Legislative framework for national contingency planning and response.

Contingency plans are a key tool to prevent and respond to events of different origins and nature that may affect animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health needs. They should include a number of elements ranging from assessment and notification systems, financial arrangements and the role of national authorities. To help to ensure their effective and rapid implementation and prevent gaps, they should be based on a clear legal framework; this 'enabling legislation' will provide for basic requirements and the overall content of the plans. This paper first examines the basis of an effective and comprehensive legal framework for national contingency planning and response and considers the formal and substantive contents of such a framework. It then looks at different steps that can be taken to evaluate and strengthen existing national legislation. Finally, it describes the assistance role of the World Organisation for Animal Health in reviewing and developing national legislation.

Les plans d'urgence sont un outil essentiel de prévention et d'intervention se rapportant à des événements d'origine et de nature diverses qui peuvent avoir un impact sur la santé animale, le bien-être animal et la santé publique vétérinaire. Plusieurs aspects doivent être prévus dans cette planification, depuis les systèmes d'évaluation et de notification jusqu'aux dispositifs financiers en passant par le rôle joué par les autorités nationales. Les plans d'urgence doivent être soutenus par un cadre juridique clair afin d'assurer une mise en œuvre efficace et rapide et d'éviter les lacunes ; un tel cadre d'habilitation devra couvrir les exigences de base et l'essentiel du contenu des plans. Les auteurs décrivent d'abord les composantes essentielles requises pour qu'un cadre législatif recouvre de manière complète et efficace les plans nationaux d'urgence et d'intervention, ainsi que le contenu d'un tel cadre, tant sur la forme que sur le fond. Ils examinent ensuite les différentes mesures pouvant être prises par les pays pour évaluer et renforcer leur législation nationale. Enfin, ils décrivent le soutien apporté par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale aux pays souhaitant procéder à l'examen ou à l'améloration de leur législation nationale en la matière.

Los planes para casos de emergencia son una herramienta básica para prevenir y afrontar episodios de diferente naturaleza y origen que pueden afectar a la sanidad y el bienestar animales y a las necesidades de salud pública veterinaria. Estos planes deben cubrir una serie de temas que van desde los sistemas de evaluación y notificación hasta los mecanismos de financiación y la función de las autoridades nacionales competentes. Para que puedan ser aplicados rápida y eficazmente y evitar lagunas deben reposar en un ordenamiento jurídico claro, la «base legislativa¼ que sentará los requisitos básicos y el contenido general de los planes. Los autores exponen en primer lugar los elementos en que debe basarse un ordenamiento jurídico eficaz y completo, que encuadre la planificación nacional para casos de emergencia y las correspondientes medidas de respuesta, y explican la forma que debe revestir y cuál ha de ser su contenido. A continuación se detienen en las distintas medidas que se pueden adoptar para evaluar y mejorar la legislación nacional existente. Por último, describen la función que cumple la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal ayudando a los países a examinar y desarrollar su acervo legislativo.

Performance of Veterinary Services Pathway evolution and One Health aspects.

Animals, and the health systems which ensure their protection, play a vital role in the security and economic and social well-being of humanity, and are therefore a key component of the One Health concept. For global and national health security, prevention is better than cure, and targeting 'risk at source' in animal populations is a vital strategy in safeguarding the planet from risks of emerging zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Neglected zoonoses - such as rabies and brucellosis - continue to have a significant global impact on human health and are also best managed at their animal source. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has built international consensus on the principles of good governance and the quality of Veterinary Services, which are incorporated within its international standards. The OIE has a proven track record in the provision of Member Country support based on these standards, especially since the advent of its flagship Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway programme in 2006-2007. To date, approximately 140 countries have benefited from the structured and sustainable process of animal health systems evaluation and planning afforded by the PVS Pathway. The PVS Tool, the basic methodology upon which the PVS Pathway is based, addresses One Health by evaluating the Veterinary Authority's ability to coordinate with other Competent Authorities that have a role to play in One Health, most notably public health, food safety, and environmental authorities. Despite the undoubted success of the PVS Pathway, the OIE felt that it was time to consider how the programme might be developed to adapt to new challenges. Consequently, during 2017-2018, the OIE embarked on a process of PVS evolution, during which it carried out extensive consultation and further tailored the PVS Pathway to a changing global context. These improvements, which include both fundamental adaptations to the PVS Pathway methods and the development of new PVS Pathway activities targeting topics such as multisectoral collaboration, rabies and AMR, have further strengthened and embedded the One Health approach within the PVS Pathway.

