Surface waves and crustal structure on Mars.

We detected surface waves from two meteorite impacts on Mars. By measuring group velocity dispersion along the impact-lander path, we obtained a direct constraint on crustal structure away from the InSight lander. The crust north of the equatorial dichotomy had a shear wave velocity of approximately 3.2 kilometers per second in the 5- to 30-kilometer depth range, with little depth variation. This implies a higher crustal density than inferred beneath the lander, suggesting either compositional differences or reduced porosity in the volcanic areas traversed by the surface waves. The lower velocities and the crustal layering observed beneath the landing site down to a 10-kilometer depth are not a global feature. Structural variations revealed by surface waves hold implications for models of the formation and thickness of the martian crust.

Response of hemopoietic, progenitor, and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells to administration of ketanserin during pulmonary fibrosis.

We studied the effect of ketanserin on hemopoietic progenitor cells (Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+)CD34- and Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(+)CD34(+)), progenitor hemopoietic cells (Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+)), and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (CD45(-)CD73(+)CD106(+)) in C57Bl/6 mice during pulmonary fibrosis. It was shown that the blocker of 5-HT2A receptors lowers the activity of bleomycin-induced inflammation in the lungs and prevents the infiltration of alveolar interstitium and alveolar ducts by hemopoietic stem and hemopoietic progenitor cells; in this case, they are more numerous in the bone marrow of sick animals. Ketanserin reduces the capacity for self-renewal of lung multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in the fibrotic phase of the disease and inhibits their differentiation into stromal cell lines (adipocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts) simultaneously with the decrease in the percentage of connective tissue in the lung parenchyma.

Effect of spiperone on mesenchymal multipotent stromal and hemopoietic stem cells under conditions of pulmonary fibrosis.

The antifibrotic properties of spiperone and its effect on stem and progenitor cells were studied on the model of reversible bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in C57Bl/6 mice. Spiperone reduced infiltration of the alveolar interstitium and alveolar ducts with inflammatory cells and prevented the growth of the connective tissue in the parenchyma of bleomycin lungs. Apart from anti-inflammatory effect, spiperone suppressed bone marrow hemopoietic cells (CD3, CD45R (B220), Ly6C, Ly6G (Gr1), CD11b (Mac1), TER-119)-, Sca-1+, c-Kit+, CD34- and progenitor hemopoietic cells (granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocytic and granulocyte CFU). Spiperone-induced disturbances of fi brogenesis were paralleled by restoration of endothelial cells in the lung parenchyma, reduction of the number of circulating bone marrow cells and lung mesenchymopoietic cells (mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells (CD31-, CD34-, CD45-, CD44+, CD73+, CD90+, CD106+) and progenitor fi broblast cells), and suppression of multilineage differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (including fi broblast-lineage cells).

Effect of immobilized hyaluronidase on stem and progenitor cells in pulmonary fibrosis.

The effect of immobilized hyaluronidase on stem and progenitor cells of the lungs was studied on the model of partially reversible toxic bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in C57Bl/6 mice. During the inflammation phase, immobilized hyaluronidase reduced infiltration of alveolar interstitium with hemopoietic stem cells Sca-1(+), c-Kit(+), CD34(-), (CD3, CD45R (B220), Ly6C, Ly6G (Gr1), CD11b (Mac1), TER-119)(-). Improvement of histological parameters of bleomycin lungs during the phase of collagen fiber deposition after the treatment was accompanied by accumulation of mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells (CD31(-), CD34(-), CD45(-), CD44(+), CD73(+), CD90(+), CD106(+)decrease in the population of pan-hemopoietic cells (CD45(+)), accelerated restoration of the content of endothelial cells, and inhibition of clonal activity of fibroblast precursors (CD45(-)).

Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of a combination of spiperone and immobilized hyaluronidase on partially reversible and irreversible toxic pneumofibrosis.

The possibility of boosting antifibrotic activity of testicular hyaluronidase immobilized on polyethylene oxide with spiperone was studied on the bleomycin models of a single (partially reversible pneumofibrosis) and repeated (irreversible pneumofibrosis) injuries to the alveolar epithelium in C57Bl/6 mice. The antifibrotic effect was more pronounced after successive treatment with immobilized hyaluronidase and spiperone than after individual treatment with each of the compounds: no collagen deposition in the parenchyma of bleomycin-damaged lungs was found. The decrease in inflammatory cell (lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, plasma cells) infiltration of the alveoli and alveolar tracts interstitium in mice treated by immobilized hyaluronidase and spiperone did not differ from the anti-inflammatory effect of spiperone monotherapy.

