Immunotherapeutic hydrogel for co-delivery of STAT3 siRNA liposomes and lidocaine hydrochloride for postoperative comprehensive management of NSCLC in a single application.

Despite standard treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being surgical resection, cancer recurrence and complications, such as induction of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and significant postoperative pain, usually result in treatment failure. In this study, an alginate-based hybrid hydrogel (SOG) is developed that can be injected into the resection surface of the lungs during surgery. Briefly, endoplasmic reticulum-modified liposomes (MSLs) pre-loaded with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) small interfering RNA and lidocaine hydrochloride are encapsulated in SOG. Once applied, MSLs strongly downregulated STAT3 expression in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in the apoptosis of lung cancer cells and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages towards the M1-like phenotype. Meanwhile, the release of lidocaine hydrochloride (LID) was beneficial for pain relief and natural killer cell activation. Our data demonstrated MSL@LID@SOG not only efficiently inhibited tumor growth but also potently improved the quality of life, including reduced MPE volume and pain relief in orthotopic NSCLC mouse models, even with a single administration. MSL@LID@SOG shows potential for comprehensive clinical management upon tumor resection in NSCLC, and may alter the treatment paradigms for other cancers.

Recent advances in transdermal insulin delivery technology: A review.

Transdermal drug delivery refers to the administration of drugs through the skin, after which the drugs can directly act on or circulate through the body to the target organs or cells and avoid the first-pass metabolism in the liver and kidneys experienced by oral drugs, reducing the risk of drug poisoning. From the initial singular approach to transdermal drug delivery, there has been a shift toward combining multiple methods to enhance drug permeation efficiency and address the limitations of individual approaches. Technological advancements have also improved the accuracy of drug delivery. Optimizing insulin itself also enables its long-term release via needle-free injectors. In this review, the diverse transdermal delivery methods employed in insulin therapy and their respective advantages and limitations are discussed. By considering factors such as the principles of transdermal penetration, drug delivery efficiency, research progress, synergistic innovations among different methods, patient compliance, skin damage, and posttreatment skin recovery, a comprehensive evaluation is presented, along with prospects for potential novel combinatorial approaches. Furthermore, as insulin is a macromolecular drug, insights gained from its transdermal delivery may also serve as a valuable reference for the use of other macromolecular drugs for treatment.

Design and development of a soluble PDA-Emodin-PVP-MN patch and its anti-obesity effect in rats.

Emodin has been proven to have weight-reducing and lipid-lowering effects. In order to make emodin play a better anti-obesity role, we designed and developed an emodin loaded dissolving microneedle patch, in which emodin existed in the form of emodin-polyvinylpyrrolidone co-precipitate (Emodin-PVP). Meanwhile, polydopamine (PDA) was added to the microneedle patch (PDA-Emodin-PVP-MN) for photothermal-enhanced chemotherapy of obesity. The average weight of the patch was 0.1 ± 0.05 g and the drug loading was 0.37 ± 0.031 mg. After 5 min of NIR irradiation (808 nm, 0.6 W/cm2), the rat abdominal temperature could reach 48 ℃, and the cumulative release of emodin reached 96.25%. The diffusion coefficient of emodin in the in vitro agar diffusion experiment was 249.27 mm2 h-1. No obvious toxicity was observed in hemolysis test, CCK-8 assay and microscopic histopathological analysis. The patch significantly reduced the percent of body weight ( P < 0.01), lipid-body ratio ( P < 0.001), serum FFAs ( P < 0.01) and the cell volume of peritesticular adipose tissue in the high-fat diet induced obese rats, indicating the patch had good anti-obesity effect. The mechanism of action may be related to the up-regulation of HSL and LPL protein levels in rat peritesticular adipose tissue.

Advancements in gradient bone scaffolds: enhancing bone regeneration in the treatment of various bone disorders.

