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BACKGROUND: Mouth dryness increases the risk of some oral health-related conditions. Furthermore, it is unclear if patients with dry mouth engage in appropriate oral health-related behaviours. The study examined oral health, related behaviours, and perceived stress in dry-mouth patients and compared them to matched controls without mouth dryness. METHODS: Information about 182 dry-mouth patients and 302 age- and sex-matched subjects was retrieved. Three dry mouth groups: xerostomia, Sicca syndrome and Sjögren's syndrome, were formed based on patient self-reported and objectively assessed symptoms. The World Health Organization's Oral Health for Adults and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaires inquired about sociodemographic characteristics, oral health-related behaviours, and self-perceived stress. Clinical oral health assessments included: caries experience measured as total numbers of decayed (DS), missing (MS), filled surfaces (FS), number of remaining teeth, erosive tooth wear and extent of periodontal pocketing. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable tests. RESULTS: The dry-mouth participants had higher mean (SD) DMFS scores than their matched controls: xerostomia patients vs. controls: 74.6 (34.4) and 66.3 (35.4), Sicca syndrome patients vs. controls: 88.3 (34.0) and 70.1 (33.9), and Sjögren's syndrome patients vs. controls: 95.7 (31.5) and 74 (33.2). In comparison to controls, individuals with Sicca and patients with Sjögren's syndromes had lower mean (SD) number of remaining teeth, 15.9 (10.1) vs. 21.7 (8.4) and 13.8 (10.0) vs. 20.1 (9.2), and a lower mean (SD) extent of periodontal pocketing, 20.7 (28.6) vs. 41.1 (31.0), and 21.2 (24.1) vs. 34.8 (34.2), respectively. Xerostomia, Sicca syndrome and Sjögren's syndrome patients had higher odds of using fluoridated toothpaste; OR 1.8 (95%CI 1.1-2.9), OR 5.6 (95%CI 1.7-18.3) and OR 6.9 (95%CI 2.2-21.3), respectively. Participants with Sjögren's syndrome had lower odds of the last dental visit being within the last year; OR 0.2 (95%CI 0.1-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Dry-mouth patients had higher caries experience and fewer teeth than comparison groups but a lower extent of periodontal pocketing. Even though more participants with dry mouth used fluoridated toothpastes, their oral health-related behaviours were not optimal.
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Caries Dental , Pruebas Psicológicas , Autoinforme , Síndrome de Sjögren , Xerostomía , Adulto , Humanos , Síndrome de Sjögren/complicaciones , Salud Bucal , Estudios Transversales , Xerostomía/complicaciones , Bolsa Periodontal , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Caries Dental/etiología , Estrés PsicológicoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported varyingly positive, negative, or no relationships between caries and periodontitis. Therefore, the aim was to assess the potential co-occurrence of caries experience and periodontal inflammation on the same teeth. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the Lithuanian National Oral Health Survey. The study included a stratified random sample of 1405 individuals aged 34-78, recruited from 5 Lithuanian cities and 10 peri-urban/rural areas (response rate 52%). Information about sociodemographic (age, sex, education, residence), behavioral (sugar-containing diet, tooth brushing frequency, use of interdental care products, last dental visit, smoking) and biological (systemic disease, use of medication and xerostomia) determinants was collected using the World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults supplemented with additional questions. Clinical data were recorded using the WHO criteria and collected by one trained and calibrated examiner. Dental caries status was recorded as sound, decayed, missing, filled surfaces. Subsequently for the analyses, status was recorded at a tooth-level as decayed- and filled-teeth (DT and FT) including proximal, buccal, and oral surfaces. Two measures were used for periodontal status. The probing pocket depth (PPD) was measured at six sites and recorded at a tooth level into the absence of PPD or presence of PPD ≥ 4 mm. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was measured at the same six sites and was recorded as either present or absent at a tooth-level. Univariable and multivariable 2-level random intercept binary logistic regression analyses were utilized. RESULTS: Positive associations were found between DT and BOP (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.20-1.67), FT and BOP (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.82-2.23), DT and PPD (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.15-1.67) and FT and PPD (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.83-2.20). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings add evidence for the co-occurrence of periodontal inflammation and caries on the same teeth. This suggests the need for increased emphasis on a transdisciplinary approach in designing oral health interventions that target dental caries and periodontal disease simultaneously. In addition, longitudinal studies exploring the co-occurrence of caries and periodontal disease at the same sites, taking into consideration the levels of both conditions and genetic variation, are warranted.