Parce qu'ils jouent un rôle crucial pour la sécurité et le bien-être économique et social de l'humanité, les animaux et les systèmes sanitaires en charge de leur protection sont une composante clé du concept Une seule santé. En matière de sécurité sanitaire à l'échelle du monde ou d'un pays, il vaut toujours mieux prévenir que guérir ; c'est pourquoi la stratégie consistant à cibler le risque à sa source est la seule qui puisse protéger la planète contre les zoonoses émergentes et le développement de l'antibiorésistance. L'impact sur la santé publique des zoonoses négligées comme la rage et la brucellose reste important et c'est également à leur source animale que les interventions visant à les contrôler sont les plus efficaces. L'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) a forgé un consensus international autour des principes de bonne gouvernance et de qualité des Services vétérinaires et les a inscrites au coeur de ses normes internationales. L'OIE a démontré sa capacité à apporter aux Pays membres un soutien basé sur ces normes, en particulier depuis la création en 2006­2007 du Processus sur les Performances des Services vétérinaires (PVS), son programme phare. À ce jour, près de 140 pays ont bénéficié d'une procédure structurée d'évaluation et de planification durable de leurs systèmes de santé animale, grâce au Processus PVS. L'Outil PVS, instrument méthodologique du Processus PVS, couvre certains aspects relevant de l'approche Une seule santé en évaluant les capacités de concertation des Autorités vétérinaires avec d'autres autorités compétentes ayant un rôle à jouer dans ce contexte, en particulier celles en charge de la santé publique, de la sécurité sanitaire des aliments et de la protection de l'environnement. En dépit de la réussite incontestée du Processus PVS, l'OIE a estimé que le temps était venu d'envisager l'évolution de ce programme afin de l'adapter aux nouveaux défis. En conséquence, l'OIE a lancé en 2017­2018 la phase d'Évolution du Processus OIE à travers de larges consultations visant à adapter le Processus PVS aux mutations du contexte mondial. Les améliorations apportées, qui portent à la fois sur les fondements méthodologiques et sur la conception de nouvelles activités du Processus PVS dédiées à des sujets tels que la collaboration multisectorielle, la rage et la résistance aux agents antimicrobiens ont renforcé l'approche Une seule santé ainsi que son ancrage dans le Processus PVS.

Los animales y los sistemas sanitarios que velan por su protección cumplen una función vital para la seguridad y el bienestar económico y social de la humanidad, razón por la cual constituyen un elemento básico del concepto de Una sola salud. Desde el punto de vista de la seguridad sanitaria del mundo y de los países, más vale prevenir que curar, y el hecho de ir a combatir un riesgo en las poblaciones animales en las que tiene su origen es una estrategia indispensable para salvaguardar al planeta de los peligros que entrañan las zoonosis emergentes y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. La mejor forma de luchar contra zoonosis desatendidas como la rabia o la brucelosis, que en todo el mundo siguen repercutiendo sensiblemente en la salud humana, pasa por atacarlas en su origen animal. La Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) ha sabido suscitar un consenso internacional en torno a los principios de buen gobierno y calidad de los Servicios Veterinarios, integrados ahora en sus normas internacionales. La OIE goza de contrastada experiencia en la prestación de apoyo a los Países Miembros basándose en estas normas, especialmente desde la instauración en 2006­2007 de su emblemático programa llamado Proceso PVS (Prestaciones de los Servicios Veterinarios). Hasta la fecha, alrededor de 140 países han podido beneficiarse del procedimiento estructurado y sostenible de evaluación y planificación de los sistemas de sanidad animal que se propone a través del Proceso PVS. La Herramienta PVS aporta la metodología básica en que descansa el Proceso PVS: con ella se trabaja en clave de Una sola salud evaluando la capacidad de la Autoridad Veterinaria del país para coordinarse con las demás autoridades competentes que cumplen alguna función relacionada con Una sola salud, sobre todo las de salud pública, seguridad sanitaria de los alimentos y medio ambiente. Pese al indiscutible éxito cosechado por el Proceso PVS, la OIE estimó llegado el momento de plantearse hacia dónde hacer evolucionar el programa para adaptarlo a nuevas problemáticas. Obrando en consecuencia, en 2017 y 2018 la OIE se embarcó en un proceso de «evolución del PVS¼ durante el cual celebró vastas consultas y adaptó aún más el Proceso PVS a un panorama mundial en constante evolución, incorporándole mejoras que incluyen a la vez una serie de ajustes básicos en los métodos del Proceso PVS y la creación de nuevas actividades encuadradas en él sobre temas como la colaboración multisectorial, la rabia o la resistencia a los antimicrobianos, mejoras que a la postre han servido para potenciar la filosofía de Una sola salud e integrarla aún más en el Proceso PVS.

