An Intuitionistic Fuzzy C-Means and Local Information-Based DCT Filtering for Fast Brain MRI Segmentation.

Structural and photometric anomalies in the brain magnetic resonance images (MRIs) affect the segmentation performance. Moreover, a sudden change in intensity between two boundaries of the brain tissues makes it prone to data uncertainty, resulting in the misclassification of the pixels lying near the cluster boundaries. The discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain-based filtering is an effective way to deal with structural and photometric anomalies, while the intuitionistic fuzzy C-means (IFCM) clustering can handle the uncertainty using the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) theory. In this background, we propose two novel approaches, namely, the DCT-based intuitionistic fuzzy C-means (DCT-IFCM) and the DCT-based local information IFCM (DCT-LIFCM), which effectively deal with the Rician and Gaussian noises and also handle the data uncertainty problem to provide high segmentation accuracy. The DCT-IFCM approach performs the histogram-based segmentation, while the DCT-LIFCM uses the pixel-wise computation to include the spatial information. Although the DCT-LIFCM delivers slightly better performance than the DCT-IFCM, the latter is very fast in providing equally high segmentation accuracy. An exhaustive performance analysis is provided to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithms compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms, including those based on the DCT-based filtering approach and the IFS theory.

Novel ether derivatives of 11-azaartemisinins with high order antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii in Swiss mice.

This study investigates cutting-edge synthetic chemistry approaches for designing and producing innovative antimalarial drugs with improved efficacy and fewer adverse effects. Novel amino (-NH2) and hydroxy (-OH) functionalized 11-azaartemisinins 9, 12, and 14 were synthesized along with their derivatives 11a, 13a-e, and 15a-b through ART and were tested for their AMA (antimalarial activity) against Plasmodium yoelii via intramuscular (i.m.) and oral routes in Swiss mice. Ether derivative 13c was the most active compound by i.m. route, it has shown 100 % protection at the dose of 12 mg/kg × 4 days and showed 100 % clearance of parasitaemia on day 4 at dose of 6 mg/kg. Amine 11a, ether derivatives 13d, 13e and ether 15a also showed promising antimalarial activity. ß-Arteether gave 100 % protection at the dose of 48 mg/kg × 4 days and 20 % protection at 24 mg/kg × 4 days dose by oral route, while it showed 100 % protection at 6 mg/kg × 4 days and no protection at 3 mg/kg × 4 days by i.m. route.

Novel amino- and hydroxy-functionalized 1,2,4-trioxanes and their antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in Swiss mice via intramuscular and oral route.

Following the economic and social state of humanity, Malaria is categorized as one of the life-threatening illness epidemics in under developed countries. For the eradication of the same, 1,2,4-trioxanes 17a1-a2, 17b1-b2, 17c1-c2 15a-c, 18 and 19 have been synthesized continuing the creation of a novel series. Additionally, these novel compounds were tested for their effectiveness against the multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in mice model using both oral and intramuscular (im) administration routes. The two most potent compounds of the series, 17a1 and 17a2, demonstrated 100 % protection at 48 mg/kg x 4 days via oral route, which is twice as potent as artemisinin. In this model artemisinin provided 100 % protection at a dose of 48 mg/kg × 4 days and 80 % protection at 24 mg/kg × 4 days via im route.

Augmenting interpretable models with large language models during training.

Recent large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have demonstrated remarkable prediction performance for a growing array of tasks. However, their proliferation into high-stakes domains and compute-limited settings has created a burgeoning need for interpretability and efficiency. We address this need by proposing Aug-imodels, a framework for leveraging the knowledge learned by LLMs to build extremely efficient and interpretable prediction models. Aug-imodels use LLMs during fitting but not during inference, allowing complete transparency and often a speed/memory improvement of greater than 1000x for inference compared to LLMs. We explore two instantiations of Aug-imodels in natural-language processing: Aug-Linear, which augments a linear model with decoupled embeddings from an LLM and Aug-Tree, which augments a decision tree with LLM feature expansions. Across a variety of text-classification datasets, both outperform their non-augmented, interpretable counterparts. Aug-Linear can even outperform much larger models, e.g. a 6-billion parameter GPT-J model, despite having 10,000x fewer parameters and being fully transparent. We further explore Aug-imodels in a natural-language fMRI study, where they generate interesting interpretations from scientific data.

