A prospective observation study of the dynamic monitoring of transcutaneous arterial blood oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide during bronchoscopy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Because bronchoscopy is an invasive procedure, sedatives and analgesics are commonly administered, which may suppress the patient's spontaneous breathing and can lead to hypoventilation and hypoxemia. Few reports exist on the dynamic monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation during bronchoscopy. This study aimed to prospectively monitor and evaluate oxygenation and ventilation during bronchoscopy using transcutaneous arterial blood oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide. METHODS: We included patients who required pathological diagnosis using fluoroscopic bronchoscopy at our hospital between March 2021 and April 2022. Midazolam was intravenously administered to all patients as a sedative during bronchoscopy, and fentanyl was administered in addition to midazolam when necessary. A transcutaneous blood gas monitor was used to measure dynamic changes, including arterial blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide (tcPCO2), transcutaneous arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), pulse rate, and perfusion index during bronchoscopy. Quantitative data of tcPCO2 and SpO2 were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (min-max), while the quantitative data of midazolam plus fentanyl and midazolam alone were compared. Similarly, data on sex, smoking history, and body mass index were compared. Subgroup comparisons of the difference (Δ value) between baseline tcPCO2 at the beginning of bronchoscopy and the maximum value of tcPCO2 during the examination were performed. RESULTS: Of the 117 included cases, consecutive measurements were performed in 113 cases, with a success rate of 96.6%. Transbronchial lung biopsy was performed in 100 cases, whereas transbronchial lung cryobiopsy was performed in 17 cases. Midazolam and fentanyl were used as anesthetics during bronchoscopy in 46 cases, whereas midazolam alone was used in 67 cases. The median Δ value in the midazolam plus fentanyl and midazolam alone groups was 8.10 and 4.00 mmHg, respectively, indicating a significant difference of p < 0.005. The mean ± standard deviation of tcPCO2 in the midazolam plus fentanyl and midazolam alone groups was 44.8 ± 7.83 and 40.6 ± 4.10 mmHg, respectively. The SpO2 in the midazolam plus fentanyl and midazolam alone groups was 94.4 ± 3.37 and 96.2 ± 2.61%, respectively, with a larger SD and greater variability in the midazolam plus fentanyl group. CONCLUSION: A transcutaneous blood gas monitor is non-invasive and can easily measure the dynamic transition of CO2. Furthermore, tcPCO2 can be used to evaluate the ventilatory status during bronchoscopy easily. A transcutaneous blood gas monitor may be useful to observe regarding respiratory depression during bronchoscopy, particularly when analgesics are used.

Clinical utility of rapid on-site evaluation of brush cytology during bronchoscopy using endobronchial ultrasound with a guide sheath.

Previous studies have shown that rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) improves the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy using endobronchial ultrasound with a guide sheath (EBUS-GS) for peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL). While ROSE of imprint cytology from forceps biopsy has been widely discussed, there are few reports on ROSE of brush cytology. This study investigated the utility of ROSE of brush cytology during bronchoscopy. We retrospectively analyzed data from 214 patients who underwent bronchoscopy with EBUS-GS for PPL. The patients in the ROSE group had significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity through the entire bronchoscopy process than in the non-ROSE group (96.8% vs. 83.3%, P = 0.002). The use of ROSE significantly increased the sensitivity of brush cytology with Papanicolaou staining (92.9% vs. 75.0%, P < 0.001). When ROSE was sequentially repeated on brushing specimens, initially negative ROSE results converted to positive in 79.5% of cases, and the proportion of specimens with high tumor cell counts increased from 42.1 to 69.0%. This study concludes that ROSE of brush cytology improves the diagnostic accuracy of bronchoscopy and enhances specimen quality through repeated brushing.

Repeating late-phase pseudo-progression in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer treated with long-term nivolumab monotherapy; a case report.

