70 healthy controls were genotyped for different alleles of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DRB1 loci using sequence-specific primer PCR method. Results: The results indicated that frequencies of HLA-DRB1*11:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03 were significantly higher in severe patients rather than moderates (p: <0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Also, it was observed that HLA-DRB1*04:01 was more frequent in moderate patients and healthy controls (p:0.002). In addition, HLA-B*07:35, and HLA-DRB1*07:01 showed higher frequencies in patients compared with controls (p: 0.031 and 0.003 respectively). Inversely, due to the higher frequencies of HLA-B*51:01 (p:0.027), HLA-DRB1*11:05 (p:0.003), HLA-DRB1*13:05 (p:0.022), and HLA-DRB1*14:01 (p:0.006) in healthy individuals rather than patients, they may be associated with COVID-19 resistance. Conclusion: The results show that, based on the population differences, the type of alleles related to the severity of COVID-19 is different, which should be clarified by designing large-scale studies in order to develop HLA-based treatments and vaccines.

Besieged in the Bronx: Lessons from an in-hospital mass casualty.

BACKGROUND: An active shooter in a hospital is an emergency extraordinaire. We report a single institution's response to the largest active shooter mass casualty event in American History. METHODS: Review of notification, flow of prioritized patients, and key elements of the day's dynamic after a hospital attack by a lone gunman were commenced. The review includes outcomes on seven victims and assailants. RESULTS: "Code Silver" announced: open display of a weapon. Concise, known, and published chain of command implemented. All house staff to the Emergency Department (ED) via text blast. Operating room (OR) notified. Injured to ED, then triaged to OR. Armed NYPD stationed throughout OR. Senior surgeons controlled key triage during attack with flow controlled from the ED and OR control desk. One fatality plus shooter. CONCLUSION: Success favors the prepared. The response to attack, readiness of medical personnel, mitigation, and recovery have brought the following recommendations: (1) single entrance access; (2) armed, professional guards at all entrances; (3) camouflage metal detectors; (4) mandatory, recurrent hospital-wide active shooter training, mock, and table top; (5) published physician chain of command; (6) intercom code system known to all hospital personnel indicating a weapon is openly displayed; (7) a "no fly" list of former employees who are prohibited on premises; (8) stop the bleed training with kits on every floor; (9) one voice, one face to disseminate information. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level I.

The Association between DASH Diet Adherence and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Background: The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) encourages high fruit, vegetable, and lean protein consumption and low salt, red meat, and fat intake to prevent or treat hypertension. However, besides hypertension, adherence to this diet has been shown to decrease other cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: This study assessed the relationship between the DASH diet and cardiovascular risk factors in a cross-sectional study of 2,831 adults chosen by multistage cluster sampling from 27 counties of Khuzestan province, Iran. DASH scores were calculated using data obtained from a qualitative food frequency questionnaire. Regression models were used to evaluate the association of DASH scores and common cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Significant trends were observed across quintiles of DASH scores for systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and its components (p < 0·05). After adjusting for potential confounders such as sex, age, ethnicity, residence, wealth score, physical activity, energy intake, and family history of heart disease, the multiple regression analysis for each cardiovascular risk factor revealed that being in the highest quintile of total DASH score (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.52-0.99) was negatively associated with hyperglycemia. Conclusions: This study showed a positive relationship between DASH diet adherence and lower serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Visible light laser direct-writing of high-resolution, biocompatible, super-multifunctional and tough hydrogels without photoinitiators in 30 s.