The influence of geo-environmental properties on the plastic and in-service properties of flowable fills: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review.

There is a recognized need to address the mismanagement of industrial by-products, as their accumulation severely threatens the environment. Efficient reutilizing of industrial waste is indispensable in realizing environment-friendly sustainable development. Towards this end, supervised adoption of controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) can be a solution. CLSM are cement-based materials which are environmentally safe, with self-levelling and self-consolidating properties. CLSM's long-term sustainable applications exclusively depend on its geo-environmental properties during and after the construction phase. This comprehensive review explores the impact of geo-environmental properties on the plastic and in-service properties of industrial by-products used for CLSM creation. It critically examines various geo-environmental properties of CLSM comprising interlaced aspects of chemical composition, mineralogical composition, leaching behavior, pH value, and thermal conductivity. It is shown that the geo-environmental properties of CLSM are determined mainly by the characteristics and content of raw materials, wastes, and the quantity of water used in the final blend. Further, the review accentuates the geo-environmental properties' detrimental effects on the plastic and in-service properties of CLSM. The comprehensive review can aid in effectively utilizing CLSM to reduce environmental concerns while achieving sustainable development.

Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING): advances and opportunities for fast tracking crop breeding.

The intensification of food production via conventional crop breeding alone is inadequate to cater for global hunger. The development of precise and expeditious high throughput reverse genetics approaches has hugely benefited modern plant breeding programs. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING) is one such reverse genetics approach which employs chemical/physical mutagenesis to create new genetic sources and identifies superior/novel alleles. Owing to technical limitations and sectional applicability of the original TILLING protocol, it has been timely modified. Successions include: EcoTILLING, Double stranded EcoTILLING (DEcoTILLING), Self-EcoTILLING, Individualized TILLING (iTILLING), Deletion-TILLING (De-TILLING), PolyTILLING, and VeggieTILLING. This has widened its application to a variety of crops and needs. They can characterize mutations in coding as well as non-coding regions and can overcome complexities associated with the large genomes. Combining next generation sequencing tools with the existing TILLING protocols has enabled screening of huge germplasm collections and mutant populations for the target genes. In silico TILLING platforms have transformed TILLING into an exciting breeding approach. The present review outlines these multifarious TILLING modifications for precise mutation detection and their application in advance breeding programmes together with relevant case studies. Appropriate use of these protocols will open up new avenues for crop improvement in the twenty first century.

Exogenous hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium toxicity by modulating chromium, nutrients and reactive oxygen species accumulation, and antioxidant defence system in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings.

Chromium (Cr), a highly toxic redox-active metal cation in soil, seriously threatens global agriculture by affecting nutrient uptake and disturbing various physio-biochemical processes in plants, thereby reducing yields. Here, we examined the effects of different concentrations of Cr alone and in combination with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) application on the growth and physio-biochemical performance of two mungbeans (Vigna radiata L.) varieties, viz. Pusa Vishal (PV; Cr tolerant) and Pusa Ratna (PR; Cr sensitive), growing in a pot in hydroponics. Plants were grown in the pot experiment to examine their growth, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels, electrolyte balance, and plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity. Furthermore, root anatomy and cell death were analysed 15 days after sowing both varieties in hydroponic systems. The Cr-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species caused cell death and affected the root anatomy and growth of both varieties. However, the extent of alteration in anatomical features was less in PV than in PR. Exogenous application of H2S promoted plant growth, thereby improving plant antioxidant activities and reducing cell death by suppressing Cr accumulation and translocation. Seedlings of both cultivars treated with H2S exhibited enhanced photosynthesis, ion uptake, glutathione, and proline levels and reduced oxidative stress. Interestingly, H2S restricted the translocation of Cr to aerial parts of plants by improving the nutrient profile and viability of root cells, thereby relieving plants from oxidative bursts by activating the antioxidant machinery through triggering the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. Overall, H2S application improved the nutrient profile and ionic homeostasis of Cr-stressed mungbean plants. These results highlight the importance of H2S application in protecting crops against Cr toxicity. Our findings can be utilised to develop management strategies to improve heavy metal tolerance among crops.