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Caries Dental , Enfermedades Periodontales , Periodontitis , Adulto , Humanos , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Periodontitis/complicaciones , Periodontitis/epidemiología , Índice CPO , InflamaciónRESUMEN
The current study examined the association between the carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) copy number variations (CNVs) and dental caries experience in adults. In total, 202 of 35-72 years old subjects participating in the Lithuanian National Oral Health Survey (LNOHS) agreed to provide saliva samples; thus, their data were included in the current study. Information about sociodemographic, environmental, and behavioural determinants was acquired via the self-administered World Health Organization (WHO) questionnaire. Fluoride levels in the drinking water were recorded based on information provided by water suppliers. Dental caries experience was recorded by one calibrated examiner using the WHO criteria for recording caries on smooth (including proximal, buccal, and oral) or occlusal surfaces. Caries experience was measured as the total number of decayed (D3), missing (M), filled (F) surfaces. DNA was extracted from saliva samples to examine CA VI CNVs using the QX200 Droplet Digital PCR system. Negative binomial regression and Poisson regression analyses were employed for data analyses. Based on multivariable regression analyses, higher copy number of CA VI were associated with higher caries experience on smooth surfaces (IRR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.005-1.08) and occlusal surfaces (IRR 1.02, 95% CI: 1.003-1.04). Positive associations between higher copy number of CA VI and higher caries experience on smooth and occlusal surfaces were found, suggesting that the CA VI coding gene may be associated with caries development. Future studies are needed to validate our results and to examine the underlying mechanisms of such associations.
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Anhidrasas Carbónicas , Caries Dental , Adulto , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN/genética , Caries Dental/genética , Anhidrasas Carbónicas/genética , Anhidrasas Carbónicas/análisis , Dosificación de GenRESUMEN
Dental anxiety (DA) is a prevalent public health issue. However, there is a lack of self-administered DA interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of web-based interventions aiming to reduce DA in adults in two European countries. A pretest posttest design was used. Tailor-made websites were developed in Lithuania and Norway. Volunteers who self-reported DA were invited to participate. DA levels measured by the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) were assessed at baseline and after two weeks via online questionnaires. The interventions were completed by 34 participants in Lithuania and 35 participants in Norway. In Lithuania, the median posttest MDAS score (9.5, IQR 5.25) decreased compared to the median pretest MDAS score (14.5, IQR 8; Z value = -4.246, p < 0.001). The same was found in Norway-the median posttest MDAS score (12, IQR 9) was lower compared to the median pretest MDAS score (15, IQR 7; Z value = -3.818, p < 0.001). The present study demonstrated that two tailor-made web-based interventions had the potential to reduce dental anxiety levels when assessed in the short term in Lithuania and Norway. Studies with more controlled designs assessing long-term outcomes are needed to validate the results of this pilot study also in other cultures.