Currently, the lack of bioinks and long printing time limits the further development of biofabrication. Here we report a novel biocompatible, multi-functional and tough 3D printable hydrogel via visible light photocrosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol bearing styrylpyridinium group (PVA-SbQ). The high-resolution PVA-SbQ hydrogels with different designed shapes can be generated via laser direct-writing in 30 s without extra toxic crosslinkers or photoinitiators, and demonstrates excellent biocompatibility. The rapid laser direct-writing technology also results in a super-strong, tough hydrogel with excellent adhesive, swelling, self-healing, and photo-tunable properties due to the photodimerization of styrylpyridinium (SbQ) groups and the left-over massive amount of free hydroxyl groups in the hydrogel. For example, the maximum tensile strength, elongation, compressive strength adhesive strength of printed PVA-SbQ hydrogels can reach 1.0 MPa, 810 %, 33 MPa, 31 kPa, and 25,000 % respectively. And these properties can be adjusted by controlling the parameters for laser direct-writing. In addition, the introduced nitrogen cations by SbQ groups further endow hydrogels with the potential to develop novel functionality, which is demonstrated by integrating negatively charged nanocelluloses in the PVA-SbQ system to develop underwater adhesives, anti-freezing (-24.9 °C), and anti-bacterial hydrogels. This discovery opens multiple doors for developing PVA-SbQ based multi-functional hydrogel for various applications including biofabrication and tissue engineering.

Association between physical activity and serum liver aminotransferases in Southwestern Iran: A Cross-sectional study.

Background: The main aim of the present study is to investigate the independent association objectively measured level of physical activity (PA) and serum concentration of liver aminotransferases (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) among seemingly healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: The current secondary study was conducted in the framework of Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study, a large population-based multicentric cross-sectional study, conducted between 2016 and 2019 on 18,966 individuals living in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. International PA Questionnaire was used for evaluating PA levels, and participants were divided into three groups: low, moderate, and high PA, and ALT and AST were compared between these groups. Results: The mean ± standard deviation age of participants was 38.65 ± 11.40 years. The majority of participants were female (71%). The mean concentration of ALT in total sample was 18.22 ± 13.06 (male: 23.65 ± 16.26 and female: 15.57 ± 10.06), while the mean concentration of ALT in total sample was 19.61 ± 8.40 (male: 22.44 ± 10.03 and female: 18.23 ± 7.08). A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between AST (r = -0.08, P = 0.02) and ALT (r = -0.038, P < 0.001) with total PA score. The mean concentration of ALT was 19.96 ± 13.63 in people with low PA, 17.62 ± 12.31 with moderate PA, and 18.12 ± 13.47 with high PA (P < 0.001). The mean concentration of AST in total sample was 20.37 ± 8.85 in people with low PA, 19.21 ± 8.83 with moderate PA, and 19.75 ± 8.85 with high PA (P < 0.001). The difference between people in different levels of PA in terms of mean concentration of AST was remained significant (P = 0.003); however, the difference for ALT was not remained significant after adjusting potential confounders. Conclusion: The current study based on large sample showed that PA had a statistically negative association with the concentration of liver aminotransferases in the seemingly healthy individuals; however, the observed associations were weak. People in the lowest levels of PA had the highest levels of ALT and AST.

Population-based prevalence of polypharmacy and patterns of medication use in southwestern Iran: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Pharmaceutical medications are considered an important component of healthcare delivery and there is a need for its rational use; although there have been major improvements in the pharmaceutical sector in the recent past, inappropriate medication use is considered a major threat to patients' health. Therefore, the pattern of medication use should be monitored routinely. The aim of this study was to investigate the population-based prevalence of polypharmacy and the patterns of medication use in southwestern Iran. We also investigated correlates between polypharmacy and patterns of medication use. METHODS: Data from the Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS) which consists information of 30 506 with age range to 20 to 65 years were used. Crude and age-standardized prevalence of polypharmacy and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated for different subpopulations. Multivariable Poisson regression modeling was applied, and adjusted prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system (first and second levels) was used for drug classification in different groups based on age, gender, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Out of 30 506 adults, 93.3% were not on any medications, and age- and gender-standardized prevalence of polypharmacy was 0.24%. The lowest estimated prevalence was among Arab participants (0.13%). The prevalence of polypharmacy was 1.57% among elderly people, and 4.78% among patients with heart diseases. Socioeconomic status was not associated with polypharmacy (prevalence ratio: 0.95; p = 0.573) but was significantly associated with patterns of medications use for alimentary tract and metabolism and nervous system diseases. The most common drug classes were cardiovascular system (3.93%), alimentary tract and metabolism (2.79%), nervous system (1.01%), systemic hormonal preparations (0.69%), and blood and blood-forming organs (0.38%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of polypharmacy is very low in Khuzestan province, especially in the Arab population. Future research is needed to investigate the causes of medication underuse in this population.

