Numerical abnormalities of permanent dentition - a case report.

Tooth number abnormalities may occur under the influence of genetic or environmental factors which intervene in the tooth formation stages (induction and proliferation), most commonly the permanent dentition being affected. The result is the appearance of dental anomalies with numerical deficiency (hypodontia, anodontia), or with dental excess (hyperodontia, over-teeth). In this paper we report a case of a 15-year-old boy with associated abnormalities of permanent dentition: mesiodens and palatal impacted cuspid at the maxillary dental arch and incisor anodontia at the mandibular dental arch. Orthodontic treatment aimed at resolving maxillary dental crowding, obtaining dental alignment, a stable and functional occlusal relationship and a satisfactory smile for the patient.

Periodontitis, Metabolic and Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases: Current Perspectives on Possible Pathogenic Connections.

Comprehensive research conducted over the past decades has shown that there is a definite connection between periodontal and systemic conditions, leading to the development and consolidation of the "periodontal medicine" concept. The 2018 classification of periodontal conditions uses this concept as a key element of the precise diagnosis of and individualized therapeutical protocols for periodontitis patients. The topic of this review is the pathogenic connections that exist between periodontal disease and metabolic/digestive tract conditions. It is important to remember that the oral cavity is a key element of the digestive tract and that any conditions affecting its integrity and function (such as periodontitis or oral cancer) can have a significant impact on the metabolic and gastrointestinal status of a patient. Thus, significant diseases with links to metabolic or digestive disruptions were chosen for inclusion in the review, such as diabetes mellitus, hepatic conditions and gastric cancers. Periodontal pathogenic mechanisms share several significant elements with these conditions, including mutual pro-inflammatory mediators, bacterial elements and genetic predisposition. Consequently, periodontal screening should be recommended for affected patients, and conversely, periodontitis patients should be considered for careful monitoring of their metabolic and digestive status.

NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis and Chronic Hepatitis C.

The study is aimed at assessing the impact that periodontal disease and chronic hepatitis C could have on gingival crevicular fluid levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1 (CASP-1), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) and at evaluating whether the increased local inflammatory reaction with clinical periodontal consequences is correlated to their upregulation. Patients were divided into four groups, according to their periodontal status and previously diagnosed hepatitis C, as follows: (i) CHC group, chronic hepatitis C patients; (ii) P group, periodontal disease patients, systemically healthy; (iii) CHC + P group, patients suffering from both conditions; and (iv) H group, systemically and periodontally healthy controls. Gingival crevicular samples were collected for quantitative analysis of the NLRP3 inflammasome, CASP-1, and IL-18. CHC + P patients expressed the worse periodontal status and the highest NLRP3, CASP-1, and IL-18 levels, the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.05). The P group patients also expressed significantly more elevated NLRP3, CASP-1, and IL-18 levels, as compared to nonperiodontal patients (CHC and H groups). Chronic hepatitis C and periodontal disease could have a significant influence on the upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and its components, possibly contributing to an increased local inflammatory reaction and clinical periodontal consequences.