Recombinant viruses initiated the early HIV-1 epidemic in Burkina Faso.

We analyzed genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 124 HIV-1 and 19 HIV-2 strains in sera collected in 1986 from patients of the state hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic analysis of the HIV-1 env gp41 region of 65 sequences characterized 37 (56.9%) as CRF06_cpx strains, 25 (38.5%) as CRF02_AG, 2 (3.1%) as CRF09_cpx, and 1 (1.5%) as subtype A. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis of the protease (PR) gene region of 73 sequences identified 52 (71.2%) as CRF06_cpx, 15 (20.5%) as CRF02_AG, 5 (6.8%) as subtype A, and 1 (1.4%) was a unique strain that clustered along the B/D lineage but basal to the node connecting the two lineages. HIV-2 PR or integrase (INT) groups A (n = 17 [89.5%]) and B (n = 2 [10.5%]) were found in both monotypic (n = 11) and heterotypic HIV-1/HIV-2 (n = 8) infections, with few HIV-2 group B infections. Based on limited available sampling, evidence suggests two recombinant viruses, CRF06_cpx and CRF02_AG, appear to have driven the beginning of the mid-1980s HIV-1 epidemic in Burkina Faso.

Impact of maternal HAART on the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: results of an 18-month follow-up study in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Mother-to-child transmission remains the main cause of global pediatric HIV infections, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Many interventions based on single-dose antiretroviral therapy have been implemented to reduce the mother-to-child transmission of HIV. In resource-limited settings, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has only been recommended for HIV-infected pregnant women requiring treatment for their own health. Here, we assessed the efficacy over 18 months of maternal HAART versus peripartum short-course antiretroviral therapy (SCART) regimens for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients from two medical centers in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The PMTCT files and registers from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006 were obtained from routine data collected at these sites. The main assessment criterion was the rate of HIV-1 positivity in children born to HIV-positive mothers as measured with HIV-1 rapid tests at 18 months. A total of 586 pregnant HIV-1-infected women in PMTCT programs were selected. Among these women, 260 were undergoing HAART and 326 received single-dose nevirapine (91.3%) or single-dose zidovudine (8.7%) at delivery. HIV-1 serological tests were performed on 454 children at 18 months old. The rate of HIV-1 vertical transmission was 0% (0/195) in the HAART group and 4.6% (12/259) in the single-dose monotherapy group (P<0.01). Eight infants in the HAART cohort and 30 in the SCART cohort were breastfed; three in the SCART group were HIV-positive. A total of 62 children died, 19 in the HAART group and 43 in the single-dose monotherapy group. Our study confirms that HAART for mothers effectively reduces the risk of infant HIV infection while preserving the breastfeeding option for mothers.

Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-positive patient in western Africa.

A 36-year-old HIV1-positive woman presented with a 6-month history of a progressive papular and nodular eruption of the face and subsequent extensive spread to the rest of the skin. The diagnosis of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis was established by direct examination and skin biopsy. This atypical form had a dramatic improvement after a 21-day treatment with meglumine antimoniate. This clinical form may be confused with other endemic diseases in western Africa, especially leprosy.

Successful implementation of a low-cost method for enumerating CD4+ T lymphocytes in resource-limited settings: the ANRS 12-26 study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and the relevance of the implementation of an alternative technique to flow cytometry (FC) for enumerating CD4 T cells (Dynabeads; Dynal Biotech, Oslo, Norway), based on quantifying CD4 T cells by epifluorescent microscopy following their isolation using anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody-coated magnetic beads. DESIGN: International multi-center study. Five consecutive runs of dual CD4 T-lymphocyte enumeration by both techniques in six sites in five countries of West Africa. METHODS: A total of 657 pairs of values of CD4 cell counts were generated by 43 technicians by both FC (TruCount; Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, California, USA) and Dynabeads from blood samples obtained from 301 HIV-infected patients, seen in one (n = 112), two (n = 61), three (n = 75), four (n = 40) or five (n = 13) occasions. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between the results of the two techniques was 0.89. The overall systematic difference between Dynabeads and FC was -16 x 10(6) cells/l (P < 10(-4)). The median difference was insignificant (+7.5 cells) for CD4 cell counts below 200 x 10(6) cells/l and increased with CD4 levels. Patients were consistently classified at the threshold of 200 x 106 cells/l by both methods in 88.7% of cases. Among the 74 discrepant pairs of values, only 31 (4.7%) exhibited a difference of more than 100 x 10(6) cells/l. CONCLUSIONS: Results from Dynabeads and FC were highly correlated. The ability of the alternative method to consistently classify results in agreement with FC, at thresholds of CD4 cell counts relevant for clinical care, was high. The implementation of this low-cost method was easy and successful in the West African context.