Concentration and potential health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for consumers of chocolate in Brazil.

Chocolate is widely consumed worldwide and its market grows every year, with emerging demands for new high-quality products. However, this product is susceptible to contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), representing a risk for humans. In this study, a methodology for the evaluation of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene in chocolate by high performance liquid chromatography was validated. The occurrence, dietary exposure, and health risks of 4 PAHs in 38 commercial chocolate samples was investigated. The methodology demonstrated adequate accuracy and precision, with recovery (95.25 %-108.12 %) and relative standard deviation (0.14 %-5.83 %). Benzo[a]pyrene and the ∑4 PAHs concentrations varied between 1.09 and 10.42 µg/kg and 8.38-41.58 µg/kg, respectively. The results of risk assessment suggest low potential health risk for chocolate consumers, considering the margin of exposure (MOE) and the incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) values.

Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Commonly Consumed Salami in Brazil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that have been found in different food categories, and meat products can have high concentrations of PAHs, since the technological processes to which they are subjected, such as smoking, can produce several compounds. Considering the risk that these compounds can bring to the population's health, it is essential to develop an accurate and reliable method to evaluate the contamination of PAHs in products of animal origin. The objective of this study was to optimize and validate a method for the quantification of 4 PAHs (benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene) in salami. The methodology included saponification, liquid­liquid extraction, solid-phase purification, and quantification by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of saponification parameters were investigated by experimental design, whereas the model obtained by regression analysis was considered satisfactory with the dissolution solvent of potassium hydroxide providing the highest global sum of areas. In validation, the parameters studied were adequate and within European and INMETRO Guidelines limits. The evaluation of 22 samples indicated that 27% were contaminated with at least one of the 4 PAHs, and benz[a]anthracene being the prevalent one with content varying between < 1.00 and 17.58 µg/kg. Two samples showed PAHs contamination above the maximum tolerable limit in the European Commission Regulation.

Influência das técnicas de preparo e cocção na formação dos contaminantes hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em carnes e embutidos: fatores de risco associados ao consumo / Influence of different preparation and cooking techniques on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants in meat and smoked products: risk factors associated with consumption

Introdução - Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são compostos orgânicos que têm demonstrado comprovadamente efeitos mutagênicos, carcinogênicos e potencial imunossupressor. Dentre os alimentos, os produtos cárneos apresentam frequente ocorrência e concentrações mais elevadas para HPAs, uma vez que o preparo e os processos tecnológicos aos quais são submetidos podem produzir tais compostos. Considerando que a carne é um dos produtos mais consumidos no Brasil, com importante valor nutricional, avaliar sua contaminação torna-se necessária. Objetivo - Estudar a contaminação por HPAs de produtos cárneos, tanto nos embutidos e alimentos prontos para consumo, quanto nos submetidos a diferentes tratamentos e técnicas de cozimento, a fim de avaliar possíveis riscos à saúde humana associados ao consumo destes alimentos. Métodos - Os cárneos embutidos e defumados (n=205) foram adquiridos no comércio, incluindo dez categorias de produtos. Para a cocção, linguiças defumadas e carnes bovinas foram conduzidas a cinco métodos de cozimento, em distintos preparos e temperaturas. A metodologia para HPAs, contendo os quatro prioritários benzo[a]antraceno, benzo[b]fluoranteno, criseno, benzo[a]pireno (HPA4), incluiu saponificação, extração com n-hexano, purificação com cartuchos de extração em fase sólida de sílica e quantificação por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência e detecção por fluorescência. Resultados - O método analítico foi otimizado e validado, com resultados satisfatórios. Na avaliação dos produtos cárneos comerciais, as concentrações HPA4 variaram de não quantificável (

Introduction - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that have demonstrated mutagenic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive potential. Among the foods, meat products have frequent occurrence and higher concentrations of PAHs, since the preparation and technological processes to which they are submitted can produce such compounds. Considering that meat is one of the most consumed products in Brazil, with important nutritional value, evaluating its contamination becomes necessary. Objective - To study PAHs contamination of meat products, both in sausages and ready-to-eat foods, as well as in those submitted to different treatments and cooking techniques, to evaluate possible risks to human health associated with the consumption of these foods. Methods - Sausages and smoked meats (n=205) were purchased commercially, including ten product categories. For cooking, smoked sausages and beef were submitted to five cooking methods, in distinct preparations and temperatures. The methodology for PAHs containing the four priority benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene (PAH4), included saponification, n-hexane extraction, purification with silica solid phase extraction cartridges, and quantification by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Results - The analytical method was optimized and validated, with satisfactory results. In the evaluation of commercial meat products, the PAH4 concentrations ranged from unquantifiable (

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.