Anemia prevalence, severity, types, and correlates among adult women and men in a multiethnic Iranian population: the Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS).

BACKGROUND: Despite all recent health-related improvements, anemia remains an extensive global public health issue affecting the lives of about one-fourth of the world population in a geographically heterogeneous pattern. We, therefore, aimed to illustrate the prevalence, severity, most common types, and major determinants of anemia among adults in Khuzestan, Iran, from 2016 to 2019. METHODS: In a large population-based cross-sectional study comprising of a diverse population, each participant underwent a questionnaire-based interview and laboratory testing for hematological analysis. A hemoglobin (HGB) concentration of < 12 g/dL in non-pregnant women and < 13 g/dL in men were defined anemic. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between anemia and its potential determinants. RESULTS: Data on 29,550 (96.87%) males and non-pregnant females between 20-65 years of age (mean age: 41.90 ± 11.88 years; female sex: 63.58%; Arab ethnicity: 48.65%), whose HGB level was available, were included in the study. The mean ± SD HGB concentration was 13.75 ± 1.65 g/dL. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence rate of anemia was 10.86% (95% CI: 10.51-11.23%). The most prevalent degree was mild anemia (7.71%, 95% CI: 7.40-8.03%) and only 0.17% were severely anemic. Of those considered anemic, the highest proportion was related to normochromic/microcytic (50.65%), followed by hypochromic/microcytic (30.29%). In the multiple logistic regression, the parameters of female gender (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 2.68-3.76), age group of 35-49 years (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.52-1.82), being underweight (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.29-1.93), being unemployed or retired (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.33-1.81), and living in urban areas (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09-1.29) were major determinants of anemia. Additionally, we observed a minor but significant positive association between anemia status and CKD, older ages, increased night sleep duration, being a housewife and married, as well as a negative association between anemia and factors including hookah smoking, presence of metabolic syndrome, and overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the anemia prevalence in this study population was of mild public health significance. The major suspected causes might be iron deficiency and chronic disease anemias. Comparably higher rates of anemia were observed amongst women, individuals aged 35-49 years, underweights, unemployed or retired subjects, and urban residents.

Prevalence of impaired renal function and determinants in the southwest of Iran.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health problem with faster progression in developing countries such as Iran. Here we aimed to evaluate the prevalence and determinants of CKD stage III+. METHODS: This research is part of the Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS), a large observational population-based cross-sectional study in which 30,041 participants aged 20 to 65 were enrolled. CKD was determined with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2, based on two equations of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). The multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the CKD stage III+ determinants. RESULTS: Prevalence of CKD stage III+ is estimated to be 7.1, 5.5, and 5.4% based on MDRD, CKD-EPI, and combination of both equations, respectively. More than 89% of CKD subjects aged higher than 40 years. In regression analysis, age more than 40 years had the strongest association with CKD stage III+ probability (OR: 8.23, 95% CI: 6.91-9.18). Higher wealth score, hypertension, High-Density Lipoprotein levels less than 40 mg/dl, and higher waist to hip ratio were all associated with CKD stage III+ while Arab ethnicity showed a protective effect (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57-0.78). CONCLUSION: Our findings provide detailed information on the CKD stage III+ and its determinants in the southwest region of Iran. Due to strong association between age and CKD stage III+, within a few decades we might expect a huge rise in the CKD prevalence.

