Clinical practice guidelines of foot care practice for patients with type 2 diabetes: A scoping review using self-care model.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes can lead to severe foot complications, making self-care education, guided by clinical guidelines, crucial. However, fragmented and dispersed recommendations challenge effective implementation of these guidelines. Bringing together recommendations and presenting them according to a self-care model can provide a solid framework and facilitate the interpretation of results. AIMS: to map the international guidelines that provide recommendations to nurses to enable people with type 2 diabetes for foot self-care and synthesize the recommendations according to the key concepts of the middle-range theory of self-care for chronic diseases. DESIGN: A scoping review was undertaken, using the methodological guidance of the Joanna Briggs Institute. DATA SOURCES: Databases were searched between September 2022 and June 2023, including PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, guideline websites and related professional association websites. The databases were chosen for their comprehensive coverage of the area. METHODS: Eligible articles included guidance documents providing foot care recommendations for diabetes, published or updated between 2013 and 2023. Two reviewers summarized the recommendations presented in at least two guidelines according to the key concepts of the self-care model. The PRISMA-ScR checklist was used. RESULTS: Seventeen guidelines were included. In total, we synthesized 175 recommendations. The recommendations were framed in three dimensions and their respective categories: Self-care maintenance (education for prevention, control of risk factors, daily foot care, footwear, and socks), Self-care monitoring (foot inspection, detection of signs of infection, and detection of other diabetes-related foot disease complications), and Self-care management (responses to signs and symptoms, foot wound care, follow-up with health professionals, and health services). CONCLUSIONS: The main aspect of foot care revolves around daily care, including cleaning, moisturizing, nail care, selecting appropriate footwear, and regular inspection of both feet and footwear.

Needs and preferences regarding a mobile application to support diabetic foot self-care.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the needs and preferences of individuals with type 2 diabetes regarding the functionalities and characteristics for a mobile application to support foot self-care. METHOD: Qualitative research with 16 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes recruited during clinical care at a university hospital in Porto, Portugal. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews between March and June 2022 and analyzed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS: Three categories and nine subcategories were identified. Categories included informational needs, essential functionalities for foot health self-care, and user-relevant experience. The preference for objective, limited data input, flexible, and customizable applications was an important factor influencing technology engagement. CONCLUSION: The research highlighted a preference for customizable and flexible applications, aiding nurses in creating solutions that transform care delivery and enhance the quality of life for individuals living with diabetes.

Construção e validação de cartilha educativa para promoção da adesão a antidiabéticos orais / Construcción y validación de un folleto educativo para promover la adherencia a los antidiabéticos orales / Construction and validation of an educational booklet to promote adherence to oral antidiabetics

RESUMO Objetivo construir e validar cartilha educativa para promover a adesão a antidiabéticos orais em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método estudo metodológico com construção e validação por comitê de 25 juízes, realizado em 2020, em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram avaliados conteúdo, linguagem, ilustrações, layout, motivação e cultura. Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, considerando válidos resultados iguais ou superiores a 0,80. Resultados a cartilha, intitulada "Planejando a tomada dos medicamentos no tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Vamos lá?", foi composta por 24 páginas com informações sobre adesão medicamentosa, controle glicêmico, modo de uso dos principais antidiabéticos orais, agravos da não adesão e estratégias comportamentais para a efetivação da tomada destes medicamentos. Na validação de conteúdo, IVC foi de 0,92. Conclusão a cartilha mostrou-se material educativo válido para ser utilizado, a fim de promover a adesão aos antidiabéticos orais.