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Ansiedad al Tratamiento Odontológico , Intervención basada en la Internet , Humanos , Adulto , Proyectos Piloto , Lituania , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , NoruegaRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of the study was to examine the 20-year trend in dental caries and associated determinants among adults in Lithuania after the country restored its independence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from two cross-sectional national surveys included samples of 35-44-year-olds (adults) and 65-74-year-olds (early elderly). The 1997/1998 survey (first survey) recruited a stratified random sample of 569 individuals from 10 selected areas in Lithuania (response rate 52%), and the 2017/2019 survey (second survey) recruited a stratified random sample of 723 individuals from 5 biggest Lithuanian cities and one randomly selected peri-urban/rural area from each of 10 Lithuanian counties (response rate 53%). The information about the social (sex, residence, education) and behavioral (toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoridated toothpaste, and last dental visit) determinants was collected via self-reports using the World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Questionnaire for Adults questions. Information about the fluoride level in the drinking water was retrieved from the water suppliers. Dental caries was recorded at the surface level following the WHO criteria by two calibrated examiners, one at each of the national surveys. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. RESULTS: According to multivariable negative binomial regression analysis, in adults, 67% lower DS scores (IRR 0.33, 95% CI 0.26-0.42) and in early elderly 47% lower DS scores (IRR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38-0.74) were observed in the second survey. Adults in the second survey (vs. first survey) had 62% lower MT scores (IRR 0.38, 95% CI 0.32-0.46), and the early elderly had 19% lower MT scores (IRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72-0.92). Adults in the second survey had 21% lower DMFT scores (IRR 0.79, 95% CI 0.73-0.85). The changes in behavioral determinants were observed over the 20-year period. CONCLUSION: An improvement in dental health during the 20-year period, mainly related to reduction in untreated caries and missing teeth, was observed in adults and early elderly. However, early elderly still had high numbers of missing teeth. The decrease in total caries experience during the 20 years was significant only in adults. Our findings support an urgent need to design and implement national oral health promotion and prevention programs with increased focus on oral self-care and fluoridated toothpaste use.
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Caries Dental , Humanos , Adulto , Anciano , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Caries Dental/prevención & control , Estudios Transversales , Lituania/epidemiología , Pastas de Dientes , Susceptibilidad a Caries Dentarias , Índice CPO , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
We aimed to investigate changes in management preferences for deep carious lesions and pulps exposed during carious tissue removal that occurred during the last 10 years and identify associated dentists' background factors. The data were collected among dentists registered with the Lithuanian Dental Chamber at two time points using a similar questionnaire. In 2011, 400 randomly selected dentists received a questionnaire by mail, and 153 (38.3%) responded. In 2021, an electronic invitation to an online questionnaire was sent to all members of the Lithuanian Dental Chamber, and 213 (8.9%) dentists responded. The questionnaire included the definitions of management options, a radiograph, and a clinical picture of a deep carious lesion reaching to the inner fourth of dentine in a mature permanent tooth, asked management preferences in four different scenarios, as well as participants' background characteristics, reasons for management, and procedural preferences. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable analyses. Compared to 2011, participants in 2021 had 60% lower odds of preferring nonselective versus selective caries removal (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.7) and endodontic treatment versus nonselective and selective caries removal (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.6) in the scenario of asymptomatic and symptomatic (indicating reversible pulpitis at most) deep lesions, respectively. For exposed pulp, participants in 2021 had lower odds than in 2011 of preferring endodontic treatment versus vital pulp therapy (direct pulp capping and pulpotomies) for both scenarios without symptoms (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.7) and with symptoms (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.4). A higher proportion of respondents in 2021 reported using rubber dam (44% vs. 17% in 2011, p < 0.001) and hydraulic calcium silicate cements as a capping material (68% vs. 40% in 2011, p < 0.001). The management preferences were associated with the university of graduation and the number of years in dental practice, indicating "recommended in textbooks" and "recommended in scientific publications" as reasons for management preferences. To conclude, a change toward less invasive management options was observed. To a certain extent, dentists have implemented evidence-based recommendations in dental practice. To ensure further adoption of scientific evidence, dentists should be encouraged to update themselves on the newest evidence-based practices.
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Caries Dental , Humanos , Lituania , Caries Dental/terapia , Pulpa Dental , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Odontólogos , Pautas de la Práctica en OdontologíaRESUMEN
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) oral conditions may be determined by social, biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. The study assessed oral health status and its determinants associated with oral health conditions among adult residents in Vilnius, Lithuania. A total of 453 of 35-74-year-olds participated (response rate 63%). A self-reported questionnaire was administered. Dental caries experience (D3MFS score), periodontal probing depth (PPD), andnumber of missing teeth were assessed clinically. Data were analyzed using χ2 test, independent samples t-test, and multivariable linear regression. The mean (sd) of D3MFS scores was 67.3 (33.5), the mean (sd) number of teeth with PPD 4+ mm was 5.9 (5.3), prevalence of periodontitis was 33%, the mean (sd) number of missing teeth was 6.9 (6.8), and prevalence of total edentulism was 3.8%. Medication use was associated with all oral health conditions, while age was associated with caries experience, and missing teeth. Sugar-containing diet was associated with caries experience, and missing teeth, and smoking with caries experience and periodontal status. Systemic diseases were associated with periodontal status, while behavioral determinants, last dental visit, and use of fluoridated toothpaste were associated with missing teeth. Oral health status among adult Vilnius residents was poor. Oral conditions were associated with both biological and behavioral determinants. Oral health promotion should focus on modifying behavioral determinants.