Metabolic syndrome and lifestyle-associated factors in the ethnically diverse population of Khuzestan, Iran: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors, mainly central obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, leading to life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence of MetS can vary based on different ethnicities and many cultural and lifestyle factors. AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MetS and possible correlations with lifestyle-associated factors among different ethnicities in Khuzestan, Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Khuzestan province of Iran, among 30,504 participants aged 20-65 years, between October 2016 and November 2019. Data was collected through questionnaires along with anthropometric and biological measurements. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition was used to estimate MetS prevalence. RESULTS: Overall, 31.9% (95% CI 31.4-32.4) had MetS (34.2% [95% CI 33.3-35.1] among males; 30.7% [95% CI 30.0-31.3] among females [p < 0.001]). Central obesity, elevated fasting blood sugar levels, and dyslipidemia were the most common abnormalities among those with MetS. The risk of MetS was estimated to increase by age, male gender, residing in urban regions, lower educational levels, lower physical activity levels, lower sleep time, and a positive family history of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001). Individuals of the Arab and Bakhtiary ethnicities had the highest and lowest risk of MetS, respectively. CONCLUSION: MetS prevalence varied among different ethnicities. Aging and some lifestyle-associated factors such as physical activity and sleep time were related to the risk of MetS. Raising awareness about risk factors of MetS would be of great value in setting new health policies to manage the rising trend of MetS.

Prevalence and determinants of diabetes and prediabetes in southwestern Iran: the Khuzestan comprehensive health study (KCHS).

BACKGROUND: The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is postulated to have the highest increase in the prevalence of diabetes by 2030; however, studies on the epidemiology of diabetes are rather limited across the region, including in Iran. METHODS: This study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 among Iranian adults aged 20 to 65 years residing in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. Diabetes was defined as the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level of 126 mg/dl or higher, and/or taking antidiabetic medications, and/or self-declared diabetes. Prediabetes was defined as FBG 100 to 125 mg/dl. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the association of multiple risk factors that attained significance on the outcome. RESULTS: Overall, 30,498 participants were recruited; the mean (±SD) age was 41.6 (±11.9) years. The prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes were 30.8 and 15.3%, respectively. We found a similar prevalence of diabetes in both sexes, although it was higher among illiterates, urban residents, married people, and smokers. Participants aged 50-65 and those with Body Mass Index (BMI) 30 kg/m2 or higher were more likely to be affected by diabetes [RR: 20.5 (18.1,23.3) and 3.2 (3.0,3.6)]. Hypertension [RR: 5.1 (4.7,5.5)], waist circumference (WC) equal or more than 90 cm [RR: 3.6 (3.3,3.9)], and family history [RR: 2.3 (2.2,2.5)] were also significantly associated with diabetes. For prediabetes, the main risk factors were age 50 to 65 years [RR: 2.6 (2.4,2.8)], BMI 30 kg/m2 or higher [RR: 1.9 (1.8,2.0)], hypertension and WC of 90 cm or higher [RR: 1.7 (1.6,1.8)]. The adjusted relative risks for all variables were higher in females than males, with the exception of family history for both conditions and waist circumference for prediabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Prediabetes and diabetes are prevalent in southwestern Iran. The major determinants are older age, obesity, and the presence of hypertension. Further interventions are required to escalate diabetes prevention and diagnosis in high-risk areas across Iran.

Impact of 2017 ACC/AHA guideline on prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and determinants of hypertension: a population-based cross-sectional study in southwest of Iran.

BACKGROUND: In 2017, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) provided a new guideline for hypertension prevention and management. We aimed to update the prevalence, awareness, control, and determinants of hypertension based on this guideline in Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran, and to estimate the number of people who are eligible for non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic intervention. METHODS: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Khuzestan, a large province in the southwest of Iran. Comprehensive information about the potential relating factors of hypertension was collected, blood pressure was measured, and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Moreover, the dietary pattern was evaluated in 2830 individuals, using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Among 30,506 participants, 30,424 individuals aged 20-65 years were eligible for the study. In comparison with the previous guideline released by the Joint National Committee (JNC8), the prevalence of hypertension in Khuzestan dramatically increased from 15.81 to 42.85% after implementation of the ACC/AHA guideline, which was more dominant in the male population and the 45-54 age group. The sex and age adjustment of the hypertension prevalence was estimated to be 39.40%. The percentage of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control were 45.85%, 35.42%, and 59.63%, which dropped to 22.72%, 26.37%, and 28.94% after implementation of new guideline, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the ACC/AHA guideline, a higher number of individuals with the pre-hypertension condition were shifted into the hypertension category and the level of awareness, treatment, and control were dramatically decreased, which highlight a great need to expand the public health infrastructure for further managing the substantial increased burden on healthcare system. However, further studies with population over 65 years are required to estimate the eligibility for antihypertensive treatment in this province after implementation of new guideline.