Background: Immune check point inhibitors (ICIs) are standard treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nearly a decade has passed since nivolumab was approved by the FDA for NSCLC patients. However, long-term outcomes and clinical features remain unclear for individual cases. Pseudo-progression is a well-known paradoxical radiological response pattern under ICI treatment which occurs when tumor index lesions regress after apparent initial progression. We herein report a unique case of NSCLC with repeating pseudo-progression in late phase treated with nivolumab monotherapy for 8.5 years. Case presentation: A 56-year-old male diagnosed with Non-sq NSCLC clinical stage IVA, at the left upper lobe primary lesion. The primary lesion was PD-L1 negative with no oncogenic driver mutations. He had multiple pulmonary metastases and a left adrenal gland metastasis, and subsequently, received nivolumab as third-line therapy. After initiation of nivolumab, the lung lesion and adrenal metastasis shrank rapidly; however, the patient experienced three late-phase pseudo-progressions in the mediastinal lymph node (LN). This patient is still receiving nivolumab with no symptoms and PS 0. Acquired resistance should be judged carefully in patients with LN-only oligo-progression to avoid unnecessary local therapies and the misjudgment of treatment.

Changes in fractional exhaled nitric oxide, forced expiratory volume in one second, and forced oscillation technique parameters over three years in adults with bronchial asthma managed under Yokohama Seibu Hospital's coordinated care system.

BACKGROUND: In western Yokohama, our hospital and primary care clinics manage adults with asthma via a coordinated care system. We investigated the changes in the fractional expired nitric oxide (FeNO), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and forced oscillation technique (FOT) parameters over 3 years in a cohort of patients in our collaborative system. METHODS: From 288 adults with well controlled asthma managed under the Yokohama Seibu Hospital coordinated care system between January 2009 and May 2018, we selected 99 subjects to undergo spirometry, FeNO and FOT testing over 3 years and analyzed the changes in these parameters. RESULTS: Of the 99 patients enrolled, 17 (17.2%) experienced at least one exacerbation (insufficiently controlled (IC)), whereas, 82 (82.8%) remained in well controlled during the 3-year study period. Of well-controlled patients, 54 patients (54.5%) met the criteria for clinical remission under treatment (CR); the remaining 28 patients did not meet the CR criteria (WC). There were no differences in FeNO, FEV1, or FOT parameters at baseline among the IC, WC, and CR groups. The levels of FEV1 decreased gradually, whereas the levels of FeNO decreased significantly over 3 years. The levels of percent predicted FEV1 (%FEV1) significantly increased. We also observed significant improvement in FOT parameters; reactance at 5 Hz (R5), resonant frequency (Fres), and integral of reactance up to the resonant frequency (AX). The CR group demonstrated significant relationships between the change in FeNO and the change in FEV1 and between the change in FEV1 and the change in FOT parameters. No significant correlations emerged in the IC or WC group. CONCLUSION: The decrease in FeNO and increase in %FEV1, we observed in all study participants suggest that the coordinated care system model benefits patients with asthma. Although it is difficult to predict at baseline which patients will experience an exacerbation, monitoring changes in FeNO and FEV1 is useful in managing patients with asthma. Furthermore, monitoring changes in R5, Fres, and AX via forced oscillation technique testing is useful for detecting airflow limitation.

High efficacy of brigatinib for brain metastases in ALK fusion gene-positive non-small cell lung cancer: A case series.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene-positive lung cancer often shows brain metastasis at initial diagnosis or during the course of treatment. However, molecular-targeted drugs are known to pass through the blood-brain barrier and present positive effects for central nervous system lesions. There are few reports suggesting how effective molecular-targeted drug therapy alone is for brain metastasis lesions of ALK fusion-positive lung cancer, especially after the first use of ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) or for bulky brain metastases. A patient in his mid-fifties with stage IV pleural dissemination developed brain metastases after 10 years of crizotinib use, but showed a complete response after switching to brigatinib. Moreover, a patient in her early sixties with stage III recurrent large brain metastases 5 years after chemoradiation therapy experienced dramatic tumor shrinkage with brigatinib. In each case of ALK fusion gene-positive lung cancer with brain metastases, brigatinib showed a high efficacy and was well-tolerated after previous ALK-TKI and for bulky lesions.

[THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG BRONCHIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY, BRONCHIAL HYPER REACTIVITY, AND BRONCHIAL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS IN ASTOGRAPH].