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Caries Dental , Pérdida de Diente , Adulto , Índice CPO , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Humanos , Lituania/epidemiología , Salud Bucal , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is no recent information about dental service utilization (DSU) among elderly in Lithuania. We examined DSU and its associated factors in Lithuanian early elderly based on the Andersen's behavioural model. METHODS: The cross-sectional study conducted in 2017-2019 included a nationally representative stratified sample of 370 Lithuanian early elderly aged 65-74 years (response rate of 54.5%). Information on predisposing factors (age, sex, nationality and education), enabling factor (residence), need-based factors (status of teeth, oral pain or discomfort, and dry mouth), general health, personal health practices and perceived stress was obtained from a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Clinically-assessed need-based factors included number of missing teeth and dental treatment need. Multivariable Poisson regression with robust variance estimates was used. RESULTS: A total of 239 study participants (64.6%) reported a dental visit during the last year and 338 (91.4%) needed dental treatments. A higher level of education (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.04-1.40), pain or discomfort in teeth/mouth (aPR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.13-1.62) and lower number of missing teeth (aPR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.98-1.00) were associated with DSU. CONCLUSIONS: Even though majority of early elderly needed dental treatments, only two-thirds visited a dentist during the last year. Predisposing and need-based factors were significant predictors of having a dental visit in the last year. A national oral health program for Lithuanian elderly with the focus on regular preventive dental check-ups is needed. More studies, both quantitative and qualitative, are warranted to investigate in depth the barriers for DSU among elderly in Lithuania.
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Atención Odontológica , Salud Bucal , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Lituania/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Xerostomia is a subjective feeling of dry mouth and is commonly observed in patients with autoimmune diseases. Our study examines the association between xerostomia and diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study includes 1405 adults from 15 Lithuanian geographical areas (52% response rate). A self-reported questionnaire inquired about xerostomia, sex, age, education, residence, and consumption of selected 23 diet items. For the multivariable analysis, 23 diet items were categorized into eight major diet groups. The data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: When comparing participants with and without xerostomia, there were significant differences in consumption frequencies concerning cold-pressed oil (p = 0.013), bread (p = 0.029), processed meat products (p = 0.016), fat and lean fish (p = 0.009), and probiotic supplements (p = 0.002). In the multivariable binary logistic regression model, when controlled for other determinants, the higher consumption of carbohydrates (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.23-0.65), proteins (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.99), and oils (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.34-1.00) was associated with a lower likelihood of xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS: The association between xerostomia and the consumption of the six diet items-cold-pressed oils, lean and fat fish, bread, processed meat, and probiotic supplements- and the three major diet groups-carbohydrates, proteins, and oils-was observed. Longitudinal studies are needed to validate the observed associations.