Association of anthropometric indices with cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults: a study in Iran.

AIMS: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the world. Many modifiable risk factors have been reported to synergistically act in the development of CVDs. We aimed to compare the predictive power of anthropometric indices, as well as to provide the best cut-off point for these indicators in a large population of Iranian people for the prediction of CVDs and CVD risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: All the data used in the present study were obtained from Khuzestan comprehensive health study (KCHS). Anthropometric indices, including BMI (body mass index), WC (waist circumference), HC (hip circumference), WHR (waist-to-hip ratio), WHtR (waist-to-height ratio), ABSI (a body shape index), as well as CVD risk factors [dyslipidaemia, abnormal blood pressure (BP), and hyperglycaemia] were recorded among 30 429 participants. WHtR had the highest adjusted odds ratios amongst anthropometric indices for all the risk factors and CVDs. WC had the highest predictive power for dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.622, 0.563; specificity 61%, 59%; sensitivity 69%, 60%; cut-off point 87.95, 92.95 cm, respectively], while WHtR had the highest discriminatory power for abnormal BP (AUC = 0.585; specificity 60%; sensitivity 65%; cut-off point 0.575) and WHR tended to be the best predictor of CVDs (AUC = 0.527; specificity 58%; sensitivity 64%; cut-off point 0.915). CONCLUSION: In this study, we depicted a picture of the Iranian population in terms of anthropometric measurement and its association with CVD risk factors and CVDs. Different anthropometric indices showed different predictive power for CVD risk factors in the Iranian population.

Premature Coronary Artery Disease Is More Prevalent in People Who Go to Bed Late.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the impact of quantity and quality of sleep on the incidence of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible independent association of late bedtime and premature coronary artery disease (PCAD). METHODS: Between October 2016 and November 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional population-based study on 30101 participants aged 20-65 years in Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS). Data on major risk factors of cardiovascular disease, habit history, physical activity, and sleep behavior was gathered and participants underwent blood pressure, anthropometric, and serum lipid and glucose profile measurements. PCAD was defined as documented history of developing obstructive coronary artery disease before 45 years in men and before 55 years in women. RESULTS: Of a total of 30101 participants (64.1% female, mean age: 41.7±11.7 years) included in this study, 1602 (5.3%, 95% confidence interval: 5.1%-5.6%) had PCAD. Late bedtime was reported in 7613 participants (25.3%, 95% confidence interval: 24.9%-25.8%). Age-sex standardized prevalence for PCAD and late bedtime were 3.62 (3.43-3.82) and 27.8 (27.2-28.4), respectively. There was no significant difference (P=0.558) regarding prevalence of PCAD between those with late bedtime (5.5%, 95% CI: 4.9%-6.0%) and those with early bedtime (5.3%, 95% CI: 5.0%-5.6%). However, after adjustment for potential confounders, late bedtime was independently associated with PCAD (OR=1.136, 95% CI=1.002-1.288, P=0.046). CONCLUSION: In this study, late bedtime was significantly associated with presence of PCAD. Future prospective studies should elucidate the exact role of late bedtime in developing coronary atherosclerosis prematurely.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Imbalance With Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia in Children and Adults.