BACKGROUND: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness testing is useful for diagnosing and predicting the risk of bronchial asthma attacks. The Astograph is a tidal breathing method often used in as bronchial provocation testing in Japan. The minimum methachorine dose (Dmin) indicates bronchial sensitivity and is used mainly as an index of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. However, Dmin does not measured hyperresponsiveness, it cannot be compared directly with PC20 in standard methods using FEV1. METHODS: We investigated the relationship among sensitivity, reactivity, and hyperresponsiveness with the Astograph. We recruited 142 patients with confirmed or suspected bronchial asthma from outpatient clinic at St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Yokohama City Seibu Hospital. We calculated Dmin, SGrs/Grscont, PD35Grs, and PD15Grs compared them as bronchial hyperresponsiveness indices. RESULTS: Subjects had suspected asthma (n=103), or required assessment of asthma remission (n=39). There were significant relationships between logDmin and logPD35Grs (r=0.838, p<0.001), and between parameters and SGrs/Grscont (log PD35Grs r=-0.504, p<0.001, strong, logDmin: r=-0.191, p=0.023, weaker). Among subjects positive for hypersensitivity, (Dmin<10), 38 (36.5%) showed negative hyperresponsiveness (PD35Grs>25). PD15Grs was a strongly and significantly correlated with Dmin and PD35Grs. The ROC curve to detect PD35Grs<25, showed that the cutoff of PD15Grs was 10.7 (AUC 0.983, sensitivity 0.984, specificity 0.905). CONCLUSION: In Astograph, evaluation of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, we focused on relationship differences between sensitivity and reactivity, and hyperresponsiveness. We revealed the usefulness of the PD15Grs evaluation method.

[THE INFLUENCE OF SENSITIZATION TO ASPERGILLUS AND ALTERNARIA IN ADULT BRONCHIAL ASTHMATICS MANAGED VIA YOKOHAMA CITY SEIBU HOSPITAL'S COORDINATED-CARE SYSTEM].

BACKGROUND: The sensitizations to various fungal allergens influence to exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Aspergillus (Asp) and Alternaria (Alt) were one of important fungal allergens for asthma. AIM AND METHODS: To investigate the influence of sensitization to Asp or Alt in adult asthmatics managed via our asthma coordinated-care system, we recruited 119 patients (91 women) who were measured IgE for Asp (IgE-Asp) and IgE for Alt (IgE-Alt) at three times during two years,Results: In 119 patients, we detected positive IgE for Asp (IgE-Asp(+)) in 19 patients and positive IgE for Alt (IgE-Alt(+)) in 11 patients. 9 patients showed positive both of them. During two years, 7 patients became positive IgE-Asp and 3 cases became negative. And also, 3 cases became positive IgE-Alt and 3 cases became negative. At baseline, serum IgE, IgG4, and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose of the group with IgE-Asp (+) or IgE-Alt (+), were significant higher than those of negative group. Among three groups, there was no significant change about other parameters at baseline, exacerbation frequency, or the change of parameters during two years. CONCLUSION: The sensitizations to Asp or Alt were present in 19 asthmatics (16%) managed via our coordinate-care system. During 2 years, there was not significant change at exacerbation frequency among three groups, but the levels of IgE, IgG4, or ICS dose were significantly higher at IgE-Asp (+) or IgE-Alt (+) group than negative group. In the asthma management, it was considered necessary to pay attention to the sensitization to Asp or Alt.

The Structural Characteristics of Compounds Interacting with the Amantadine-Sensitive Drug Transport System at the Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier.

Blood-to-retina transport across the inner blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is a key determinant of retinal drug concentration and pharmacological effect. Recently, we reported on the amantadine-sensitive drug transport system, which is different from well-characterized transporters, at the inner BRB. Since amantadine and its derivatives exhibit neuroprotective effects, it is expected that a detailed understanding of this transport system would lead to the efficient retinal delivery of these potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of retinal diseases. The objective of this study was to characterize the structural features of compounds for the amantadine-sensitive transport system. Inhibition analysis conducted on a rat inner BRB model cell line indicated that the transport system strongly interacts with lipophilic amines, especially primary amines. In addition, lipophilic primary amines that have polar groups, such as hydroxy and carboxy groups, did not inhibit the amantadine transport system. Furthermore, certain types of primary amines with an adamantane skeleton or linear alkyl chain exhibited a competitive inhibition of amantadine uptake, suggesting that these compounds are potential substrates for the amantadine-sensitive drug transport system at the inner BRB. These results are helpful for producing the appropriate drug design to improve the blood-to-retina delivery of neuroprotective drugs.