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Dieta Saludable/estadística & datos numéricos , Dieta/efectos adversos , Xerostomía/epidemiología , Xerostomía/etiología , Anciano , Animales , Pan/análisis , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/análisis , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/análisis , Proteínas en la Dieta/análisis , Femenino , Peces , Humanos , Lituania/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Productos de la Carne/análisis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Oportunidad Relativa , Probióticos/análisis , Alimentos Marinos/análisis , AutoinformeRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and determinants of xerostomia among adults and identify how many of the ones experiencing xerostomia have Sicca and Sjogren's syndromes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1405 35-74-year-old Lithuanians (51.7% response rate) from the five largest Lithuanian cities and 10 peri-urban and rural areas that were randomly selected from each of the 10 Lithuanian counties. Xerostomia was determined by the self-reported experience of dry mouth as "often" or "always". A dentist diagnosed Sicca syndrome by unstimulated whole sialometry and the Schirmer's test, and all cases were referred to a rheumatologist to confirm Sjogren's syndrome. Self-reported questionnaires collected data about the determinants. RESULTS: The prevalence of xerostomia was 8.0% (n = 112), Sicca syndrome was diagnosed for 8 participants (0.60%), and Sjogren's syndrome for 2 participants (0.14%), with this being the first time it was diagnosed. Experiencing xerostomia was associated with older age (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.6), urban residence (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-5.0), presence of systemic diseases (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-3.3), and the use of alcohol (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9). The higher proportion of participants with Sicca syndrome involved females, of older age, having systemic diseases, and using medications. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of xerostomia was 8.0% and the determinants of xerostomia were older age, urban residence, systemic diseases, and absence of using alcohol. In total, 0.6% of participants had Sicca syndrome, which was more prevalent among females, older subjects, those with systematic diseases, and those using medications. Sjogren's syndrome was diagnosed in 0.14% of participants. Clinical relevance Dental clinicians need to be trained to identify potential Sjogren's syndrome cases.
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Síndrome de Sjögren , Xerostomía , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Autoinforme , Síndrome de Sjögren/complicaciones , Síndrome de Sjögren/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Xerostomía/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Dental caries is the most prevalent non-communicable health condition globally. The surface-based susceptibility hierarchy indicates that surfaces in the same group have similar susceptibility to caries, where the most susceptible group consists of occlusal surfaces of first molars and buccal surfaces of lower first molars, and the least susceptible surfaces are smooth and proximal surfaces of first premolars, canines and incisors. Therefore, fluoride in the drinking water could impact one group more than the other group. The present study examined the association between fluoride levels in the drinking water and dental caries experience in adults in the context of varying tooth surface susceptibility. METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional National Lithuanian Oral Health Survey conducted in 2017-2019 included a stratified random sample of 1398 35-74-year-olds (52% response rate). Dental caries experience in dentine was measured at a surface level. The surfaces were grouped according to their caries susceptibility (group 1 being the most and group 4 the least susceptible), and dental caries experience was calculated separately for each susceptibility group, creating four outcomes. Information about explanatory variable, fluoride levels in the drinking water, was provided by the water suppliers. The questionnaire inquired about potential determinants: sociodemographic characteristics and oral health-related behaviors. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for descriptive statistics, and linear regression analyses to examine the association between fluoride levels and four outcomes. RESULTS: The proportions of median decayed, missing, filled surfaces decreased following the surface-based susceptibility hierarchy (group 1-33%, group 2-28%, group 3-24%, group 4-15%). When adjusted for potential determinants, higher-level fluoride (≥ 0.7 ppm vs < 0.7 ppm) in the drinking water associated with lower dental caries experience in all surface-based susceptibility hierarchy groups; Group 1: ß = - 0.23 (95 %CI - 0.44; - 0.001), Group 2: ß = - 0.44 (95 %CI - 0.82; - 0.07), Group 3: ß = - 1.14 (95 %CI - 1.88; - 0.41) and Group 4: ß = - 6.28 (95 %CI - 9.29; - 3.30). CONCLUSIONS: The higher-level fluoride in the drinking water associated with lower dental caries experience in adults and this was observed in all surface-based susceptibility groups. However, there is a need to validate the surface-based susceptibility hierarchy in longitudinal adult studies.
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Caries Dental , Agua Potable , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Fluoruros , Humanos , Diente MolarRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Genetic biomarkers have the potential to be used in personalised dentistry for improved prevention and decision-making in caries management. The amylase alpha 1 gene (AMY1) encodes salivary α-amylase and may be one such biomarker. We examined the association between AMY1 copy number variation (CNV) and dental caries experience in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A stratified random sample of 193 participants from the Lithuanian National Oral Health Survey (LNOHS) agreed to provide saliva samples and were included in this analysis (age 35-44 years; participation rate 43%). Information on socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics was taken from the LNHOS, which used the self-administered World Health Organisation (WHO) questionnaire. Data on fluoride levels in drinking water at the recruitment areas was recorded based on information provided by water suppliers. Dental caries experience was recorded at a surface level (smooth-surface and occlusal-surface decayed, missing, filled surfaces [D3MFS] score) by one trained and calibrated examiner using WHO criteria, and subsequently dichotomised for the statistical analyses. DNA extracted from saliva samples was used to investigate AMY1 CNV using the QX200 droplet digital PCR system. Bivariate and multivariable statistical analyses were employed. RESULTS: When compared to participants with an AMY1 copy number (CN) of 2-3, higher odds of smooth-surface D3MFS >14 was observed for participants with a CN of 4-5 (OR 13.3, 95% CI 2.1-86.3), 6-9 (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.4-34.1), and 10-16 (OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.2-32.2). Female sex was independently associated with a smooth-surface D3MFS >14 (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.9-17.2). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated an association between AMY1 CNV and high smooth-surface caries experience. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate this association.