Genetic diversity, population structure, and genome-wide association study for the flowering trait in a diverse panel of 428 moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) accessions using genotyping by sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) is an underutilized, protein-rich legume that is grown in arid and semi-arid areas of south Asia and is highly resistant to abiotic stresses such as heat and drought. Despite its economic importance, the crop remains unexplored at the genomic level for genetic diversity and trait mapping studies. To date, there is no report of SNP marker discovery and association mapping of any trait in this crop. Therefore, this study aimed to dissect the genetic diversity, population structure and marker-trait association for the flowering trait in a diversity panel of 428 moth bean accessions using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach. RESULTS: A total of 9078 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered by genotyping of 428 moth bean accessions. Model-based structure analysis and PCA grouped the moth bean accessions into two subpopulations. Cluster analysis revealed accessions belonging to the Northwestern region of India had higher variability than accessions from the other regions suggesting that this region represents its center of diversity. AMOVA revealed more variations within individuals (74%) and among the individuals (24%) than among the populations (2%). Marker-trait association analysis using seven multi-locus models including mrMLM, FASTmrEMMA FASTmrEMMA, ISIS EM-BLASSO, MLMM, BLINK and FarmCPU revealed 29 potential genomic regions for the trait days to 50% flowering, which were consistently detected in three or more models. Analysis of the allelic effect of the major genomic regions explaining phenotypic variance of more than 10% and those detected in at least 2 environments showed 4 genomic regions with significant phenotypic effect on this trait. Further, we also analyzed genetic relationships among the Vigna species using SNP markers. The genomic localization of moth bean SNPs on genomes of closely related Vigna species demonstrated that maximum numbers of SNPs were getting localized on Vigna mungo. This suggested that the moth bean is most closely related to V. mungo. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the north-western regions of India represent the center of diversity of the moth bean. Further, the study revealed flowering-related genomic regions/candidate genes which can be potentially exploited in breeding programs to develop early-maturity moth bean varieties.

Effect of pre-fabricated strip, zirconia and stainless steel crowns in primary molars.

The effect of gingival, clinical and radiographic outcomes while using prefabricated stainless steel crowns (SSC), resin strip crowns and zirconia crowns in primary molars is of interest to dentists. Clinical periodontal and radiographic evaluation was conducted for three groups at baseline 3, 6, 9 and 12 months intervals utilizing scoring system. According to the current study's findings, gingival health was better in the zirconia crown group compared to the resin strip crown and SSC groups. In addition, zirconia group demonstrated respectable clinical and radiographic outcomes when compared to resin strip crowns and stainless steel crowns, with the added benefit of better aesthetics.

Vignette of Vigna domestication: From archives to genomics.

The genus Vigna comprises fast-growing, diploid legumes, cultivated in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. It comprises more than 200 species among which Vigna angularis, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, Vigna aconitifolia, Vigna umbellata, Vigna unguiculata, and Vigna vexillata are of enormous agronomic importance. Human selection along with natural variability within these species encompasses a vital source for developing new varieties. The present review convokes the early domestication history of Vigna species based on archeological pieces of evidence and domestication-related traits (DRTs) together with genetics of domestication. Traces of early domestication of Vigna have been evidenced to spread across several temperate and tropical regions of Africa, Eastern Asia, and few parts of Europe. Several DRTs of Vigna species, such as pod shattering, pod and seed size, dormancy, seed coat, seed color, maturity, and pod dehiscence, can clearly differentiate wild species from their domesticates. With the advancement in next-generation high-throughput sequencing techniques, exploration of genetic variability using recently released reference genomes along with de novo sequencing of Vigna species have provided a framework to perform genome-wide association and functional studies to figure out different genes related to DRTs. In this review, genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to DRTs of different Vigna species have also been summarized. Information provided in this review will enhance the in-depth understanding of the selective pressures that causes crop domestication along with nature of evolutionary selection made in unexplored Vigna species. Furthermore, correlated archeological and domestication-related genetic evidence will facilitate Vigna species to be considered as suitable model plants.

