Curcumin treatment leads to better cognitive and mood function in a model of Gulf War Illness with enhanced neurogenesis, and alleviation of inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus.

Diminished cognitive and mood function are among the most conspicuous symptoms of Gulf War Illness (GWI). Our previous studies in a rat model of GWI have demonstrated that persistent cognitive and mood impairments are associated with substantially declined neurogenesis, chronic low-grade inflammation, increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus. We tested the efficacy of curcumin (CUR) to maintain better cognitive and mood function in a rat model of GWI because of its neurogenic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and memory and mood enhancing properties. Male rats were exposed daily to low doses of GWI-related chemicals, pyridostigmine bromide, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin, and 5-minutes of restraint stress for 28 days. Animals were next randomly assigned to two groups, which received daily CUR or vehicle treatment for 30 days. Animals also received 5'-bromodeoxyuridine during the last seven days of treatment for analysis of neurogenesis. Behavioral studies through object location, novel object recognition and novelty suppressed feeding tests performed sixty days after treatment revealed better cognitive and mood function in CUR treated GWI rats. These rats also displayed enhanced neurogenesis and diminished inflammation typified by reduced astrocyte hypertrophy and activated microglia in the hippocampus. Additional studies showed that CUR treatment to GWI rats enhanced the expression of antioxidant genes and normalized the expression of multiple genes related to mitochondrial respiration. Thus, CUR therapy is efficacious for maintaining better memory and mood function in a model of GWI. Enhanced neurogenesis, restrained inflammation and oxidative stress with normalized mitochondrial respiration may underlie better memory and mood function mediated by CUR treatment.

Serum carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 level in postmenopausal women: correlation with ß-catenin and bone mineral density.

UNLABELLED: Many epidemiological studies have shown that in some tumors carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) and ß-catenin appear to be related. However, it remains to be established whether CEACAM1 is related to ß-catenin in osteoporosis. Here, we reveal that CEACAM1 might influence the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway to modulate bone metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to assess the serum level of CEACAM1 in postmenopausal women and its correlation with ß-catenin and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: The BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) or the femoral neck using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum CEACAM1, ß-catenin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), ß-isomerized C-terminal crosslinking of type I collagen (ß-CTX), intact N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), estradiol, and insulin were measured in 350 postmenopausal women. Patients were divided according to lumbar spine or femur neck T-scores into osteoporosis (group I), osteopenia (group II), and normal bone mineral density, the latter serving as control. RESULTS: Serum CEACAM1 levels were significantly lower in group I and II compared to those in control subjects (P < 0.001). Serum CEACAM1 levels correlated positively with ß-catenin and BMD, but correlated negatively to the ratio between RANKL and OPG. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that decreased serum CEACAM1 levels are related to low BMD in postmenopausal women, and that serum CEACAM1 levels correlated positively to ß-catenin. It suggests that CEACAM1 might influence the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway to modulate bone metabolism.

Local renin-angiotensin system is associated with bone mineral density of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients.

UNLABELLED: The local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is closely related to bone metabolism. However, it is unknown whether the local RAS is related to bone mineral density (BMD) in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). Here, we revealed that the two main characteristics of GIOP might inhibit bone formation and enhance bone resorption. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to assess the expression of the main RAS components in the trabecular bone of lumbar vertebrae in GIOP and analyze the relationship between the major RAS components and BMD. METHODS: We collected 96 inpatient cases of lumbar disc herniation from patients who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry examinations followed by surgical treatment in our hospital. Patients were divided into the GIOP group (n = 48) and control group (n = 48). The circulating and local expression levels of the main RAS components were examined. The correlation between the main RAS components and BMD was then analyzed. RESULTS: The mRNA expression of local bone angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R, respectively) and RANKL was higher in the GIOP group compared with the control group (p < 0.001), but there was no difference in the circulating protein levels between groups (p > 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that AT1R and AT2R expression and the RANKL/OPG ratio in local bone were negatively associated with BMD (p < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) 1.236, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.207-1.333; p < 0.001, OR 1.971, 95% CI 1.809-2.233; and p < 0.001, OR 1.676, 95% CI 1.546-1.845, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that the role of local RAS is related to BMD in GIOP patients, and suggests that local RAS might influence RANKL/OPG signaling to modulate bone metabolism.

Predictable chronic mild stress improves mood, hippocampal neurogenesis and memory.

Maintenance of neurogenesis in adult hippocampus is important for functions such as mood and memory. As exposure to unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) results in decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, enhanced depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and memory dysfunction, it is believed that declined hippocampal neurogenesis mainly underlies the behavioral and cognitive abnormalities after UCS. However, the effects of predictable chronic mild stress (PCMS) such as the routine stress experienced in day-to-day life on functions such as mood, memory and hippocampal neurogenesis are unknown. Using FST and EPM tests on a prototype of adult rats, we demonstrate that PCMS (comprising 5 min of daily restraint stress for 28 days) decreases depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors for prolonged periods. Moreover, we illustrate that decreased depression and anxiety scores after PCMS are associated with ~1.8-fold increase in the production and growth of new neurons in the hippocampus. Additionally, we found that PCMS leads to enhanced memory function in WMT as well as NORT. Collectively, these findings reveal that PCMS is beneficial to adult brain function, which is exemplified by increased hippocampal neurogenesis and improved mood and cognitive function.

Transverse evolution of a plasma channel in air induced by a femtosecond laser.

We investigate the evolution of filamentation in air by using a longitudinal diffraction method and a plasma fluorescence imaging technique. The diameter of a single filament in which the intensity is clamped increases as the energy of the pump light pulse increases, until multiple filaments appear.

Phase dependence of relativistic electron dynamics and emission spectra in the superposition of an ultraintense laser field and a strong uniform magnetic field.

The phase dependence of the dynamics and emission spectra of a fully relativistic electron in the superposition of an ultraintense plane wave laser field and a strong uniform magnetic field has been investigated. It is found that the effect of changing the initial laser phase is quite different for circularly and linearly polarized laser fields. For circular polarization only the axis of the helical trajectory is changed with variation of the initial laser field phase. However, for linear polarization, the effect of changing the initial phase is opposite in the two parameter regions divided by the resonance condition r=1 (r stands for the ratio between the reduced cyclotron frequency and laser frequency). When r<1, with increase in the initial laser field phase eta(0) from 0 to pi/2, both the radius of the electron's helical trajectory and the height of the peak related to the uniform magnetic field are decreased, and these two physical values are increased with an increase in the laser initial phase when r>1. The phase dependence of the electron's energy and velocity components was also studied. Some beat structure is found when eta(0)=0 and this structure is absent when eta(0)=pi/2.

Lignans and sesquiterpene lactones from Artemisia sieversiana and Inula racemosa.

The aerial parts of Artemisia sieversiana afforded, in addition to beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol and daucosterol, two novel lignans as well as one known and three new guaianolides. The roots of Inula racemosa gave beta-sitosterol, daucosterol and isoalantolactone. The structures were determined by a combination of spectral methods (IR, EIMS, 1H and 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, NOESY and HETCOR). All isolates were subjected to antifungal tests. Isoalantolactone, a major sesquiterpene lactone of I. racemosa, was found to be active against the human pathogenic fungi. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Geotrichum candidum, Candida tropicalis and C. albicans at concentrations of 50, 50, 25, 25 and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively. The taxonomic significance of the characterized constituents is discussed briefly.