Phytosterols Content in Vegetable Oils of Brazil: Coconut, Safflower, Linseed and Evening Primrose

Abstract In the last years phytosterols, natural components of plants, have received more attention due to association of their consumption with reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There are several scientific studies about phytosterols in vegetable oils, but they are scarce in unconventional oils. The objective of this research was evaluating the content of phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) in vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city, in Brazil. The analysis included cold alkaline saponification, derivatization with hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane reagents, and quantification by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection and internal standardization. The quality control parameters indicated that the method was suitable for analysis. Total sterols were between 272.3 mg kg-1 (coconut oil) to 6169.7 mg kg-1 (evening primrose oil). β-sitosterol was the component found in higher concentrations and evening primrose oil was the most representative in quantity of phytosterols.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos: uma revisão sobre metodologias de análise e níveis de contaminação em produtos cárneos defumados / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review on the methodologies of the analysis and the levels of contamination in smoked meat products

A defumação é um processo rotineiramente empregado nos alimentos como técnica de conservação, e uma maneira de proporcionar as características sensoriais específicas. Entretanto, o processo pode levar à formação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), que são compostos com dois ou mais anéis aromáticos condensados, alguns deles considerados carcinogênicos, mutagênicos e teratogênicos. Estudos em diversos países indicam que a contaminação de produtos cárneos defumados por diferentes HPAs é elevada e frequente, e desta maneira pode apresentar risco à saúde humana. O Brasil tem sido um dos maiores consumidores de carne no mundo, com tendência de aumentar o consumo de alimentos processados, e não é conhecida a real exposição da população aos HPAs pela ingestão de produtos cárneos defumados. Não há dados nacionais recentes quanto à contaminação destes alimentos com estes produtos. Considerando este panorama, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a revisão das principais metodologias analíticas, dos aspectos regulatórios e dos níveis de HPAs detectados em produtos cárneos defumados. Ademais, são apresentadas as maneiras de reduzir a contaminação dos alimentos por estes compostos.

Smoking is a common process employed in food as a conservation technique, as well as to provide the specific sensory characteristics. However, the process can lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are composed of two or more fused aromatic rings, and some of them are considered carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Studies conducted in several countries indicate that contamination of smoked meat products by different PAHs is high and frequent, and it may cause a risk to human health. Although Brazil has been one of the largest consumers of meat in the world, with a trend to increase the consumption of processed foods, it has not known the real population exposure to PAHs by consuming the smoked meat products. There is no recent national data on the contamination of these foods. Considering this scenario, this study aimed at reviewing the main analytical methodologies, the regulatory aspects and the levels of PAHs found in the smoked meat products. In addition, the forms to reduce the contamination by these compounds are presented.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos: uma revisão sobre metodologias de análise e níveis de contaminação em produtos cárneos defumados / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review on the methodologies of the analysis and the levels of contamination in smoked meat products

A defumação é um processo rotineiramente empregado nos alimentos como técnica de conservação, e uma maneira de proporcionar as características sensoriais específicas. Entretanto, o processo pode levar à formação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), que são compostos com dois ou mais anéis aromáticos condensados, alguns deles considerados carcinogênicos, mutagênicos e teratogênicos. Estudos em diversos países indicam que a contaminação de produtos cárneos defumados por diferentes HPAs é elevada e frequente, e desta maneira pode apresentar risco à saúde humana. O Brasil tem sido um dos maiores consumidores de carne no mundo, com tendência de aumentar o consumo de alimentos processados, e não é conhecida a real exposição da população aos HPAs pela ingestão de produtos cárneos defumados. Não há dados nacionais recentes quanto à contaminação destes alimentos com estes produtos. Considerando este panorama, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a revisão das principais metodologias analíticas, dos aspectos regulatórios e dos níveis de HPAs detectados em produtos cárneos defumados. Ademais, são apresentadas as maneiras de reduzir a contaminação dos alimentos por estes compostos. (AU)

