Potential capabilities of aircraft laser landing systems.

We present calculations of the efficiency of the laser landing system (LLS), based on determining the minimum required fluxes of scattered radiation from fixed extended landmarks (FELs), which are LLS indicators in the case of visual FEL detection under real operation conditions. It is shown that, when the meteorological visibility range Sm=800 m, for reliable detection of laser beams from the glissade slope group at ranges L∼1.0-1.6 km under nighttime conditions, the minimum required powers are Pmin=0.5 W for λ=0.52 and 0.64 µm, given deviations from the glissade path by the angle ϕ=0°-5°. The green and red rays are visible at distances L=1-1.2 km under twilight conditions. Our calculations corroborated the possibility of creating a new-generation laser-based LLS capable of ensuring aircraft landing under the conditions of International Civil Aviation Organization category 1 (decision height of 60 m at the minimum visibility equal 800 m).

Detectable distance calculations for a visual navigation system using a scanning semiconductor laser with electronic pumping.

Results of detectable distance calculations for a visual navigation system based on a scanning semiconductor laser with electronic pumping (SSLEP) are presented. A semiconductor crystal in the laser is pumped with an electron beam, which is scanned across the crystal in the television-frame scan mode. The navigation system forms three orientation sectors with radiation wavelengths λ=0.52, 0.57, and 0.63 µm. Herein, calculations of energetic characteristics of output radiation are performed for the navigation system described above. The calculations were performed using the Range software package, which considers microphysical and optical characteristics of aerosol and observation path geometry for the case of coastal environment. Finally, comparison of results of the calculations with data obtained in marine and flight experiments is presented. It is demonstrated that minor discrepancies between calculated and measured values of detectable distance are observed in the coastal haze at lower values of meteorological visibility range S(m). As S(m) increases, the discrepancies become significant.

[Middle mass molecules as an indicator of intoxication in the purulent inflammatory ENT diseases]. / Molekuly srednei massy -- pokazatel' intoksikatsii pri gnoino- vospalitel'nykh zabolevaniiakh LOR-organov.

Middle-mass molecules (MMM) were measured in ENT patients hospitalized urgently for purulent sinusitis with orbital complications, mastoiditis, parapharyngitis, paratonsillar abscesses, complicated furuncles of the nose and upper lip, abscessing epiglottitis, etc. MMM amount, as an indicator of endogenic intoxication, were studied in 150 ENT patients aged 15 to 63 years. With the number of MMM it was found feasible to follow up and compare endogenic intoxication and thus control and correct of the treatment efficacy.

[Thromboelastography of blood coagulation in patients with complicated nasal furunculosis]. / Tromboélastograficheskii kontrol koaguliatsionnykh svoistv krovi u bolnykh s oslozhnennym furunkulom nosa.

The study of blood coagulation in 50 patients with complicated nasal furuncle using thromboelastogram indicated that such patients have hypercoagulation correctable by intravascular laser radiation. Thromboelastography proved a reliable objective technique in evaluation of blood coagulation this promoting a valid choice of therapeutic policy in complicated nasal furunculi.

[Use of low intensity laser irradiation in the treatment of thrombophlebitic complications during subclavian vein catheterization]. / Primenenie nizkointensivnogo lazernogo izlucheniia v lechenii tromboflebiticheskikh oslozhnenii kateterizatsii podkliuchichnoi veny.

A total of 1050 subclavian catheterizations have been performed in an intensive care unit, thrombophlebitic complications have been clinically diagnosed in 22 patients (2.1%), 3 patients developed signs of chronic venous failure long after the procedure. Intravascular laser blood irradiation (IVLBI) reduced hypercoagulation, increased fibrinolytic activity, improved blood viscosity, stimulated collateral blood flow, etc. That is why IVLBI was used in a complex of therapeutic procedures in 7 patients with thrombophlebitic complications upon subclavian catheterization. In 1 patient IVLBI was used in combination with intravenous sodium hypochlorite administration. The course of IVLBI consisted of 5-7 procedures, the power of irradiation at the end of the light probe was 5-6 mWt. The level of medium mass molecules, leukocyte index of intoxication, hematological index of intoxication, coagulogram parameters have been assessed; contrast phlebography was performed in patients with phlebothrombosis before and after IVLBI. There were no signs of chronic venous failure in this group of patients long after the procedure. The author comes to the conclusion that the use of low intensity laser irradiation and intravenous administration of sodium hypochlorite improve the effect of therapy in postcatheterization thrombophlebitic complications.

[Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis after catheterization of the subclavian vein]. / Trombozy i tromboflebity pri kateterizatsii podkliuchichnoi veny.

The authors analysed 685 catheterizations of the subclavian vein. Thrombophlebitic complications were diagnosed in 13 patients--phlebothrombosis in 9 of them and thrombophlebitis in 4. The complications developed mostly in cases with a severe general disease, in ++pyo-septic conditions. In 19 patients the catheter was displaced into the internal jugular vein during phlebography. Catheterization had to be repeated in 73 patients, thrombophlebitic complications occurred in 4 of them. A conclusion is drawn on the expediency of the principle of unilateral manipulations in catheterization repeated many times.

[Intravenous kalipsol anesthesia in emergency otorhinolaryngology]. / Vnutrivennyi kalipsolovyi narkoz v neotlozhnoi otorinolaringologii.

This paper discusses the application of intravenous Kalipsol anesthesia in combination with Seduxen (Relanium) in 22 patients who underwent antro-mastoidectomy (expanded) and fronto-ethmoidectomy. No complications related to the method of anesthesia were identified. It is concluded that the use of Kalipsol anesthesia in urgent ENT operations provides better surgical intervention. This method ensures adequate analgesia during operation.

[Complications of catheterization of the subclavian vein]. / Oslozhneniia kateterizatsii podkliuchichnoi veny.

On the basis of the experiences with 1151 catheterizations of the subclavian vein the authors analyze complications of the procedure (failure of puncturing, puncture of the subclavian vein, air embolism, pneumothorax, hemorrhages, thromboses of the subclavian and external jugular veins, thrombophlebitis of the subclavian vein). Within the terms of from 1 to 7 years following catheterization 4 out of 20 patients had thromboses of the subclavian vein.