Case report: Electrocardiographic changes in pembrolizumab-induced fatal myocarditis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced myocarditis is rare but fatal. Because of the rapid course of ICI-induced myocarditis, understanding of clinical course is only possible through information from case reports. We report a case of pembrolizumab-induced myocarditis in which we were able to document the course of electrocardiographic changes from onset to death. A 58-year-old woman with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma, who had completed her first cycle of pembrolizumab, carboplatin, and pemetrexed, was admitted with pericardial effusion. She underwent pericardiocentesis after admission. A second cycle of chemotherapy was administered 3 weeks after the first cycle. Twenty-two days after admission, she developed a mild sore throat and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antigen. She was diagnosed with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), isolated, and treated with sotrovimab. Thirty-two days after admission, an electrocardiogram showed monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). Suspecting myocarditis caused by pembrolizumab, the patient was started on daily methylprednisolone after coronary angiography and endocardial biopsy. Eight days after the start of methylprednisolone administration, she was considered to have passed the acute stage. However, four days later, R-on-T phenomenon triggered polymorphic VT and she died. The impact of viral infections such as COVID-19 on patients be treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors is still unknown and we need to be careful with systemic management after viral infections.

[A RESEARCH OF ADULT BRONCHIAL ASTHMATICS MANAGED UNDER YOKOHAMA CITY SEIBU HOSPITAL'S COORDINATED-CARE SYSTEM].

BACKGROUND: Our hospital in the western part of Yokohama City managed adult bronchial asthma patients via a coordinated care system with primary care clinics. The aim of the system is to provide effective daily and emergency medical care. METHODS: The study comprised 288 adult stable asthmatics (201 women) who were examined at Yokohama City Seibu Hospital between Jan 2009 and May 2018 and who were being managed under our coordinated care system at one of 80 primary clinics or hospitals. RESULTS: Of the 288 patients enrolled, 188 continued, 37 ended under management, and 63 dropped out from this system. The drop-out rate was highest at visit 1 (9%). The main reasons for end of cooperation under management were readjustment of asthma treatment and treatment for other diseases. The reasons for dropping out were low adherence, older age, and mild symptoms. There was a significant tendency in the frequency of patients who continued, ended under management, or dropped out (x2: 26.053, p=0.016), and the drop-out rate was significantly higher at visit 1. Comparing the characteristics of the patients who continued, ended under management, and dropped out within two visit, those who had dropped out were significantly younger (p=0.0067) and their duration of asthma was shorter (p=0.0009). The frequencies of emergency department visit and hospitalization were high until visit 2, but no significant trends were observed. CONCLUSION: Our coordinated care system managed 188 asthmatic patients (65.2%) properly. Patients with low adherence tended to drop out from the system at visit 1.

A case of advanced adenocarcinoma genetically confirmed with EGFR/BRAF co-mutation in both primary and metastatic lesions.

Driver mutations in lung cancer have been generally considered mutually exclusive; however, multiple gene screenings have recently become mainstream. Therefore, it is not uncommon to identify two or more mutations at first diagnosis, making it difficult to determine which tyrosine kinase inhibitor to administer. A 69-year-old woman complaining of back pain was diagnosed with adenocarcinoma T4N3M1c, stage IVB. Although PCR mutation test detected exon21 L858R point mutation by bronchoscopic sample, the therapeutic effect of afatinib was poor. Subsequently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel test of a metastasized bone specimen confirmed BRAF V600E. Furthermore, high sensitivity NGS panel system found the gene mutation allele frequency was higher for BRAF V600E than EGFR exon21 L858R for both primary lung tissue and the metastasized specimen. Subsequent BRAF/MEK inhibitor administration showed a remarkable treatment effect. When two or more driver mutations are detected in lung cancer, confirming the allelic frequency of the mutant gene might be useful in selecting more effective agents for front-line treatment.