Bone scaffolds are widely employed for treating various bone disorders, including defects, fractures, and accidents. Gradient bone scaffolds present a promising approach by incorporating gradients in shape, porosity, density, and other properties, mimicking the natural human body structure. This design offers several advantages over traditional scaffolds. A key advantage is the enhanced matching of human tissue properties, facilitating cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, the gradient structure fosters a smooth transition between scaffold and surrounding tissue, minimizing the risk of inflammation or rejection. Mechanical stability is also improved, providing better support for bone regeneration. Additionally, gradient bone scaffolds can integrate drug delivery systems, enabling controlled release of drugs or growth factors to promote specific cellular activities during the healing process. This comprehensive review examines the design aspects of gradient bone scaffolds, encompassing structure and drug delivery capabilities. By optimizing the scaffold's inherent advantages through gradient design, bone regeneration outcomes can be improved. The insights presented in this article contribute to the academic understanding of gradient bone scaffolds and their applications in bone tissue engineering.

A prognostic signature established based on genes related to tumor microenvironment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Complex cellular signaling network in the tumor microenvironment (TME) could serve as an indicator for the prognostic classification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. METHODS: Univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to screen prognosis-related TME-related genes (TRGs), based on which HCC samples were clustered by running non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm. Furthermore, the correlation between different molecular HCC subtypes and immune cell infiltration level was analyzed. Finally, a risk score (RS) model was established by LASSO and Cox regression analyses (CRA) using these TRGs. Functional enrichment analysis was performed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS: HCC patients were divided into three molecular subtypes (C1, C2, and C3) based on 704 prognosis-related TRGs. HCC subtype C1 had significantly better OS than C2 and C3. We selected 13 TRGs to construct the RS model. Univariate and multivariate CRA showed that the RS could independently predict patients' prognosis. A nomogram integrating the RS and clinicopathologic features of the patients was further created. We also validated the reliability of the model according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve value, concordance index (C-index), and decision curve analysis. The current findings demonstrated that the RS was significantly correlated with CD8+ T cells, monocytic lineage, and myeloid dendritic cells. CONCLUSION: This study provided TRGs to help classify patients with HCC and predict their prognoses, contributing to personalized treatments for patients with HCC.

Purification of andibenin and a chromanone analogue from rhizospheric Aspergillus flavus and soil-borne Penicillium notatum exhibiting cytotoxic and antibacterial properties.

The discovery of bioactive compounds from fungal natural sources holds immense potential for the development of novel therapeutics. The present study investigates the extracts of soil-borne Penicillium notatum and rhizosphere-inhabiting Aspergillus flavus for their antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic potential. Additionally, two compounds were purified using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction of A. flavus exhibited prominent cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina, whereas the ethyl acetate fraction of P. notatum displayed promising antibacterial potential. At dose concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 µg mL-1, the ethyl acetate fraction of A. flavus showed mortality percentages of 7.6%, 66.4%, and 90%, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of P. notatum extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity, forming inhibition zones measuring 41, 38, 34, 34, and 30 mm against B. subtilis, S. flexneri, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus, respectively, at 1000 µg mL-1. At this concentration, inhibition zones of 28, 27, and 15 mm were recorded for P. vulgaris, S. typhi, and X. oryzae. Using bioassay-guided approach, one compound each was purified from the fungal extracts. The initial purification involved mass spectroscopic analysis, followed by structural elucidation using 500 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Compound 1, derived from A. flavus, was identified as ethyl 2-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-ene-1-carboxylate, with a mass of 212, whereas compound 2, isolated from P. notatum, was identified as 3-amino-2-(cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-ylamino)-8-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one, with an exact mass of 270. Based on bioassay results, compound 1 was subjected to brine shrimp lethality assay and compound 2 was tested for its antibacterial potential. Compound 1 exhibited 30% lethality against brine shrimp larvae at a concentration of 100 µg mL-1, whereas at 1000 µg mL-1 the mortality increased to 70%. Compound 2 displayed notable antibacterial potential, forming inhibition zones of 30, 24, 19, and 12 mm against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. flexneri, respectively. In comparison, the standard antibiotic tetracycline produced inhibition zones of 18, 18, 15, and 10 mm against the respective bacterial strains at the same concentration.