Smoking is a common process employed in food as a conservation technique, as well as to provide the specific sensory characteristics. However, the process can lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are composed of two or more fused aromatic rings, and some of them are considered carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Studies conducted in several countries indicate that contamination of smoked meat products by different PAHs is high and frequent, and it may cause a risk to human health. Although Brazil has been one of the largest consumers of meat in the world, with a trend to increase the consumption of processed foods, it has not known the real population exposure to PAHs by consuming the smoked meat products. There is no recent national data on the contamination of these foods. Considering this scenario, this study aimed at reviewing the main analytical methodologies, the regulatory aspects and the levels of PAHs found in the smoked meat products. In addition, the forms to reduce the contamination by these compounds are presented. (AU)

Complementary Fat Graft Retention Rates Are Superior to Initial Rates in Craniofacial Contour Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The purposes of this study were to (1) assess complementary fat graft outcomes, (2) compare initial and complementary fat graft retention rates, and (3) evaluate the influence of different postoperative time points (3, 6, and 12 months after the initial procedure) for performing complementary fat grafting on fat graft outcomes. METHODS: A prospective analysis was conducted on patients with unilateral craniofacial contour deformities (n = 115) who underwent initial and complementary fat grafting. Complementary fat grafting was performed 3, 6, or 12 months after the initial fat grafts. Standardized ultrasonographic craniofacial soft-tissue thickness measurements were performed blindly to determine the initial and complementary fat graft retention rates at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: A significant (p < 0.05) reduction of fat graft retention was observed within the first 3 postoperative months, and a maintenance of retention (p > 0.05) was observed at 3 through 12 months after surgery for both initial and complementary procedures. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed in comparative analysis of the postoperative time points. Complementary retention rates were significantly (p < 0.05) superior to initial retention rates at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Complementary retention rates at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery were significantly (p < 0.05) superior to initial retention rates for patients aged 18 years or older, those with Parry-Romberg syndrome, those who had undergone previous craniofacial bone surgery, and those with a recipient site at the forehead unit. CONCLUSION: The complementary fat graft retention rates were superior to the initial retention rates, with no significant differences among the postoperative time points for performing complementary procedures. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, II.

Characterization and performance of castor bean lineages and parents at the UFRB germplasm bank.

The objective of this work was to characterize 203 lineages and five parents of Ricinus communis L. from the germplasm bank at the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), which was established by the Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Program (NBIO) at the Center for Agrarian, Environmental and Biological Sciences. The study used 35 morpho-agronomic descriptors, proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, and 12 quantitative descriptors suggested by NBIO. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, composed of four blocks, in the experimental field at UFRB in 2014. The frequency and entropy level of the qualitative descriptors were estimated with the Renyi procedure, and an analysis of variance was used for the quantitative descriptors. The analyses were made with the statistical program R. Of the qualitative morpho-agronomic descriptors evaluated, 22.86% had a high level of entropy (above 1.0), and all 12 quantitative descriptors showed significant differences. This indicates genetic variability in the germplasm bank and a satisfactory performance for most of the descriptors evaluated, as well as the possibility of direct and indirect use of the lineages and parents in genetic improvement programs of the species.