The spread of pathogens through trade in small ruminants and their products.

While the international trade in small ruminants and small ruminant products is small relative to the trade in bovine, swine and poultry products, it is still economically important. In addition to wool, it includes some unique products (such as goat and sheep milk cheeses, cashmere fibre and karakul pelts) and the sheep/goat meat trade plays a large part in sustaining livelihoods in several regions of the world. The trade in small ruminants and their products also merits consideration because sheep and goats may transmit zoonotic diseases such as Rift Valley fever, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, brucellosis and listeriosis. They also may transmit highly infectious livestock diseases, such as peste des petits ruminants, to naïve populations of small ruminants in other countries. This can have dramatic consequences, particularly for poor people whose livelihood often depends on small ruminants. In addition, sheep and goats can serve as an important source of foot and mouth disease (FMD) for cattle. This has enormous global trade implications and it is important, therefore, that sheep and goats be considered in FMD control programmes aimed at improving access to trade.

[Torpid syndrome and its significance for the theoretical and clinical medicine]. / Sindrom torpidnosti i ego znachenie dlia teoreticheskoi i klinicheskoi meditsiny.

The article presents the conception of biological nature of torpid syndrome. The hypobiotic reaction appearing at the beginning of evolution had secured biological systems survival through all its stages in extreme circumstances of habitat. Preserved ancient hypobiosis mechanisms of human and most mammals will mobilize at once when hazardous conditions appeared to secure life and maintain vital capacity. Theoretically, it was concluded that patients with signs of torpid syndrome have life-saving protective components of an extreme reaction. Practically, in this situation we can use in a complex treatment specific hypobiotic drugs to enhance these components. We should be careful prescribing stimulants which decrease the efficacy of the hypobiotic defense.

[Effects of naloxone, nalorphine and dalargin on the course of shock due to the combination of mechanical trauma and acute blood loss]. / Vliianie naloksona, nalorfina i dalargina na techenie shoka ot sochetaniia mekhanicheskoi travmy i ostroi krovopoteri.

Acute experiments on 75 adult rabbits were made to study action of intravenous injections of naloxone (0.1 mg/kg), nalorphine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) and dalargin (0.1 mg/kg) in early and late periods of irreversible shock caused by combination of non-shockogenic mechanical trauma of the hip and safe blood loss from the femoral artery. In early shock antagonists of opiate receptors did not influence the outcomes while injection of dalargin prolonged survival of the animals noticeably. In late shock injection of the drugs had no significant influence on the course of the pathological process while reinfusion did not help the animals to survive. In the late shock injection of the above drugs after blood reinfusion increased the rabbits' survival.

[Outline of general shock theory]. / Kontury obshchei teorii shoka.

Being directly, extremely dangerously affected, the organism of man (and laboratory animals) automatically starts showing an ancient hypobiotic protective reaction in the form of unique torpid syndrome. However, hypobiotic conditions are evolutionarily alien to the superior brain formations. A functional conflict arises between the new and old regulatory systems. Increasing pathology of regulation forms the whole typical stereotypical shock syndrome with its dangerous pathological components and phase course. However, shock maintains the organism's vitality and saves it from immediate death after the damaging effect of the initial collapse. The results depend on the adequacy of anti-shock therapy, the degree of organism's biological reserve preservation and severity of organ deficiency.

Expression of cellular antigens of Listeria monocytogenes that react with monoclonal antibodies C11E9 and EM-7G1 under acid-, salt- or temperature-induced stress environments.