Turning Threat to Therapy: A Nanozyme-Patch in Surgical Bed for Convenient Tumor Vaccination by Sustained In Situ Catalysis.

Complete surgical resection of tumor is difficult as the invasiveness of cancer, making the residual tumor a lethal threat to patients. The situation is deteriorated by the immune suppression state after surgery, which further nourishes tumor recurrence and metastasis. Immunotherapy is promising to combat tumor metastasis, but is limited by severe toxicity of traditional immunostimulants and complexity of multiple functional units. Here, it is reported that the simple "trans-surgical bed" delivery of Cu2- xSe nanozyme (CSN) by a microneedle-patch can turn the threat to therapy by efficient in situ vaccination. The biocompatible CSN exhibits both peroxidase and glutathione oxidase-like activities, efficiently exhausting glutathione, boosting free radical generation, and inducing immunogenic cell death. The once-for-all inserting of the patch on surgical bed facilitates sustained catalytic action, leading to drastic decrease of recurrence rate and complete suppression of tumor-rechallenge in cured mice. In vivo mechanism interrogation reveals elevated cytotoxic T cell infiltration, re-educated macrophages, increased dendritic cell maturation, and memory T cells formation. Importantly, preliminary metabolism and safety evaluation validated that the metal accumulation is marginable, and the important biochemical indexes are in normal range during therapy. This study has provided a simple, safe, and robust tumor vaccination approach for postsurgical metastasis control.

Chinese expert consensus on imaging diagnosis of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major infectious diseases in the world with a high incidence rate. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a key and difficult challenge in the prevention and treatment of TB. Early, rapid, and accurate diagnosis of DR-TB is essential for selecting appropriate and personalized treatment and is an important means of reducing disease transmission and mortality. In recent years, imaging diagnosis of DR-TB has developed rapidly, but there is a lack of consistent understanding. To this end, the Infectious Disease Imaging Group, Infectious Disease Branch, Chinese Research Hospital Association; Infectious Diseases Group of Chinese Medical Association of Radiology; Digital Health Committee of China Association for the Promotion of Science and Technology Industrialization, and other organizations, formed a group of TB experts across China. The conglomerate then considered the Chinese and international diagnosis and treatment status of DR-TB, China's clinical practice, and evidence-based medicine on the methodological requirements of guidelines and standards. After repeated discussion, the expert consensus of imaging diagnosis of DR-PB was proposed. This consensus includes clinical diagnosis and classification of DR-TB, selection of etiology and imaging examination [mainly X-ray and computed tomography (CT)], imaging manifestations, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis. This expert consensus is expected to improve the understanding of the imaging changes of DR-TB, as a starting point for timely detection of suspected DR-TB patients, and can effectively improve the efficiency of clinical diagnosis and achieve the purpose of early diagnosis and treatment of DR-TB.

Lipid metabolism-derived FAAH is a sensitive marker for the prognosis and immunotherapy of osteosarcoma patients.

Lipid metabolism in cancer refers to the alterations in how cancer cells process and utilize lipids, a type of fat molecule. It was investigated how lipid metabolism relates to osteosarcoma. Genes relevant to lipid metabolism were gathered to create lipid metabolism-associated clusters and locate the dangerous marker. We investigated FAAH's prognostic significance, route annotation, immunotherapy response, and medication prediction. Besides, FAAH is proven to be a potent, dangerous marker that may promote growth and migration and inhibit the apoptosis of osteosarcoma. FAAH exhibits higher expression levels in tumor tissues as compared to normal tissues. In conclusion, FAAH is identified in this work as a potentially dangerous gene and immunotherapy determinant. This study requires more investigation to determine how FAAH influences the immune response in osteosarcoma.