Genetic parameters in agronomic characters for selection of superior lineages of Ricinus communis L / Parâmetros genéticos em caracteres agronômicos na seleção de linhagens superiores de Ricinus communis L

ABSTRACT: Knowledge on the variability and heritability of agronomic characters of interest aid the selection of superior materials. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of agronomic traits in castor bean plant lineages and to quantify the genetic correlations between them. The study was performed in the experimental area of the Federal University of the Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Seed oil content, vegetative cycle, plant height, and the number and weight of seeds per plant were evaluated in 47 lineages of castor bean seedlings. The coefficient of genetic variation was higher for weight of seeds per plant, revealing greater variability. The broad-sense heritability of individual plots presented a higher value for oil content and a lower value for seed number per plant. Selection precision was moderate for plant height, number and weight of seeds per plant, high for vegetative cycle, and very high for oil content. The genetic parameters allowed superior genotypes to be ranked and selected. Positive correlations between vegetative cycle and plant height, associated with negative correlations for number and weight of seeds, and oil content, allow significant gains for crop productivity.

RESUMO: O conhecimento da variabilidade e herdabilidade dos caracteres agronômicos de interesse auxiliam na seleção de materiais superiores. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros genéticos de caracteres agronômicos em linhagens de mamoneira e quantificar as correlações genéticas entre eles. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Foram avaliados o teor de óleo na semente, ciclo vegetativo, estatura de planta, número de sementes por planta e peso de sementes por planta em 47 linhagens de mamoneira. O coeficiente de variação genético foi maior para o peso de sementes por planta revelando maior variabilidade. A herdabilidade de parcelas individuais no sentido amplo apresentou maior valor para o teor de óleo e menor valor para o número de sementes por planta. A precisão de seleção foi moderada para estatura de planta, número de sementes por planta e peso de semente por planta; alta para o ciclo vegetativo; e muito alta para o teor de óleo. Os parâmetros genéticos permitiram o ranqueamento e seleção dos genótipos superiores. As correlações positivas entre o ciclo vegetativo e estatura de planta, associada às correlações negativas para o número de sementes, peso de sementes e teor de óleo, possibilitam ganhos expressivos para a produtividade da cultura.

Economically Motivated Food Fraud and Adulteration in Brazil: Incidents and Alternatives to Minimize Occurrence.

Brazil is one of the world's largest food producers. Adulteration of foods is often reported and represent an important potential threat to food safety. Because of this, reduction of the vulnerability of foods to adulteration is of high priority to Brazil. This study analyzes economically motivated food fraud and adulterations in Brazil between 2007 and 2017, based on academic journal reports. In addition, alternatives are proposed to minimize these incidents through good practices, traceability systems and the development of methods to detect food fraud and adulteration. Complex supply chains for foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products, were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Other products prone to fraudulent activities were vegetable oils, especially olive oil, which are high value products. Meat and fish, as well as their respective by-products, were also involved in some food fraud and adulteration, especially substitution. Cases of extraneous ingredient addition were also reported in the coffee and tea sectors. Comprehensive food fraud and adulteration prevention requires the enforcement of regulatory systems, increased sampling and monitoring, training of food producers and handlers, and development of precise, rapid, and cost-effective methods of fraud detection. The availability of robust methods to identify the chemical constituents of foods could be a decisive step, both to detect and prevent fraud in producer countries and to open up new markets to these products. The results of this study can be used to analyze food safety risks and prioritize target areas for food research and policy-making in order to enforce food safety regulations in Brazil. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content and fatty acids profile in coconut, safflower, evening primrose and linseed oils.

This study aimed at evaluating the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination of commercial vegetable oils and examined the identity through the fatty acids profiles. Coconut, safflower, evening primrose, and linseed oils marketed in São Paulo (Brazil) were investigated totaling 69 samples. Four PAHs, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were detected in 96% of the samples at individual levels ranging from not detected to 14.99 µg kg-1. Chrysene was the abundant hydrocarbon found among all types of oils, with the highest median values. The results of the fatty acid profiles revealed that 43% showed different profiles according to the ones on their labels, with a higher incidence of adulteration of evening primrose oils. The maximum tolerable limits by European Regulation No. 835/2011 were exceeded for BaP in 12%, and for total 4 PAHs in 28%, with a greater contribution of adulterated samples.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content and fatty acids profile in coconut, safflower, evening primrose and linseed oils