Antifibrotic effects of immobilized hyaluronidase in repeated bleomycin-induced lesions of the alveolar epithelium.

Antifibrotic activity of testicular hyaluronidase, immobilized on polyethylenoxide and obtained by electron beam synthesis, was studied on the model of bleomycin injuries to the alveolar epithelium (irreversible pneumofibrosis) in C57Bl/6 mice and compared to the effect of testicular hyaluronidase. Intranasal therapy with immobilized and testicular hyaluronidases prevented the deposition of fibrotic mass in the parenchyma of "bleomycin" lungs. The effect of immobilized hyaluronidase was more pronounced than that of testicular hyaluronidase. The studied compounds were virtually inessential for infiltration of the alveolar interstitium and alveolar tracts by lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and plasma cells. Unchanged histoarchitectonics of bleomycin-damaged lungs in immobilized hyaluronidase therapy was due to suppression of the progenitor fibroblast cells (CD45(-)).

Differentiation of mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells of the lungs in pneumofibrosis.

We studied differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC) of the lungs of C57Bl/6 mice with bleomycin-induced pneumofibrosis. Adherent mononuclear cells found in mouse lungs demonstrated mesenchymal phenotype and expressed CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD106, but not CD31, CD34, and CD45. The cells with MMSC characteristics differentiate in vitro into various cells of stromal lines (chondrocytes, osteogenic cells, adipocytes, and fibroblasts). Bleomycin increased the growth rate of MMSC and selectively promoted their differentiation towards fibroblast cells.

Antifibrotic effect of combined treatment with neuroleptic drug and immobilized hyaluronidase in pulmonary fibrosis.

Using the model of lung fibrosis induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin we studied anti-fibrotic activity of combined treatment with neuroleptic haloperidol and hyaluronidase immobilized on polyethylene oxide using electron-beam synthesis. It was shown that successive administration of immobilized hyaluronidase and the neuroleptic drug inhibits deposition of collagen fibers in the bleomycin-treated lungs. Combined treatment with the test compounds reduced swelling of the alveolar epithelium, exudation and infiltration of the alveolar interstitium and alveolar passages by inflammatory cells, and desquamation of alveolocytes into alveolar lumen, so that the alveolar-capillary membrane function was preserved.

Mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity of a sympatholytic agent during toxic pulmonary fibrosis.

The effect of a course treatment with a sympatholytic reserpine on the inflammatory response and connective tissue proliferation in the lungs of C57Bl/6 mice was studied on the model of toxic pulmonary fibrosis induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. This sympatholytic reduced infiltration of the alveolar interstitium and alveolar ducts with inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and plasma cells) and prevented connective tissue proliferation in the lungs. The anti-inflammatory effect of reserpine was associated with a decrease in activity of bone marrow granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-megakaryocyte and granulocyte precursors (proliferation and mobilization). The antifibrotic effect of reserpine was due to a decrease in the number of committed precursors for mesenchymopoiesis.

Effect of antiserotonin drug on the development of lung fibrosis and blood system reactions after intratracheal administration of bleomycin.

The effects of antiserotonin preparation on the development of the connective tissue in the lungs, reaction of the blood system, and the content of hemopoietic stem cells, committed hemopoietic and stromal precursors in BM, spleen, and peripheral blood were studied on C57Bl/6 mice with experimental toxic lung fibrosis caused by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. It was demonstrated that the antiserotonin drug inhibits the growth of the connective tissue in the lungs and attenuates the course inflammatory process primarily due to inhibition of the granulocytic lineage, which was related to suppression of hemopoietic stem cells. Reduced content of the stromal precursor cells in BM and spleen was noted.

Antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity of a neuroleptic drug on the model of pulmonary fibrosis.

