RESUMEN
PDT is a well-established therapeutic modality for many types of cancer. Photoluminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes are one of the most commonly used classes of organometallic compounds with potential beneficial applications in bioimaging and as promising anticancer agents. In the present study, three new cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (Ir1-Ir3) containing guanidinium ligands were found to exert excellent cytotoxic effects on different types of cancer cells upon light irradiation at 425â¯nm. Notably, Ir1 conferred almost no dark toxicity (IC50â¯>â¯100⯵M) to HepG2 cells, but the value decreased by 387-fold to 0.36⯵M following 10â¯min of light irradiation (425â¯nm). Further mechanistic investigation revealed that complex Ir1 could induce apoptosis via the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial signaling pathways in the presence or absence of light irradiation. In vivo studies demonstrated that Ir1 significantly inhibited tumor growth in HepG2 xenograft-bearing mice under light irradiation at 425â¯nm. Taken together, these findings indicate that designing PDT-based Ir(III) complexes may hold a great deal of promise for anticancer drug development.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Guanidina/farmacología , Iridio/farmacología , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Imagen Óptica , Compuestos Organometálicos/farmacología , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Guanidina/química , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Iridio/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentales/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentales/patología , Ratones , Mitocondrias/patología , Estructura Molecular , Compuestos Organometálicos/síntesis química , Compuestos Organometálicos/química , Fotoquimioterapia , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/síntesis química , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
DESCRIPTION: Two new ruthenium(II) complexes containing guanidinium as ligands, [Ru(dip)2 (L1)]3+ (Ru1) and [Ru(dip)2(L2)]3+ (Ru2) (dip=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; L1=1-(4-(1H-imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenyl)guanidine cation; L2 = 1-(3-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl) phenyl)guanidine cation) have been synthesized and characterized. Both complexes display higher cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines compared to cisplatin and are less cytotoxic on the nontumorigenic cell line LO2. Intracellular distribution studies show that these complexes are selectively localized in the cytoplasm. FINDINGS: Further analysis revealed that Ru1 and Ru2 had no obvious effects on the cell cycle and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells via the mitochondrial pathway, which involved reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Bcl-2 family member activation. Taken together, the two complexes have the potential to be utilized as anticancer agents.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Complejos de Coordinación/farmacología , Guanidina/farmacología , Rutenio/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Complejos de Coordinación/síntesis química , Complejos de Coordinación/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Guanidina/química , Humanos , Ligandos , Estructura Molecular , Rutenio/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
Guanidinium-functionalized molecules are commonly studied for their use as pharmaceutically active compounds and drugs carriers. Herein, four cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes containing guanidinium ligands have been synthesized and characterized as potential anticancer agents. These complexes exhibit moderate antitumor activity in HeLa, MCF-7, HepG2, CNE-2, and A549 human tumor cells. Interestingly, all complexes showed higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin against a cisplatin-resistant cell line A549R, and less cytotoxicity on the nontumorigenic LO2 cells. Intracellular distribution studies suggest that these complexes are selectively localized in the mitochondria. Mechanism studies indicate that these complexes arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and can influence mitochondrial integrity, inducing cancer cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent pathways.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Guanidina/farmacología , Iridio/farmacología , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos Organometálicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Guanidina/química , Humanos , Iridio/química , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Compuestos Organometálicos/síntesis química , Compuestos Organometálicos/química , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Two ruthenium(II) complexes containing guanidinium ligands have been synthesized and characterized for the first time. It was found that the two complexes exhibit moderate antitumor activity in Hela, A549, CNE-2, MCF-7, and HepG2 human tumor cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that both complexes arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis in Hela cells. Mechanism studies indicate that both complexes induced apoptosis through caspase- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent pathways. Additionally, the two complexes displayed higher phototoxicity to tumor cells and almost no influence on normal liver LO2 cells upon irradiation at 450nm.