Cholesterol-lowering effects of rhubarb free anthraquinones and their mechanism of action.

Rhubarb free anthraquinones (RhA) have significant lipid-regulating activity. However, whether RhA monomers have a role in lipid-regulating and their mechanism of action remains unclear. Based on the cholesterol accumulated HepG2 cell model, the cholesterol-regulating effect of RhA monomers and their combinations was investigated. The expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and squalene monooxygenase (SQLE) of the model cells was analyzed to preliminarily explore the mechanism of action. After that, the liposomes of each active RhA monomer were separately prepared with the same lipid materials and the same preparation method so that each monomer has similar or equal bioavailability after oral administration to rats. Finally, the hypercholesterolemic rat model was established, and the effect of active RhA monomers loaded liposomes as well as their combinations on cholesterol-regulating was investigated and their mechanism of action was analyzed. The results showed that aloe-emodin, rhein and emodin were the main cholesterol-regulating components of RhA, and the combination of rhein and emodin showed significant cholesterol-lowering effect, which may be related to the expression of SREBP2, HMGCR and SQLE in the rat liver.

Disulfidptosis-related PABPC3 promotes tumor progression and inhibits immune activity in osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is a very aggressive bone tumor mainly affecting teens and young adults. Disulfidptosis is a metabolic-related form of regulated cell death. However, the interconnection between disulfidptosis and osteosarcoma has not been explored. METHODS: In the present study, disulfidptosis-related clusters were identified in osteosarcoma using the nonnegative matrix factorization clustering method. PABPC3 was identified as a hazardous gene in osteosarcoma using machine learning algorithms, CoxBoost, and Random Survival Forest. The prognostic value, pathway annotation, immune characteristics, and drug prediction of PABPC3 were systematically explored. MTT (i.e., 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenytetrazolium bromide), EdU (ie. 5-ethyny-2'-deoxvuridine), and Transwell assays were used for in vitro validation of PABPC3. RESULTS: The disulfidptosis-related clusters could distinguish survival outcomes of osteosarcoma patients. PABPC3 could predict survival outcomes, immune activity, and drug response in osteosarcoma patients. Besides, PABPC3 was proven to facilitate the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is expected to establish the bridge between disulfidptosis and osteosarcoma. PABPC3 is expected to be further explored as a therapeutic target in osteosarcoma.

Diverse cell death patterns-related signature for predicting prognosis and drug sensitivity of osteosarcoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death (PCD) is a natural process in which cells undergo controlled self-destruction, which plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells. The connection between PCD and osteosarcoma was explored in the present study. METHODS: Twelve types of PCD were collected for developing a prognostic signature in osteosarcoma using machine learning algorithms. The prognostic value, pathway annotation and drug prediction of the signature were explored. RESULTS: Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) was found to be a potent hazardous marker in osteosarcoma and could facilitate the proliferation and migration of osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the present study has developed a prognostic signature for osteosarcoma and identifies TERT as a potent hazardous gene. The study suggests that further research is needed to address the underlying mechanism of how TERT affects the immune response in osteosarcoma.

Design of in vitro biomimetic experimental system and simulation analysis for transvascular transport of nano-preparation.

Recently, the enhanced penetration and retention (EPR) effect of nano-preparations has been questioned. Whether the vascular endothelial cell gap (VECG) is the main transport pathway of nano-preparations has become a hot issue at present. Therefore, we propose an in vitro biomimetic experimental system that demonstrates the transvascular transport of nano-preparation. Based on the tumor growth process, the experimental system was used to simulate the change process of abnormal factors (vascular endothelial cell gap and interstitial fluid pressure (IFP)) in the tumor microenvironment. The influence of change in the abnormal factors on the enhanced penetration and retention effect of nano-preparation was explored, and simulation verification was performed. The results show that when the interstitial fluid pressure is close to the vascular fluid pressure (VFP), the transport of nano-preparation is obstructed, resulting in the disappearance of enhanced penetration and retention effect of the nano-preparation. This indicates that the pressure gradient between vascular fluid pressure and interstitial fluid pressure determines whether the enhanced penetration and retention effect of nano-preparations can exist.