Hydrogen Sulfide and Silicon Together Alleviate Chromium (VI) Toxicity by Modulating Morpho-Physiological and Key Antioxidant Defense Systems in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties.

Extensive use of chromium (Cr) in anthropogenic activities leads to Cr toxicity in plants causing serious threat to the environment. Cr toxicity impairs plant growth, development, and metabolism. In the present study, we explored the effect of NaHS [a hydrogen sulfide; (H2S), donor] and silicon (Si), alone or in combination, on two chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties (Pusa 2085 and Pusa Green 112), in pot conditions under Cr stress. Cr stress increased accumulation of Cr reduction of the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity and decreased in photosynthetic pigments, essential minerals, relative water contents (RWC), and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in both the varieties. Exogenous application of NaHS and Si on plants exposed to Cr stress mitigated the effect of Cr and enhanced the physiological and biochemical parameters by reducing Cr accumulation and oxidative stress in roots and leaves. The interactive effects of NaHS and Si showed a highly significant and positive correlation with PM H+-ATPase activity, photosynthetic pigments, essential minerals, RWC, proline content, and enzymatic antioxidant activities (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, superoxide dismutase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase). A similar trend was observed for non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (ascorbic acid, glutathione, oxidized glutathione, and dehydroascorbic acid level) in leaves while oxidative damage in roots and leaves showed a negative correlation. Exogenous application of NaHS + Si could enhance Cr stress tolerance in chickpea and field studies are warranted for assessing crop yield under Cr-affected area.

Glycine betaine modulates chromium (VI)-induced morpho-physiological and biochemical responses to mitigate chromium toxicity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars.

Chromium (Cr) accumulation in crops reduces yield. Here, we grew two chickpea cultivars, Pusa 2085 (Cr-tolerant) and Pusa Green 112 (Cr-sensitive), in hydroponic and pot conditions under different Cr treatments: 0 and 120 µM Cr and 120 µM Cr + 100 mM glycine betaine (GB). For plants grown in the hydroponic media, we evaluated root morphological attributes and plasma membrane integrity via Evans blue uptake. We also estimated H+-ATPase activity in the roots and leaves of both cultivars. Plants in pots under conditions similar to those of the hydroponic setup were used to measure growth traits, oxidative stress, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, proline levels, and nutrient elements at the seedling stage. Traits such as Cr uptake in different plant parts after 42 days and grain yield after 140 days of growth were also evaluated. In both cultivars, plant growth traits, chlorophyll contents, enzymatic activities, nutrient contents, and grain yield were significantly reduced under Cr stress, whereas oxidative stress and proline levels were increased compared to the control levels. Further, Cr uptake was remarkably decreased in the roots and leaves of Cr-tolerant than in Cr-sensitive cultivars. Application of GB led to improved root growth and morpho-physiological attributes and reduced oxidative stress along with reduced loss in plasma membrane integrity and subsequently increase in H+-ATPase activity. An increment in these parameters shows that the exogenous application of GB improves the Cr stress tolerance in chickpea plants.

Linking genome wide RNA sequencing with physio-biochemical and cytological responses to catalogue key genes and metabolic pathways for alkalinity stress tolerance in lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus).

