Bioprospecting of serratiopeptidase-producing bacteria from different sources.

Anti-inflammatory enzymes have wide applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to find new and efficient strains for the commercial production of serratiopeptidase enzyme. Vast number of samples were processed for the isolation of potent strains. The experimental treatment includes processing of twenty soil samples, silkworm gut, and sugarcane stem. The total protein and protease activity was estimated by Lowry's method and casein hydrolysis. The HRBC stabilization assay was performed for finding the anti-inflammatory potential of all strains. The serratiopeptidase production was confirmed by HPLC with the standard. Molecular characterization of selected potent strains was done by 16S rDNA and confirmed the taxonomy. The one step rapid purification of serratiopeptidase was performed by Ultra three phase partitioning method. The clot lysis potential of the Serratia marcescens VS56 was observed by modified Holmstorm method. The results of the study revealed that among the 60 strains, 12 strains were protease-positive on skim milk agar plates and showed significant protease activity. All 12 strains were screened for serratiopeptidase using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and VS56, VS10, VS12 and VS18 showed a similar retention time (4.66 ± 0.10 min) with standard. The selected potent strain, Serratia marcescens VS56 showed a proteolytic activity of 21.30 units/mL and produced a total protein of 102 mg/mL. The HRBC suspension results also showed a percentage of 94.6 ± 1.00 protection, which was compared to the standard diclofenac. The clot lysis potential of Serratia marcescens VS56 was 53% in 4 h. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the protein was identified to confirm the presence of serratiopeptidase. The study hence contributed successfully to isolating, screening, and identifying a potent producer for serratiopeptidase from an environmental source. This inherent advantage of the strain will undoubtedly contribute much to the coco comm commercial production of serratiopeptidase in the near future.

Serratiopeptidase: An integrated View of Multifaceted Therapeutic Enzyme.

Microbial products have been used for the treatment of different diseases for many centuries. The serratiopeptidase enzyme provides a new hope for COVID-19-infected patients. Nowadays, anti-inflammatory drugs are easy to obtain at minimal expenditure from microbial sources. Serratia sp. is identified as one of the most efficient bacteria produced from serratiopeptidase. Screening for new and efficient bacterial strains from different sources has been of interest in recent years. Serratiopeptidase remains the most well-known anti-inflammatory drug of choice. Serratiopeptidase is a cheaper and safer anti-inflammatory drug alternative to NSAIDs. The multifaceted properties of serratiopeptidase may lead towards arthritis, diabetes, cancer and thrombolytic treatments. Existing serratiopeptidase treatments in combination with antibiotics are popular in the treatment of postoperative swelling. Although an exclusive number of serratiopeptidase-producing strains have been derived, there is an urge for new recombinant strains to enhance the production of the enzyme. This review explores the properties of serratiopeptidase, different therapeutic aspects, industrial production, and various analytical techniques used in enzyme recovery. In addition, the review highlights the therapeutic and clinical aspects of the serratiopeptidase enzyme to combat COVID-19-induced respiratory syndrome.

Treatment in a Stroke Unit and Risk Factor Control Reduce Recurrent Stroke Risk.

INTRODUCTION: Risk factor control is an important predictor of risk of stroke recurrence. The attributable fraction which estimates the excess risk among the exposed stroke survivors has not been studied previously. We studied the attributable fraction for stroke recurrence in consecutive incident cases of recurrent stroke. METHODS: A case-control study with incident cases of recurrent stroke and controls matched for age and poststroke period was done. A structured interview was done to collect data on sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, and medication adherence. The risk factors, treatment of index stroke, and outcome were collected. Logistic regression analysis was done to find out the factors associated with stroke recurrence. Attributable fraction and average attributable fraction were calculated. RESULTS: Among the 103 matched pairs, more than 70% were rural residents. Male gender (OR 2.59; 95% CI 1.05-6.42), the presence of depression (OR 8.67; 95% CI 2.80-26.84), memory problem (OR 10.12; 95% CI 2.48-41.34), uncontrolled diabetes (OR 3.19; 95% CI 1.42-7.19), cardioembolic stroke (OR 4.45; 95% CI 1.12-17.62), and index stroke not being treated in a stroke unit (OR 6.60; 95% CI 2.86-15.23) were associated with increased risk of stroke recurrence. The maximum average attributable fraction for stroke recurrence risk was attributed to index stroke not being treated in the stroke unit and uncontrolled diabetes. CONCLUSION: The index stroke treated in a comprehensive stroke care unit and control of risk factors can reduce recurrent stroke risk among stroke survivors. This population-attributable risk is important in planning secondary stroke prevention strategies.

Therapeutic efficacy of the root tubers of Aconitum heterophyllum and its substitute Cyperus rotundus in the amelioration of pylorus ligation induced ulcerogenic and oxidative damage in rats.

The phenomenal increase in the demand of herbal drugs, leads to over exploitation of medicinal plants which ultimately resulted in the scarcity and endangerment of many valuable plant species. On observing the difficulties in procuring genuine herbal drugs arose the concept of substitution which was documented in many classical Ayurvedic texts. The present study made a comparative evaluation of the gastroprotective potential of hydroalcoholic extracts of an original drug Aconitum heterophyllum (HAAH) and its substitute Cyperus rotundus (HACR) in the treatment of gastric ulcer under in vivo experimental conditions. The anti-ulcer property of the plant extracts was investigated against pylorus ligation induced ulcer in Wistar albino rats. The results confirmed that both A. heterophyllum and C. rotundus deliver comparable significant protection against gastric ulcer, indicated by a decrease in the free and total acidity, volume of gastric content, total proteins and increase in pH of gastric content, total carbohydrates and total carbohydrates to total proteins ratio. The observed anti-ulcer potential of both the drugs is attributed mainly to prevention of the generation of damaging free radical cascades and oxidant radical release.