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Variaciones en el Número de Copia de ADN , Caries Dental , Adulto , Amilasas/genética , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Caries Dental/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Lituania/epidemiología , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , alfa-Amilasas SalivalesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Erosive tooth wear has a multifactorial origin, where multiple risks contribute to its initiation and subsequent progression. The prevalence of tooth wear varies among countries; therefore, national studies are needed to examine the prevalence of this condition and its associated determinants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of this national study included a total of 1,397 adults (response rate of 52%). Severity and number of teeth with erosive tooth wear, caries experience (D3MFS), and fluorosis were assessed clinically. A self-reported questionnaire inquired about sociodemographics, oral health behavior, diet, and general health. Fluoride levels in drinking water at the recruitment areas were also recorded. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS: The prevalence of erosive tooth wear in enamel and dentin combined was 59% among 35- to 44-year-old, 75% among 45- to 54-year-old, 70% among 55- to 64-year-old, and 66% among 65- to 74-year-old males. The prevalence among females in the respective age groups was 44, 60, 63, and 59%. Erosive tooth wear in enamel was associated with a lower fluoride level (≤1 ppm) in the drinking water (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.2). Erosive tooth wear in dentin was positively associated with male gender (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.5), periurban/rural residency (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4), older age (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-1.9), presence of reflux (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.0-10.9), and negatively with higher D3MFS scores (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of erosive tooth wear in enamel and dentin was relatively high in Lithuania; the erosive tooth wear in enamel and dentin combined was 52% among 35- to 44-year-olds, 68% among 45- to 54-year-olds, 67% among 55- to 64-year-olds, and 63% among 65- to 74-year-olds. Lower fluoride level in drinking water was associated with erosive tooth wear in enamel. Male gender, residency in periurban/rural areas, older age, and presence of acid reflux were associated with higher odds, while higher D3MFS scores were associated with lower odds for erosive tooth wear in dentin. These results can be used to plan dental public health prevention.
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Desgaste de los Dientes , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Lituania/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Salud Bucal , Prevalencia , Desgaste de los Dientes/epidemiología , Desgaste de los Dientes/etiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of persistence of mumps virus and some cells that interact with viral infection in the focus of the autoimmune epithelitis and peripheral blood of Sjögren's syndrome patients in comparison to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and nonautoimmune sicca syndrome (nSS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 126 patients (119 women and 7 men) were grouped into four groups: (1) patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), (2) patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome due to rheumatoid arthritis (sSS), (3) patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and (4) patients with nonautoimmune sicca syndrome (nSS). Immunohistochemical analysis of immune response to the suggested silent persistence of mumps virus in the minor labial salivary gland biopsies and flow cytometric analysis of blood cells was done. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical signs of mumps virus persistence were found in the minor salivary glands of all study groups. Also, a significantly different immune response to virus infection (protein IFI16, interferons gamma and beta, dendritic cells, and receptor for natural killers) was revealed in the minor salivary glands of the study groups. Cytometric analysis of the blood cells revealed a dropping amount of circulating natural killers and dendritic cells in patients with SS. Significant correlations between immunohistochemical staining and serological findings were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Abundant immunohistochemical signs of mumps virus protein in the salivary glands and depletion of circulating immune cells make a background for thought of presumable mumps or/and other virus participation in epithelial damage causing sicca syndrome in predisposed patients.