BACKGROUND: Alkaline soils cause low productivity in crop plants including lentil. Alkalinity adaptation strategies in lentil were revealed when morpho-anatomical and physio-biochemical observations were correlated with transcriptomics analysis in tolerant (PDL-1) and sensitive (L-4076) cultivars at seedling stage. RESULTS: PDL-1 had lesser salt injury and performed better as compared to L-4076. Latter showed severe wilting symptoms and higher accumulation of Na+ and lower K+ in roots and shoots. PDL-1 performed better under high alkalinity stress which can be attributed to its higher mitotic index, more accumulation of K+ in roots and shoots and less aberrantly dividing cells. Also, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmolytes' accumulation, relative water content, membrane stability index and abscisic acid were higher in this cultivar. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to these parameters were upregulated in tolerant genotypes compared to the sensitive one. Significantly up-regulated DEGs were found to be involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and secondary metabolites synthesis. ABA responsive genes viz. dehydrin 1, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, ABA-responsive protein 18 and BEL1-like homeodomain protein 1 had log2fold change above 4.0. A total of 12,836 simple sequence repeats and 4,438 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified which can be utilized in molecular studies. CONCLUSIONS: Phyto-hormones biosynthesis-predominantly through ABA signalling, and secondary metabolism are the most potent pathways for alkalinity stress tolerance in lentil. Cultivar PDL-1 exhibited high tolerance towards alkalinity stress and can be used in breeding programmes for improving lentil production under alkalinity stress conditions.

Novel hydrazone derivatives of N-amino-11-azaartemisinin with high order of antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in Swiss mice via intramuscular route.

Novel hydrazone derivatives 10a-m were prepared from N-Amino-11-azaartemisinin (9) and screened for their antimalarial activity by oral and intramuscular (i.m.) routes against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii in Swiss mice model. Several of the hydrazone derivatives showed higher order of antimalarial activity. Compounds 10b, 10g, 10m provided 100% protection to the infected mice at the dose of 24 mg/kg × 4 days via oral route. Fluorenone based hydrazone 10m the most active compound of the series, provided 100% protection at the dose of 6 mg/kg × 4 days via intramuscular route and also provided 100% protection at the dose of 12 mg/kg × 4 days via oral route. While artemisinin gave 100% protection at 48 mg/kg × 4 days and only 60% protection at 24 mg/kg × 4 days via intramuscular (i.m.) route. Compound 10m found to be four-fold more active than artemisinin via intramuscular route.

Predictability and stability testing to assess clinical decision instrument performance for children after blunt torso trauma.

OBJECTIVE: The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) has developed a clinical-decision instrument (CDI) to identify children at very low risk of intra-abdominal injury. However, the CDI has not been externally validated. We sought to vet the PECARN CDI with the Predictability Computability Stability (PCS) data science framework, potentially increasing its chance of a successful external validation. MATERIALS & METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of two prospectively collected datasets: PECARN (12,044 children from 20 emergency departments) and an independent external validation dataset from the Pediatric Surgical Research Collaborative (PedSRC; 2,188 children from 14 emergency departments). We used PCS to reanalyze the original PECARN CDI along with new interpretable PCS CDIs developed using the PECARN dataset. External validation was then measured on the PedSRC dataset. RESULTS: Three predictor variables (abdominal wall trauma, Glasgow Coma Scale Score <14, and abdominal tenderness) were found to be stable. A CDI using only these three variables would achieve lower sensitivity than the original PECARN CDI with seven variables on internal PECARN validation but achieve the same performance on external PedSRC validation (sensitivity 96.8% and specificity 44%). Using only these variables, we developed a PCS CDI which had a lower sensitivity than the original PECARN CDI on internal PECARN validation but performed the same on external PedSRC validation (sensitivity 96.8% and specificity 44%). CONCLUSION: The PCS data science framework vetted the PECARN CDI and its constituent predictor variables prior to external validation. We found that the 3 stable predictor variables represented all of the PECARN CDI's predictive performance on independent external validation. The PCS framework offers a less resource-intensive method than prospective validation to vet CDIs before external validation. We also found that the PECARN CDI will generalize well to new populations and should be prospectively externally validated. The PCS framework offers a potential strategy to increase the chance of a successful (costly) prospective validation.