Stool-softening effect and action mechanism of free anthraquinones extracted from Rheum palmatum L. on water deficit-induced constipation in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In traditional Chinese herbal medicine, rhubarb is said to remove accumulation with purgation, clearing heat, and discharging fire. Modern pharmacology has shown that rhubarb extract has a purgative effect when given to experimental animals in an appropriate dose. However, the active components and their mechanism of action are still not clearly defined. AIM OF THE STUDY: The current research aimed to evaluate the synergistic stool-softening effects and explore the action mechanism of rhubarb free anthraquinones (RhA) and their monomers on constipation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rat model of water deficit-induced constipation was established to induce constipation, and these rats were treated with RhA and its monomers. ELISA, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and Western blotting based on network pharmacology and molecular docking were conducted to explore the possible mechanism of action of RhA and its monomers. RESULTS: RhA, aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol showed stool-softening activity, and the combination of aloe-emodin and rhein had the strongest softening effect on faecal pellets. Aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol significantly increased the serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), motilin (MTL), and substance P (SP), upregulated the expression of VIP, cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), protein kinase A (PKA), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and aquaporin 8 (AQP8), decreased the expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), and reduced the colonic tissue concentration of Na+-K+-ATPase in the constipated rats. Osmolality of colonic fluid in model rats treated by RhA, aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol was increased. CONCLUSION: Aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol were the stool-softening components of the RhA extract, and there were certain drug-interactions between the components. RhA upregulated VIP expression, activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway, and further stimulated CFTR expression while inhibiting NHE3 and ENaC expression, resulting in a hypertonic state in the colonic lumen. Water transport could then be driven by an osmotic gradient, which in turn led to the upregulation of AQP3, AQP4, and AQP8 expression. In addition, RhA likely improved gastrointestinal motility by increasing serum VIP, SP, and MTL concentrations, thus promoting faecal excretion.

Design and manufacturing of biomimetic scaffolds for bone repair inspired by bone trabeculae.

Porous scaffold (PorS) implants, particularly those that mimic the structural features of natural cancellous bone (NCanB), are increasingly essential for the treatment of large-area bone defects. However, the mechanical properties of NCanB-based bionic bone scaffold (BioS) and its performance as a bone repair material have not been fully explored. This study investigates the effect of bionic structure parameters on the mechanical properties and bone reconstruction performance of BioS. Using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technology, different BioS with various structural parameters were created and evaluated using Micro-CT, compression testing, Finite Element (FE) Simulation, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and compared to commonly used clinical PorS. Assess the capacity of the BioS scaffold to support and enhance bone reconstruction following implantation through the evaluation of its mechanical properties, permeability, and fluid shear stress (FSS). BioS-85-90 and BioS-80-50 showed suitable mechanical properties, performed well in FE simulation of implantation, demonstrated outstanding abilities for osteoinductive ingrowth and bone tissue differentiation, and proved to be reliable materials for the reconstruction of bone defects. Therefore, BioS shows significant potential for clinical application as a bone reconstruction material, providing a solid foundation for the integration of tissue engineering and bionic design.

Research and application of leek roots in medicinal field.

Some Chinese herbs have been used to prevent and treat diseases, and are also used as common food ingredients. These Chinese herbs are potential resource for research and development of new drugs. Leek roots is a typical medicine of food and medicine continuum. It has a long history of medicinal applications and edible food in China. In this paper, the origin, biological active components, pharmacological action and clinical application of leek roots were introduced. We hope that this review will contribute to the development of leek roots for pharmaceutical research and clinical applications, as well as related health products.