AIMS: To study the expression of cellular antigens of Listeria monocytogenes that react with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) C11E9 and EM-7G1 under acid-, salt- or temperature-induced stress environments. METHODS AND RESULTS: The reaction patterns of antibodies to L. monocytogenes held in stressful environments for a short duration (3 h) or grown for extended periods (16-72 h) were investigated. During both short or prolonged exposure to stress environments of high temperature (45 degrees C) and NaCl (>1.5%, w/v), reactions of whole cells of L. monocytogenes to antibodies were severely affected as determined by ELISA and by the reduced expression of the antibody-reactive 66 kDa antigen in the Western blot assay. Conversely, cold (4-15 degrees C) or acid (pH 2-3) stress environments had very little effect on antigen expression or antibody reaction. Additionally, heat-killed cells showed reduced reactions to these antibodies when compared with unheated cells. Artificially created stress environments in hotdog slurry also affected the antigen expression in L. monocytogenes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the antibody-reactive antigens were uniformly present on the surface of the cells. Morphological characteristics following growth in stressed environments revealed that heat stress at 45 degrees C caused L. monocytogenes cells to be elongated and to form clumps; whereas, osmotic stress (5.5% NaCl, w/v) caused filamentous appearance with multiple septa along the length of the cell. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that MAb C11E9 or EM-7G1 could detect L. monocytogenes from cold or acid-stress environments; however, they may show weaker reactions with heat or osmotically stressed cells or cells grown at 4 degrees C. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Bacteria in food are routinely subjected to various stresses, induced by cold, heat, salt or acid during processing and storage. Whether stresses would modify the expression of cellular antigens of L. monocytogenes is of a great concern for immunodetections in food products.

Pattern of cyanophycin accumulation in nitrogen-fixing and non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

The temporal and spatial accumulation of cyanophycin was studied in two unicellular strains of cyanobacteria, the diazotrophic Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 and the non-diazotrophic Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Biochemistry and electron microscopy were used to monitor the dynamics of cyanophycin accumulation under nitrogen-sufficient and nitrogen-deficient conditions. In Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 grown under 12 h light/12 h dark nitrogen-fixing conditions, cyanophycin was temporally regulated relative to nitrogenase activity and accumulated in granules after nitrogenase activity commenced. Cyanophycin granules reached a maximum after the peak of nitrogenase activity and eventually were utilized completely. Knock-out mutants were constructed in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cphA and cphB genes to analyze the function of these genes and cyanophycin accumulation under nitrogen-deficient growth conditions. The mutants grew under such conditions, but needed to degrade phycobilisomes as a nitrogen reserve. Granules could be seen in some wild-type cells after treatment with chloramphenicol, but were never found in Delta cphA and Delta cphB mutants. These results led to the conclusion that cyanophycin is temporally and spatially regulated in nitrogen-fixing strains such as Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 and represents a key nitrogen reserve in these organisms. However, cyanophycin appeared to play a less important role in the non-diazotrophic unicellular strains and phycobilisomes appeared to be the main nitrogen reserve.

The efficacy and safety of once-daily Kytril (granisetron hydrochloride) tablets in the prophylaxis of nausea and emesis following fractionated upper abdominal radiotherapy.

This multicenter, randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of once-daily oral granisetron 2 mg (n = 134) and placebo (n = 126) as prophylaxis for nausea and emesis in patients receiving upper abdominal fractionated radiotherapy. Patients were scheduled to receive 10-30 fractions of radiotherapy; granisetron (two 1-mg tablets) or placebo was administered 1 hr before radiotherapy on each scheduled treatment day. Treatment comparisons were made at 24 hr and at 10 and 20 fractions. Patients treated with granisetron experienced greater emetic control than those treated with placebo as evidenced by median times to first emesis (35 vs. 9 days, p < 0.001) and first nausea (11 vs. 1 day, p < 0.001). Overall endpoint analysis showed that proportionally more granisetron than placebo patients were emesis free (57.5% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.0047) and nausea free (30.6% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.0042). Furthermore, 25% more granisetron-treated than placebo-treated patients were emesis free and 20% more were nausea free on at least 80% of study treatment days. The most commonly reported adverse experiences in granisetron-treated patients were diarrhea, asthenia, and constipation. These findings demonstrate that a once-daily, 2-mg dose of oral granisetron is well tolerated and significantly more effective than placebo in preventing nausea and emesis induced by fractionated radiotherapy to the upper abdomen.

Structure determination of the phiX174 closed procapsid.