Reduction of the Double Bond of 6-Arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes Leads to a Remarkable Increase in Their Antimalarial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in a Swiss Mice Model.

Novel 6-arylethyl-1,2,4-trioxanes6a-i and 7a-i are easily accessible in one step from the diimide reduction of 6-arylvinyl-1,2,4-trioxanes 5a-i. All of these new trioxanes were assessed for their oral antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis in a Swiss mice model. Most of the saturated trioxanes 6c, 6f, 6g, 6h, and 6i, the active compounds of the series, provided 100% protection to the malaria-infected mice at a dose of 24 mg/kg × 4 days. Further, trioxane 6i, the most active compound of the series, also showed 100% protection even at a dose of 12 mg/kg × 4 days and 20% protection at a dose of 6 mg/kg × 4 days. In this model, ß-arteether provided 100% protection at a dose of 48 mg/kg × 4 days and only 20% protection at a dose of 24 mg/kg × 4 days via the oral route, which was found to exhibit 4-fold antimalarial activity compared with the currently used drug ß-arteether.

Chromium (VI)-Induced Alterations in Physio-Chemical Parameters, Yield, and Yield Characteristics in Two Cultivars of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.).

Chromium (Cr) presently used in various major industries and its residues possess a potent environmental threat. Contamination of soil and water resources due to Cr ions and its toxicity has adversely affected plant growth and crop productivity. Here, deleterious effects of different levels of Cr (VI) treatments i.e., 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 µM on two mungbean cultivars, Pusa Vishal (PV) and Pusa Ratna (PR), in hydroponic and pot conditions were evaluated. Germination, seedling growth, biomass production, antioxidant enzyme, electrolytic leakage, oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde), and proline content were determined to evaluate the performance of both cultivars under hydroponic conditions for 15 days. The hydroponic results were further compared with the growth and seed yield attributes of both the genotypes in pot experiments performed over 2 years. Seedling growth, biomass production, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl-a, Chl-b, nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 µM Cr stress level. Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase increased in the leaves following Cr exposure at 60-90 µM but declined at 120 µM. Cr-induced reductions in growth and seed yield attributes were more in the sensitive than in the tolerant cultivar. Cr accumulation in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds increased with an increase in Cr concentrations in the pot conditions. Furthermore, for both cultivars, there were significant negative correlations in morpho-physiological characteristics under high Cr concentrations. Overall results suggest that (PR) is more sensitive to Cr stress (PV) at the seedling stage and in pot conditions. Furthermore, (PV) can be utilized to study the mechanisms of Cr tolerance and in breeding programs to develop Cr-resistant varieties.

Fab Advances in Fabaceae for Abiotic Stress Resilience: From 'Omics' to Artificial Intelligence.

Legumes are a better source of proteins and are richer in diverse micronutrients over the nutritional profile of widely consumed cereals. However, when exposed to a diverse range of abiotic stresses, their overall productivity and quality are hugely impacted. Our limited understanding of genetic determinants and novel variants associated with the abiotic stress response in food legume crops restricts its amelioration. Therefore, it is imperative to understand different molecular approaches in food legume crops that can be utilized in crop improvement programs to minimize the economic loss. 'Omics'-based molecular breeding provides better opportunities over conventional breeding for diversifying the natural germplasm together with improving yield and quality parameters. Due to molecular advancements, the technique is now equipped with novel 'omics' approaches such as ionomics, epigenomics, fluxomics, RNomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, phosphoproteomics, lipidomics, regulomics, and secretomics. Pan-omics-which utilizes the molecular bases of the stress response to identify genes (genomics), mRNAs (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), and biomolecules (metabolomics) associated with stress regulation-has been widely used for abiotic stress amelioration in food legume crops. Integration of pan-omics with novel omics approaches will fast-track legume breeding programs. Moreover, artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithms can be utilized for simulating crop yield under changing environments, which can help in predicting the genetic gain beforehand. Application of machine learning (ML) in quantitative trait loci (QTL) mining will further help in determining the genetic determinants of abiotic stress tolerance in pulses.