RESUMEN Objetivo construir y validar un folleto educativo para promover la adherencia a los agentes antidiabéticos orales en personas con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Método estudio metodológico con construcción y valoración por comité de 25 jueces, realizado en 2020, en Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se evaluó el contenido, el lenguaje, las ilustraciones, el diseño, la motivación y la cultura. Se utilizó el Índice de Validez de Contenido, considerando válidos resultados iguales o superiores a 0,80. Resultados la cartilla, titulada "Planificando la toma de medicamentos en el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Vamos allá", se compone de 24 páginas con información sobre la adicción a los medicamentos, el control glicémico, el modo de uso de los principales antidiabéticos orales, los efectos de la no adicción y las estrategias de comportamiento para la eficacia de la toma de los medicamentos. En la valoración del contenido, el IVC fue de 0,92. Conclusión el folleto es un material educativo válido para ser utilizado, con el fin de promover la adhesión a los antidiabéticos orales.

ABSTRACT Objective to construct and validate an educational booklet to promote adherence to oral antidiabetic agents in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method methodological study with construction and validation by a committee of 25 judges, conducted in 2020, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Content, language, illustrations, layout, motivation, and culture were evaluated. The Content Validity Index was used, considering valid results equal to or greater than 0.80. Results The booklet entitled "Planning to take medications in the treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Let´s go?", was composed of 24 pages with information on drug adherence, glycemic control, how to use the main oral antidiabetic agents, problems of nonadherence, and behavioral strategies for the effective taking of these medications. In content validation, CVI was 0.92. Conclusion the booklet proved to be a valid educational material to be used to promote adherence to oral antidiabetic drugs.

Construção e validação de cartilha educativa para promoção da adesão a antidiabéticos orais / Construcción y validación de un folleto educativo para promover la adherencia a los antidiabéticos orales / Construction and validation of an educational booklet to promote adherence to oral antidiabetics

RESUMO Objetivo construir e validar cartilha educativa para promover a adesão a antidiabéticos orais em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Método estudo metodológico com construção e validação por comitê de 25 juízes, realizado em 2020, em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram avaliados conteúdo, linguagem, ilustrações, layout, motivação e cultura. Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, considerando válidos resultados iguais ou superiores a 0,80. Resultados a cartilha, intitulada "Planejando a tomada dos medicamentos no tratamento do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Vamos lá?", foi composta por 24 páginas com informações sobre adesão medicamentosa, controle glicêmico, modo de uso dos principais antidiabéticos orais, agravos da não adesão e estratégias comportamentais para a efetivação da tomada destes medicamentos. Na validação de conteúdo, IVC foi de 0,92. Conclusão a cartilha mostrou-se material educativo válido para ser utilizado, a fim de promover a adesão aos antidiabéticos orais.

RESUMEN Objetivo construir y validar un folleto educativo para promover la adherencia a los agentes antidiabéticos orales en personas con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Método estudio metodológico con construcción y valoración por comité de 25 jueces, realizado en 2020, en Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se evaluó el contenido, el lenguaje, las ilustraciones, el diseño, la motivación y la cultura. Se utilizó el Índice de Validez de Contenido, considerando válidos resultados iguales o superiores a 0,80. Resultados la cartilla, titulada "Planificando la toma de medicamentos en el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Vamos allá", se compone de 24 páginas con información sobre la adicción a los medicamentos, el control glicémico, el modo de uso de los principales antidiabéticos orales, los efectos de la no adicción y las estrategias de comportamiento para la eficacia de la toma de los medicamentos. En la valoración del contenido, el IVC fue de 0,92. Conclusión el folleto es un material educativo válido para ser utilizado, con el fin de promover la adhesión a los antidiabéticos orales.

ABSTRACT Objective to construct and validate an educational booklet to promote adherence to oral antidiabetic agents in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method methodological study with construction and validation by a committee of 25 judges, conducted in 2020, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Content, language, illustrations, layout, motivation, and culture were evaluated. The Content Validity Index was used, considering valid results equal to or greater than 0.80. Results The booklet entitled "Planning to take medications in the treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Let´s go?", was composed of 24 pages with information on drug adherence, glycemic control, how to use the main oral antidiabetic agents, problems of nonadherence, and behavioral strategies for the effective taking of these medications. In content validation, CVI was 0.92. Conclusion the booklet proved to be a valid educational material to be used to promote adherence to oral antidiabetic drugs.