Comprehensive Evidence of Carrier-Mediated Distribution of Amantadine to the Retina across the Blood-Retinal Barrier in Rats.

Amantadine, a drug used for the blockage of NMDA receptors, is well-known to exhibit neuroprotective effects. Accordingly, assessment of amantadine transport at retinal barriers could result in the application of amantadine for retinal diseases such as glaucoma. The objective of this study was to elucidate the retinal distribution of amantadine across the inner and outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB). In vivo blood-to-retina [3H]amantadine transport was investigated by using the rat retinal uptake index method, which was significantly reduced by unlabeled amantadine. This result indicated the involvement of carrier-mediated processes in the retinal distribution of amantadine. In addition, in vitro model cells of the inner and outer BRB (TR-iBRB2 and RPE-J cells) exhibited saturable kinetics (Km in TR-iBRB2 cells, 79.4 µM; Km in RPE-J cells, 90.5 and 9830 µM). The inhibition of [3H]amantadine uptake by cationic drugs/compounds indicated a minor contribution of transport systems that accept cationic drugs (e.g., verapamil), as well as solute carrier (SLC) organic cation transporters. Collectively, these outcomes suggest that carrier-mediated transport systems, which differ from reported transporters and mechanisms, play a crucial role in the retinal distribution of amantadine across the inner/outer BRB.

Prognostic Significance of Concurrent Hypovascular and Hypervascular Nodules in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hypovascular nodules often occur together with hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it remains controversial whether hypovascular nodules associated with hypervascular HCC have any prognostic value. This study evaluated the prognostic impact of hypovascular nodules co-existing with hypervascular HCC as diagnosed by computed tomography during arterial portography (CTAP) and computed tomography during hepatic arteriography (CTHA), which can sensitively capture the dynamic changes in blood flow through the portal vein and hepatic artery in patients with early stage HCC. METHODS: A total of 152 patients with hypervascular HCC (≤ 30 mm, ≤ 3 nodules), who underwent initial local ablation, were analyzed retrospectively. All patients received CTAP and CTHA prior to treatment. Overall survival (OS) was compared among group A (hypervascular HCC only, 107 patients) and group B (hypovascular nodules and hypervascular HCC, 45 patients). RESULTS: Among all hypovascular nodules, 81% (46 of 57) developed hypervascularization within the follow-up period. The 1- and 2-year hypervascularization rates were 17% and 51%, respectively. OS was significantly longer for group A than for group B (P < 0.001). A Cox proportional-hazards model identified the presence of hypovascular nodules concurrent with hypervascular HCC as an independent poor prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: The prognosis of hypervascular HCC patients with hypovascular nodules detected during CTAP and CTHA is poor. Clinical HCC categories seem to be dissimilar between patients with and without hypovascular nodules.

[Chemotherapy-Induced Reactivation of Hepatitis B in Recurrent Breast Cancer - A Case Report].

It is known that reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important complication of chemotherapy, and it can cause fatally severe hepatitis in some cases. A 72-year-old woman, underwent radical mastectomy for left breast cancer at the age of 35 years. In January 2008, local recurrence and multiple bone metastases occurred, and chemotherapy was started. S-1(80 mg/day for 28 consecutive days followed by a 14-day rest period)was used as the fourth-line of treatment, but grade 3 anemia(Hb 6.6 g/dL)developed at the end of seventh course. Therefore, blood transfusion was performed. Five months after transfusion, blood tests showed elevated liver function markers and HBs antigen positivity, so post-transfusion hepatitis was suspected. However, it was diagnosed as de novo hepatitis caused by reactivation of HBV from occult infection, as the patient's stored sample before the transfusion tested positive for HBV-DNA. The hepatitis did not become severe, but it was a persistent infection with continued administration of a nucleoside analog. Identifying the reactivation risk and taking appropriate action based on guidelines are necessary for administering chemotherapy safely to patients with occult HBV infection.