Relaxin-Loaded Inhaled Porous Microspheres Inhibit Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Improve Pulmonary Function Post-Bleomycin Challenges.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) causes worsening pulmonary function, and no effective treatment for the disease etiology is available now. Recombinant Human Relaxin-2 (RLX), a peptide agent with anti-remodeling and anti-fibrotic effects, is a promising biotherapeutic candidate for musculoskeletal fibrosis. However, due to its short circulating half-life, optimal efficacy requires continuous infusion or repeated injections. Here, we developed the porous microspheres loading RLX (RLX@PMs) and evaluated their therapeutic potential on IPF by aerosol inhalation. RLX@PMs have a large geometric diameter as RLX reservoirs for a long-term drug release, but smaller aerodynamic diameter due to their porous structures, which were beneficial for higher deposition in the deeper lungs. The results showed a prolonged release over 24 days, and the released drug maintained its peptide structure and activity. RLX@PMs protected mice from excessive collagen deposition, architectural distortion, and decreased compliance after a single inhalation administration in the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model. Moreover, RLX@PMs showed better safety than frequent gavage administration of pirfenidone. We also found RLX-ameliorated human myofibroblast-induced collagen gel contraction and suppressed macrophage polarization to the M2 type, which may be the reason for reversing fibrosis. Hence, RLX@PMs represent a novel strategy for the treatment of IPF and suggest clinical translational potential.

Research and analysis of the properties of bredigite-based 3D-printed bone scaffolds.

The use of bone tissue-engineered scaffolds for repairing bone defects has become extremely common. Bone tissue-engineered scaffolds should have good mechanical properties, a pore structure similar to that of natural bone, appropriate biodegradability, and good biocompatibility to provide attachment sites for growth factors and seed cells. They also need to exhibit special functions such as osteoconductivity and osteoinduction. In this study, the mechanical, degradation, and biological properties of bredigite were studied by using a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) model structure. Pressure tests on bone tissue-engineered scaffolds showed that the mechanical properties of TPMS scaffolds were significantly better than those of open-rod scaffolds with the same porosity. By analyzing the biological properties, we found that the TPMS model had better protein adsorption ability than the open-rod model, the cells could better adsorb on the surface of the TPMS scaffold, and the proliferation number and proliferation rate of the TPMS model were higher than those of the open-ended rod model.

Advances in Mechanical Properties of Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Defect Repair.

Numerous factors, such as degeneration and accidents, frequently cause cartilage deterioration. Owing to the absence of blood vessels and nerves in cartilage tissue, the ability of cartilage tissue to heal itself after an injury is relatively low. Hydrogels are beneficial for cartilage tissue engineering owing to their cartilage-like structure and advantageous properties. Due to the disruption of its mechanical structure, the bearing capacity and shock absorption of cartilage are diminished. The tissue should possess excellent mechanical properties to ensure the efficacy of cartilage tissue repair. This paper discusses the application of hydrogels in the fields of cartilage repair, the mechanical properties of hydrogels used for cartilage repair, and the materials used for hydrogels in cartilage tissue engineering. In addition, the challenges faced by hydrogels and future research directions are discussed.

Novel coatings for the continuous repair of human bone defects.

Bone defects are the second most common tissue grafts after blood. However, bone grafts face several problems, such as bone scaffolds, which have low bioactivity and are prone to corrosion. Much of the current research on bone scaffolds is focused on the mechanical aspects such as structure and strength. Surface modification of the bone scaffold is carried out in terms of the mechanical structure or structural design of the bone scaffold with reference to a bionic structure. However, with the development of mechanical designs, materials science, and medicine, many studies have reported that promoting bone growth by modifying the structure of the scaffold or coating is not possible. Therefore, the application of a bioactive coating to the surface of the bone scaffold is particularly important to generate a synergistic effect between the structure and active coating. In this article, we present several perspectives to improve the bioactivity of bone scaffolds, including corrosion resistance, loading of bioactive coatings or drugs on bone scaffolds, improved adhesion to the surface of the bone scaffolds, immune response modulation, and drawing on bionic structures during manufacturing.