The effect of course treatment with neuroleptic haloperidol on the inflammatory response and state of the connective tissue in the lungs of C57Bl/6 mice was studied on the model of toxic pulmonary fibrosis induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin. This neuroleptic decreased the inflammatory response and reduced the growth of the connective tissue in the lungs. The anti-inflammatory effect of haloperidol is related to a decrease in activity of bone marrow hemopoietic stem cells and committed hemopoietic precursors. The antifibrotic effect of this drug is associated with inhibition of mesenchymal precursor cells.

[Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on experimental bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis].

The influence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been studied on a model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. It is established that G-CSF significantly increases infiltration of alveolar and alveolar duct interstitium by inflammation cells (lymphocytes, neutrophils, plasmocytes) and increases collagen deposition in lung under conditions of bleomycin introduction. Simultaneously with profibrotic and anti-inflammation effects, G-CSF increased the content of granulocyte cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood, which was related to the stimulation of committed granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow.

Reactions of the blood system and stem cells in bleomycin-induced model of lung fibrosis.

On the model of toxic diffuse pulmonary fibrosis induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin, we studied reactions of the blood system, content of stem cells, committed hemopoietic and stromal progenitor cells in the bone marrow, spleen and peripheral blood of C57Bl/6 mice. It was shown that the development of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis was accompanied by hyperplasia of bone marrow hemopoiesis and leukocytosis in the peripheral blood. Activation of the erythroid and granulocytic hemopoietic stems was related to stimulation of hemopoietic stem cells (polypotent cells, granulocyte/erythroid/macrophage/megakaryocyte precursor cells) and committed erythroid and myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. At the same time, the number of stromal precursors increased. Bleomycin increased the count of hemopoietic stem cells the peripheral blood and spleen and reduced the content of mesenchymal stem cells in the spleen and bone marrow.

[Plasma myoglobin and continuous hemofiltration in patients with rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney failure]. / Mioglobin plazmy i postoiannaia gemofil'tratsiia u bol'nykh s rabdomiolizom i ostroi pochechnoi nedostatochnost'iu.

Plasma and filtrate levels of myoglobin, specific antibodies and immune complexes were measured by radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay in patients with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure on continuous hemofiltration (CHF). 14 of them had crush syndrome, 7 had other forms of rhabdomyolysis. 11 patients died (52%) because of the underlying disease or its complications. Rhabdomyolysis was associated with marked and long-lasting myoglobinemia. Early amputation and restoration of diuresis combined with CHF resulted in a fall in myoglobin content. CHF provided elimination of large amounts of myoglobin with filtrate. In rhabdomyolysis in all cases there appeared specific antibodies and circulating immune complexes.

Monoclonal antibody to alkaline phosphatase from the intestinal mucosa of the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica.

1. Hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody APP.1 to the harp seal alkaline phosphatase (A1Ph) was obtained by fusing murine myeloma Sp 2/0 cells with the splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with purified isozyme K. 2. The antibody has no effect on the enzyme activity and shows a high affinity for harp seal A1Ph (KD = 8.5 x 10(-10) M). The antibody has similar affinities for the AlPh of harp seal, fur seal, common seal and deer. 3. The antibody APP.1 was coupled to Sepharose and employed in chromatographic purification of the harp seal intestinal AlPh. Alkaline phosphatase isolated on this immunosorbent has a spec. act. of 20,800 units per mg of protein. 4. The antibody-enzyme complex gives an excellent immunocytochemical labeling of tissue sections, cell cultures and smears.

[Preparation and use of monoclonal antibodies against seal alkaline phosphatase]. / Poluchenie i primenenie monoklonal'nykh antitel proteiv shchelochnoi fosfatazy tiulenia.

Monoclonal antibodies (termed as APP.1 and related to subclass IgG1) against seal alkaline phosphatase, have been obtained. APP.1 did not influence the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase. The dissociation constant for the APP.1 interaction with Greenland seal alkaline phosphatase was equal to 8.5 x 10(-10) M. It was found that APP.1 interact with intestinal isoenzymes of common and fur seal, calf and deer alkaline phosphatases. An APP.1 complex with seal alkaline phosphatase was obtained and successfully applied in immunoenzymatic analysis. The use of this complex made it possible to diminish the limit of detectability of antibodies against peptide fragments of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteins. Moreover, this complex allowed the identification of cytokeratin-8 and vimentin in human kidney slices and embryonic fibroblast-like cells, respectively.