Natural history of large regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules in liver cirrhosis: 28-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Some follow-up studies of large regenerative nodules (LRNs) and dysplastic nodules (DNs) were reported previously. However, the pre-malignant potentiality of LRNs has remained controversial up to now. No LRNs showed malignant transformation in our previous study. We aimed to evaluate the pre-malignant potentiality of LRNs and DNs with a greater number of cases and longer follow-up periods. METHODS: From 1982 to 2005, 1,500 consecutive nodular lesions up to 2 cm in diameter were subjected to US guided thin-needle biopsy in cirrhotic patients at Chiba University Hospital. Of these lesions, 68 LRNs in 60 cases and 20 DNs in 22 cases were followed up for more than 6 months without any anti-cancer therapy. The last US examination was in 2010. The total study period was 28 years. We analyzed the histological findings and the clinical data of all cases retrospectively. The outcome of the lesions was examined. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 38.9 (16-119) months in LRNs and 31.9 (6-101 months) in DNs. Rate of nodule enlargement was higher in DNs (8/24 nodules, 33%) than LRNs (11/68 nodules, 16 %), (p = 0.0743, not significant). Rate of malignant transformation was also higher in DNs (10/24 nodules, 42%) than LRNs (9/68 nodules, 13%), (p = 0.0040, significant). The rate of disappearance in images was similar between LRNs and DNs. CONCLUSIONS: We should recognize LRN as low risk pre-malignant lesions whereas DNs as high risk lesions.

Utilization of stiff culm trait of rice smos1 mutant for increased lodging resistance.

Although the introduction of semi-dwarf trait into rice has led to improved lodging resistance making it capable of supporting high grain yield, lodging still remains a concern when attempting to further increase the grain yield of rice. However, improving the lodging resistance in rice by depending on the semi-dwarf trait alone is possible only up to a certain limit, beyond which other traits may be needed for reinforcement. To search for alternative traits relating to high lodging resistance, we identified 9 rice mutant lines possessing improved culm strength. To evaluate whether such lines can be useful for breeding lodging resistant rice, small organ size1 (smos1) mutant having increased lodging resistance but low tiller number and low grain yield, was chosen as a representative for a breeding trial. smos1 was crossed with ST-4 (from the Stock rice collection of Nagoya University Togo field #4), a cultivar with high tiller number and high grain yield, and from their progeny, LRC1 (lodging resistance candidate-1) was selected. Although the low tiller number trait of smos1 was not fully reversed in LRC1, this was compensated by an increase in grain weight per panicle, thereby resulting in high grain yield per plant. This important attribute of LRC1 was further enhanced by the improved lodging resistance trait inherited from smos1. Such improved lodging resistance in LRC1 and smos1 was revealed to be mainly due to increased culm diameter and culm thickness, which led to a high section modulus (SM) value, a parameter defining the physical strength of the culm. Since smos1 possesses high breaking-type lodging resistance which is different from semi-dwarf plants with high bending-type lodging resistance, an alternative approach of using thick culm lines for the creation of rice with increased lodging resistance is hereby proposed.

Safety and tolerance of sorafenib in Japanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Sorafenib provides a survival benefit for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there has been little experience with it in Japan. This study evaluated the safety and tolerance of sorafenib in Japanese patients with HCC. METHODS: Clinical data for patients given sorafenib for advanced HCC were captured from eight institutions. All patients were classified as Child-Pugh A and the treatment was started at 400 mg twice daily. We recorded adverse events, treatment duration, and survival retrospectively. Adverse events were graded using Common Terminology Criteria, version 3.0; tumor response was assessed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor, version 1.1. RESULTS: Of the 54 patients treated, their median age was 69 years (range 48-82), 91% were males, 52% had HCV infection, and 22% had HBV infection. The most common drug-related adverse events were hand-foot skin reactions (HFSR) (72%), aspartate transaminase elevation (55%), alanine aminotransferase elevation (52%), rash (50%), fatigue (41%), and diarrhea (32%). Liver failure occurred in 19%. The median time to treatment failure was 2 months. Dose reduction was required in 83% of the patients, and this occurred within 2 weeks in 44%. The median overall survival was 6.9 months. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that sorafenib is generally tolerated in Japanese patients with HCC. Nevertheless, the majority needed a dose reduction. Adverse events including HFSR, rash, and liver failure occurred more frequently in our patients than those reported elsewhere. Careful attention must be paid to these adverse events during sorafenib administration.