Introduction: Little is known about the laboratory and radiological characteristics and clinical significance of peripheral immune alterations in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to clarify these aspects in children and adults with COVID-19. Methods: In this consecutive pilot study, COVID-19 patients with the confirmed pneumonia and real-time RT-PCR were recruited prospectively in June 2020. The clinical, chest CT, and laboratory features, such as lymphocyte subpopulations, were analyzed for each individual. Results: Forty confirmed COVID-19 patients, 11 severe children, 12 severe adults, and 17 critical adult patients, besides 20 healthy pediatrics and 14 healthy adults as controls, were enrolled prospectively. Adult patients, especially critical ones, had a much higher prevalence of laboratory and chest CT abnormalities. Data regarding immune cell subsets in children patients, compared with matched controls, had higher CD3+ CD8+ T cells (p = 0.004) and lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio (p = 0.042), while adult patients, compared with matched controls, had lower CD14+ monocytes (p = 0.032). Adult patients were also categorized as experiencing critical or severe illness on admission and, compared with severe patients, had lower total lymphocytes (p < 0.047), CD3+ T-lymphocytes (p < 0.002), and CD3+ CD8+ T cells (p = 0.001) and, on the other hand, had higher CD3+ CD4+ T cells (p = 0.012) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (p = 0.003). Non survived adults, compared with survived patients, had significantly lower CD3+ T-lymphocyte (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Unlike adult patients, who compared with matched controls and had more comorbidities, higher frequency of severe clinical symptoms, laboratory abnormalities, and immune cells alteration, clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children (compared with matched controls) were relatively mild, and fewer clinical complications were seen either, perhaps because of a milder inflammatory response following their peripheral innate and adaptive immune cell alteration pattern.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Psychological Disorder or Poverty? Results of a Large Cross-sectional Study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disease with no exact laboratory or imaging findings. IBS is more common in areas with a history of psychological trauma and war. This study aims to report the prevalence and possible determinants of IBS in southwestern Iran, an area with a notable history of war. METHODS: We randomly enrolled 1849 permanent residents in 29 cities aged 20 to 65 years. A validated for Farsi version Rome III criteria and a questionnaire, including demographic data and health history, were administered to each subject. Participants who fulfilled the Rome III criteria were categorized into three groups: Diarrhea dominant (IBS-D), Constipation dominant (IBS-C), and Mixed type (IBS-M). RESULTS: The total prevalence of IBS was 3.2%, with 70% of subjects being of Arab descent (P=0.004). IBS was more common in females, singles, illiterate subjects, and people younger than 30 years; however, none of these differences were statistically significant. People with depression, anxiety, self-report of psychological disorders, and very low socioeconomic status had a significantly higher prevalence of IBS (P<0.05). After multivariable logistic regression analysis, very low socioeconomic status had an independent role in IBS predictivity (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.01-5.15). CONCLUSION: This study shows a higher prevalence of IBS symptoms in a population-based study in the region compared to counterparts in other regions of Iran. Considering the higher prevalence of self-reported psychological disorders, further studies are recommended to focus on the exact diagnosis of mental disorders and their influence on IBS.

The Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS): Methodology and Profile of Participants.

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, with a disproportionally rising burden among low- and middle-income populations. While preventable risk factors highly contribute to this burden, population-based studies assessing these factors and the health status of these populations, are scarce. METHODS: The Khuzestan Comprehensive Health Study (KCHS)-a cross sectional study-was conducted between 2016-2019, including 30,506 Iranians aged 20 to 65 years, from 27 counties of Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran. KCHS aimed to provide a comprehensive health overview by investigating the prevalence and risk factors of NCDs and psychological disorders, along with viral hepatitis as a common communicable disease. Upon registration, 15 mL of blood and anthropometric measurements were obtained from participants. Afterwards, several interviewer-administered questionnaires were completed to gather data on demographics, socioeconomic status, sleep quality, physical activity, lifestyle habits, nutrition, and medical history. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age of participants was 41.7 ± 11.9 years. The majority were female (64.3%), of the Arab ethnicity (49%), married (83%), and urban residents (73.1%). About 70% had an educational level below high school diploma. Overall, 10.8%, 5.2%, and 2.8% of participants had used cigarettes, hookah, and drugs at least once in their lifetime, respectively. While body mass index and serum cholesterol levels were higher in females, blood pressure was higher in males (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: KCHS assessed many aspects of health in the Khuzestan province. In addition to develop a biobank along with a comprehensive dataset, KCHS will serve as a valuable infrastructure for future research.