This study aimed at evaluating the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination of commercial vegetable oils and examined the identity through the fatty acids profiles. Coconut, safflower, evening primrose, and linseed oils marketed in São Paulo (Brazil) were investigated totaling 69 samples. Four PAHs, benzo[a] anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were detected in 96% of the samples at individual levels ranging from not detected to 14.99 µg kg−1. Chrysene was the abundant hydrocarbon found among all types of oils, with the highest median values. The results of the fatty acid profiles revealed that 43% showed different profiles according to the ones on their labels, with a higher incidence of adulteration of evening primrose oils. The maximum tolerable limits by European Regulation No. 835/2011 were exceeded for BaP in 12%, and for total 4 PAHs in 28%, with a greater contribution of adulterated samples

Optimization and validation of a method using UHPLC-fluorescence for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cold-pressed vegetable oils.

Among the different food categories, the oils and fats are important sources of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of organic chemical contaminants. The use of a validated method is essential to obtain reliable analytical results since the legislation establishes maximum limits in different foods. The objective of this study was to optimize and validate a method for the quantification of four PAHs [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene] in vegetable oils. The samples were submitted to liquid-liquid extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimized conditions, the validation parameters were evaluated according to the INMETRO Guidelines: linearity (r2 >0.99), selectivity (no matrix interference), limits of detection (0.08-0.30µgkg-1) and quantification (0.25-1.00µgkg-1), recovery (80.13-100.04%), repeatability and intermediate precision (<10% RSD). The method was found to be adequate for routine analysis of PAHs in the vegetable oils evaluated.

Correlations and track analysis for morphoagronomic descriptors in pedigree and parental lines of castor bean / Correlações e análise de trilha para descritores morfoagronômicos em linhagens e parentais de mamoneira

ABSTRACT: As castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) reveals immense adaptability to various ecological conditions and due to its socioeconomic significance, new studies have emerged primarily to develop more productive cultivars to suit different regions in Brazil. This study aimed to confirmthe correlations and direct and indirect effects of the morphoagronomic descriptors on castor bean productivity, employing correlation studies and track analysis. Between 2014 and 2015, experiments utilizing the randomized block design were performed, with four replications, which included 208 treatments involving pedigree and parental lines of castor bean, drawn from the germplasm bank of the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Variables in the correlation analysis included primary racemic insertion, stem diameter, number of stem internodes, plant flowering, plant height, racemic length, number of fruits per raceme, fruit weight per raceme, seed yield per fruit and productivity. Correlations among the variables analyzed were imposed, via track analysis, on the direct and indirect influences of the morphoagronomic descriptors on productivity. The most direct and positively influential descriptors included fruit weight per raceme and number of seeds per raceme; the most direct albeit negatively influential descriptors are the number of internodes on the stem and flowering. Therefore, lines with less number of internodes and requiring fewer days to bloom are more highly productive. These descriptors can thus effectively identify the productive lines.

RESUMO: A capacidade da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) em adaptar-se a diferentes condições ecológicas e a sua importância socioeconômica impulsionou novas pesquisas com a espécie, visando o desenvolvimento de cultivares mais produtivas para as diferentes regiões do país. Assim, este trabalho objetivou verificar as correlações e o efeito direto e indireto de descritores morfoagronômicos sobre a produtividade de mamoneiras, por meio do estudo de correlação e análise de trilha. O experimento foi conduzido no período de 2014 a 2015, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram 208 tratamentos compostos por linhagens e parentais de mamoneira do Banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. As variáveis utilizadas para a análise de correlação foram: inserção do racemo primário, diâmetro do caule, número de internódios do caule, florescimento da planta, estatura da planta, comprimento do racemo, número de frutos por racemo, peso dos frutos por racemo, rendimento de sementes por fruto e produtividade. As correlações entre as variáveis analisadas foram desdobradas pela análise de trilha, em efeitos diretos e indiretos dos descritores morfoagronômico sobre a produtividade. Os descritores que exercem maiores efeitos diretos no sentido positivo sobre a produtividade são o peso de frutos por racemo e número de sementes por racemo. Os descritores com maior efeito direto no sentido negativo são o número de internódios do caule e o florescimento, indicando que as linhagens com menor número de internódios e que levam menos dias para florescer são mais produtivas. Com isso, estes descritores podem ser eficientes na identificação de linhagens produtivas.

Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat flour, instant noodle and biscuits commercialised in Brazil.

A total of 134 samples, consisting of 58 wheat flour, 40 instant noodle and 36 biscuits, were analysed for the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON). The samples were obtained from retail markets of the city of São Paulo during the period 2010-2014. DON was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and immunoaffinity sample clean-up. Method validation followed international guidelines. The LOD and LOQ were 60 and 200 µg kg-1, respectively, considering the three different types of samples analysed. The lowest recovery found in this study was 91.8% with RSD 4.5% for instant noodles. DON was detected in 91.4%, 97.5% and 97.2% of samples wheat flour, instant noodles and biscuits, respectively, resulting in a total of 94.8% with levels ranging from LOD to 1720.0 µg kg-1.

Ligas Acadêmicas no Processo de Formação dos Estudantes / Academic Leagues in Student Training

RESUMO As Ligas Acadêmicas (LAs) surgem nas universidades brasileiras no início do século XX como estratégias e atividades extracurriculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as Ligas Acadêmicas estruturadas e em funcionamento na Universidade de Brasília como estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem. Método A coleta de dados foi construída por levantamento documental, entrevista de sondagem e entrevistas individuais aplicadas a acadêmicos membros das Ligas (oito representantes), professores/coordenadores membros das Ligas (quatro representantes) e acadêmicos que participavam das atividades oferecidas pelos membros das Ligas (quatro representantes). Resultados Percebe-se o reconhecimento do princípio da indissociabilidade do ensino, pesquisa e extensão por parte dos entrevistados, embora a atuação dos membros ligantes tenha sido marcada pelas atividades de ensino e pesquisa em contraposição às atividades extensionistas. No entanto, as concepções dos participantes refletem convergências no que se refere aos princípios/estratégias de criação e desenvolvimento das Ligas Acadêmicas como importantes na formação em saúde. Conclusão As Ligas Acadêmicas poderiam se tornar instrumentos de exploração da autonomia, da criticidade, da criatividade e do comprometimento, em detrimento de práticas isoladas que induzem ao risco de especialização precoce.

ABSTRACT Academic leagues have emerged in Brazilian universities in the twentieth century as strategies and extracurricular activities. The objective of this paper is to analyze structured academic leagues in operation at the University of Brasilia as teaching and learning strategies. Method Data was collected through documentary survey, interview survey, individual interviews applied to participants of academic leagues (eight representatives), teachers/coordinators of academic leagues (four representatives) and participants of activities provided for the members of academic leagues (four representatives). Results We observed the recognition of the principle of inseparability between teaching, research and community outreach among the respondents, although the performance of academic league members has been formed by teaching and research activities, but not by community outreach activities. However, the results reflect the convergence of the principles of the creation and development of academic leagues as important activities for health training. Conclusion Academic leagues could become instruments to develop student autonomy, criticality, creativity and commitment, rather than isolated practices that can lead to precocious specialization.

Óleos vegetais extraídos a frio comercializados na cidade de São Paulo: avaliação das características de identidade e qualidade e da ocorrência de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos / Cold-pressed vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city characteristics of identity and quality evaluation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occurrence

O crescente mercado dos produtos naturais, fomentado pelo interesse dos consumidores por alimentos que auxiliem a promoção da saúde, tem pressionado a indústria alimentícia na oferta por novos alimentos. Dentre estes alimentos, encontram-se os óleos vegetais extraídos a frio, reconhecidos por preservarem compostos bioativos característicos e, alguns deles, serem fontes de ácidos graxos (AG) essenciais. A categoria dos óleos e gorduras apresenta, dentre outros alimentos, uma importante fonte de exposição aos hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), um grupo de contaminantes químicos orgânicos, alguns com ação carcinogênica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os óleos vegetais extraídos a frio quanto aos parâmetros de identidade, de qualidade e à ocorrência de HPAs. Foram avaliadas 40 amostras, dez de cada tipo (coco, cártamo, prímula e linhaça), de diferentes marcas, adquiridas no comércio da cidade de São Paulo. Foram realizados os ensaios de perfil de AG, índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, p-anisidina, valor total de oxidação (totox) e HPAs (benzo(a)antraceno, criseno, benzo(b)fluoranteno e benzo(a)pireno). Quanto aos AG, catorze óleos (35 por cento ) não apresentaram perfis de ácidos graxos característicos que os declarados em seus rótulos, incluindo um de coco, quatro de cártamo e nove de prímula. Os valores para acidez estavam inadequados em relação a legislação para três óleos de linhaça (7,5 por cento )...