The structure of a procapsid of the single-stranded DNA bacteriophage ++phiX174 was determined to 3.5 A resolution. The crystal space group was I213 with a unit-cell length of 774 A. The unit cell contained 16 icosahedral virus particles, each situated on a crystallographic threefold axis. Thus, there are two independent one-thirds of a particle per asymmetric unit, and a total of 40-fold non-crystallographic redundancy. To aid in the interpretation of the packing arrangement, crystals were prepared for thin sectioning and analyzed by electron microscopy. Oscillation X-ray diffraction data was collected on image plates using synchrotron radiation and oscillation angles of either 0.25 or 0.30 degrees. A low-resolution 6.5 A data set collected from a single frozen crystal was particularly helpful in the structure determination, because of its completeness and internal consistency. The initial particle orientations were determined using self-rotation functions, while the initial position of one particle was determined from a Patterson map. The structure was solved by molecular replacement real-space averaging using a model based on a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction as a starting point for the phase determination. The initial structure determination used the data between 20 and 13 A resolution, which was then extended one reciprocal lattice point at a time to 6.5 A resolution. At this point, a 3.5 A resolution data set compiled from a number of crystals collected at 277 K was introduced. Phase extension and averaging continued to 3.5 A resolution after re-determining the particle positions and orientations. The amino-acid sequences of most of the D, F and G proteins and part of the B protein could be unambiguously built into the 3.5 A electron-density map. Partial crystallographic refinement yielded an R factor of 31.6%, consistent with the relatively low resolution and lack of completeness of the data.

[The mechanism of the action of opiate receptor antagonists in acute shock-induced blood loss]. / K mekhanizmu deistviia antagonistov opiatnykh retseptorov pri ostroi shokogennoi krovopotere.

Experiments on 81 rabbits showed that intravenous infusion of naloxone and nalorphine in different periods of hemorrhagic shock promoted the death of animals. It is concluded that in hypoxia only the antagonistic activity of the drugs is manifested as total inactivation of the endogenous opioid system depriving it of its protective functions. Nalorphine infused after blood reinfusion exhibits agonistic activity and additional activation of the endogenous opioid system promotes the use of the biological reserves by the organism, which saves some of the animals from death or essentially prolongs the survival of the others. Infusion of naloxone after blood transfusion has no effect on the outcome.

Actin Purified from Maize Pollen Functions in Living Plant Cells.

A vast array of actin binding proteins (ABPs), together with intracellular signaling molecules, modulates the spatiotemporal distribution of actin filaments in eukaryotic cells. To investigate the complex regulation of actin organization in plant cells, we designed experiments to reconstitute actin-ABP interactions in vitro with purified components. Because vertebrate skeletal [alpha]-actin has distinct and unpredictable binding affinity for nonvertebrate ABPs, it is essential that these in vitro studies be performed with purified plant actin. Here, we report the development of a new method for isolating functional actin from maize pollen. The addition of large amounts of recombinant profilin to pollen extracts facilitated the depolymerization of actin filaments and the formation of a profilin-actin complex. The profilin-actin complex was then isolated by affinity chromatography on poly-L-proline-Sepharose, and actin was selectively eluted with a salt wash. Pollen actin was further purified by one cycle of polymerization and depolymerization. The recovery of functional actin by this rapid and convenient procedure was substantial; the average yield was 6 mg of actin from 10 g of pollen. We undertook an initial physicochemical characterization of this native pollen actin. Under physiological conditions, pollen actin polymerized with kinetics similar in quality to those for vertebrate [alpha]-actin and had a critical concentration for assembly of 0.6 [mu]M. Moreover, pollen actin interacted specifically and in a characteristic fashion with several ABPs. Tradescantia cells were microinjected and used as an experimental system to study the behavior of pollen actin in vivo. We demonstrated that purified pollen actin ameliorated the effects of injecting excess profilin into live stamen hair cells.

Transcriptional and translational regulation of nitrogenase in light-dark- and continuous-light-grown cultures of the unicellular cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142.

Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 is a unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium which demonstrated extensive metabolic periodicities of photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen fixation when grown under N2-fixing conditions. N2 fixation and respiration peaked at 24-h intervals early in the dark or subjective-dark period, whereas photosynthesis was approximately 12 h out of phase and peaked toward the end of the light or subjective-light phase. Gene regulation studies demonstrated that nitrogenase is carefully controlled at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Indeed, Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 has developed an expensive mode of regulation, such that nitrogenase was synthesized and degraded each day. These patterns were seen when cells were grown under either light-dark or continuous-light conditions. Nitrogenase mRNA was synthesized from the nifHDK operon during the first 4 h of the dark period under light-dark conditions or during the first 6 h of the subjective-dark period when grown in continuous light. The nitrogenase NifH and NifDK subunits reached a maximum level at 4 to 10 h in the dark or subjective-dark periods and were shown by Western blotting and electron microscopy immunocytochemistry to be thoroughly degraded toward the end of the dark periods. An exception is the NifDK protein (MoFe-protein), which appeared not to be completely degraded under continuous-light conditions. We hypothesize that cellular O2 levels were kept low by decreasing photosynthesis and by increasing respiration in the early dark or subjective-dark periods to permit nitrogenase activity. The subsequent increase in O2 levels resulted in nitrogenase damage and eventual degradation.

Composition of the carbohydrate granules of the cyanobacterium, Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142.

Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 is an aerobic, unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium that temporally separates O2-sensitive N2 fixation from oxygenic photosynthesis. The energy and reducing power needed for N2 fixation appears to be generated by an active respiratory apparatus that utilizes the contents of large interthylakoidal carbohydrate granules. We report here on the carbohydrate and protein composition of the granules of Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142. The carbohydrate component is a glucose homopolymer with branches every nine residues and is chemically identical to glycogen. Granule-associated protein fractions showed temporal changes in the number of proteins and their abundance during the metabolic oscillations observed under diazotrophic conditions. There also were temporal changes in the protein pattern of the granule-depleted supernatant fractions from diazotrophic cultures. None of the granule-associated proteins crossreacted with antisera directed against several glycogen-metabolizing enzymes or nitrogenase, although these proteins were tentatively identified in supernatant fractions. It is suggested that the granule-associated proteins are structural proteins required to maintain a complex granule architecture.

[The "pro" and "con" of the hypothesis of interimpulse intervalic information coding in the nervous system]. / "Za" i "protiv" gipotezy o mezhimpul'snom interval'nom kodirovanii informatsii v nervnoi sisteme.

The present views are outlined on the principles of information code in the nervous system. It is shown that the frequency modulation of the rhythmical neuronal activity alone is unable to provide the processing and coding of the information necessary for cognitive activity. The fluctuation of the between-impulse intervals which has been revealed by many authors is a treated as novel acquisition in the process of progressive evolution. The intervals and their various combinations as code signals can ensure the information processes simultaneously in a great number of neurons and synapses. The present state of neurophysiology and information theory don't enable an alternative hypothesis to be advanced.

[Effect of intravenous administration of dalargin on the course and outcome of the body's response to acute massive hemorrhage]. / Vliianie vnutrivennogo vvedeniia dalargina na techenie i iskhod reaktsii organizma na ostruiu massivnuiu krovopoteriu.

Acute experiments on 74 adult rabbits have revealed that slow fractional jet blood exfusion of 16 +/- 1 ml/kg for 4-5 min results in reversible hemorrhagic shock, but when the volume of blood loss increases up to 23 +/- 3 ml/kg, a fatal shock occurs. The same outcome occurs when one-stage continuous jet blood loss reaches the volume of 16 +/- 3 ml/kg. Preadministration of dalargin, 0.1 mg/kg prior to fatal hemorrhage promotes the survival of most animals and significantly prolongs their longevity. The therapeutical effect of dalargin in increasing the animals' life is shown only when it is used in early shock after fractional hemorrhage. In late shock, the agent fails to affect the further course and outcomes of posthemorrhagic responses after fractional or continuous blood loss.

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary as a cause of ascites in a goat.

A 6-year-old Nubian doe was evaluated because of slowly progressive abdominal enlargement of 1 month's duration. Five days prior to examination at our hospital, the doe was examined by a local veterinarian. False pregnancy was suspected, and 10 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha was injected IM. Abdominal distention did not decrease, and the doe did not develop a vaginal discharge. An additional 10 mg of prostaglandin and 24 mg of dexamethasone were injected IM, about 80 hours after the first injection, again without any apparent effect. On arrival at our hospital, the doe was in sternal recumbency and was too weak to stand unassisted. Its abdomen was distended. The body of the uterus and part of 1 uterine horn could be examined by means of transrectal ultrasonography, both appeared normal. The doe was admitted to the hospital, but its condition worsened, and it died during the night. Postmortem examination revealed approximately 30 L of clear, pale, straw-colored fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The caudal pole of the left ovary contained an indistinct, firm, slightly raised, gray-tan mass. The final diagnosis was mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary metastatic to the partietal peritoneum, pericardium, and lungs. In adult female goats with bilateral abdominal distention, hydrometra associated with false pregnancy should always be considered; however, if there is no response to prostaglandin administration, distention is more likely to be a result of ascites.