The natural product market growth, stimulated by the interest of consumers in foods that support health promotion, has encouraged the food industry to supply new kinds of foods. Among these are the cold-pressed vegetable oils, recognized by preserving characteristic bioactive compounds and, some of them, are sources of essential fatty acids (FA). The category of oils and fats owns, within others foods, an important source of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of organic chemical contaminants, some of them with carcinogenic activity. This study aimed at evaluating cold-pressed vegetable oils in relation to the PAHs occurrence, as well as the quality and identity parameters. Forty samples being ten of each type (coconut oil, safflower oil, evening primrose oil and flaxseed oil) of distinct brands, which were acquired in different markets from São Paulo, were evaluated. Fatty acids profile, acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value (totox) and PAHs (benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene) were analyzed. As for FA, fourteen oils (35 per cent ) showed different fatty acids profiles according to the ones on their labels, including one of coconut oil, four of safflower oils and nine of evening primrose oils. The acid values were unsuitable towards the legislation to three flaxseed oils (7.5 per cent )...

Encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in São Paulo state, Brazil: evaluation of identity (fatty acid profile) and compliance of fatty acids and vitamin E contents with nutrition labeling / Óleos especiais encapsulados comercializados no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: avaliação da identidade(perfil de ácidos graxos) e da adequação do conteúdo de ácidos graxos e vitamina E da informação nutricional

Encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in São Paulo state, Brazil, were evaluated for their identity (fatty acids profile) and compliancewith nutrition labeling (fatty acids and Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) contents). Twenty one samples [flaxseed oil (6), evening primrose (5),safflower (8), borage (1), and black currant (1)] purchased from local markets or collected by the health surveillance agency were analyzed.The fatty acids and vitamin E contents were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and liquid chromatography withUV detector, respectively. Nine samples were adulterated (5 samples of safflower oil, 3 of flaxseed oil, and one of evening primrose). Amongthem, 3 flaxseed and 2 safflower oil samples were probably adulterated by the addition of soybean oil. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) wasfound in two safflower oils samples although the sale of oils with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is not permitted by the National HealthSurveillance Agency in Brazil (ANVISA). Only two samples presented all values in compliance with nutrition labeling (one safflower oilsample and one borage oil sample). The results show that a continuous monitoring of encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in Brazil isnecessary including a greater number of samples and sanitary surveillance.

Óleos especiais em cápsulas, comercializados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foram avaliados quanto à identidade, pelo perfil de ácidos graxos, e à conformidade das informações declaradas na rotulagem nutricional (conteúdo de ácidos graxos e vitamina E, alfa tocoferol). Foram analisadas 21 amostras [linhaça (6), prímula (5), cártamo (8), borage (1) e groselhas negras (1)], adquiridas no comércio ou colhidas pela vigilância sanitária. Os ácidos graxos e a vitamina E foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização de chama e cromatografia líquida com detector UV, respectivamente. Nove amostras estavam adulteradas (5 de cártamo, 3 de linhaça e uma de prímula). Entre as adulteradas, 3 de linhaça e 2 de cártamo tinham, provavelmente, adição de óleo de soja. Ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) foi encontrado em duas amostras denominadas de óleo de cártamo, apesar da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) não autorizar a venda de óleos contendo CLA no Brasil. Somente duas amostras apresentaram todos os componentes analisados de acordo com o declarado na rotulagem (uma de óleo de linhaça e outra de borage). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de um monitoramento contínuo dos óleos especiais encapsulados comercializados no Brasil, incluindo um número maior de amostras e em conjunto com a vigilância sanitária.